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524 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. when his project leaked out and the people rose. The Patriarch sided with them and HeracHus was forced to swear in St. Sophia that he would never desert the fortunes of his capital. The Famous Campaigns of Heraclius^ a.d. 622-637.— Few if any campaigns in history are more dramatic than those which have conferred imperishable glory on Heraclius. Though all seemed well-nigh lost, he still retained one- priceless advantage, the great possession of sea power.| Few examples of the value of the command of the sea are more convincing than those given by the desperate Emperor, who in a.d. 622 left Constantinople absolutely safe, with the enemy less than a mile away, and sailed on an expedition which was to save Europe from Persian domination. The Victory over Shahr-Baraz^ a.d. 622.—In spite of bad weather, the Emperor passed the Hellespont, traversed the Aegean Sea and safely reached Issus, famous for the victory of Alexander the Great. As he expected, Shahr- Baraz was ordered to attack the Roman army, and in a battle fought near the Armenian frontier Heraclius won the first victory that had been obtained since the death of Maurice. This concluded the first campaign, and the Emperor, well satisfied with the results, returned to Constantinople for the winter. The Flight of the Great King^ a.d. 623.—In the following year, thanks again to sea power, Heraclius disembarked in Lazica and marched to invade Armenia, accompanied by large contingents of allies, among whom were the Khazars. Khusru, who was probably taken by surprise, proceeded with a force of 40,000 men to Canzaca or Shiz and gave orders to his two field armies to unite and attack the Emperor. But in face of the speed of Heraclius, who bore down rapidly on Khusru, the distances were too great for the Persian generals. The Great King evacuated his position, his army dispersed, and he himself escaped only by moving about in the mountains of the Zagros range until the approach of autumn drove the Emperor back to Albania in the valley of the Kur to winter. These successes must have restored
til KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 525 e prestige of Rome to no small extent, for everywhere :eraclius destroyed cities and villages, including Urumia, ' the birthplace of Zoroaster, and put out the sacred fires. The Su7prise of the Army of Shahr-Baraz, a.d. 624.— In A.D. 624 Khusru attempted to take the offensive, and sent an army to detain the Emperor in Albania, but the force was inadequate and Heraclius once again marched south into Armenia. There he was threatened by three separate Persian armies, and to ensure an engagement before they united, he retreated, with the result that he beat off two of these forces and then attacked and completely defeated the third. He concluded this campaign by surprising Shahr-Baraz, whose army he almost annihilated and whose camp he captured. The winter was spent at Salban, identified with the modern town of Van. The Defeat of Shahr-Baraz on the Saras^ a.d. 625.— The fourth campaign was opened by a descent upon Arzanene and the recovery of Amida and Martyropolis, after which Heraclius marched westwards to the Euphrates, which he found his old opponent Shahr-Baraz holding in force. But the Emperor crossed by a ford and marched into Cilicia, where he was once again in touch with the sea. Shahr-Baraz followed, and a stubborn but indecisive battle was fought on the Saras. During the following night the Persian general retreated. The valour of the is Emperor said to have drawn from Shahr-Baraz the following remark " : Dost thou see the Emperor, how boldly he engages in the battle, against what a multitude he contends alone, and how, like an anvil, he cares not for the blows showered upon him.?"^ Truly a notable to have extorted from a valiant foe ! The follow- eulogy ing winter was spent by Heraclius in Cappadocia. The Siege of Constantinople and the Defeat of Shahin, A.D. 626.—The following year Khusru, seriously alarmed at the turn in the tide of war, made a supreme effort. He effected an alliance with the Khan of the Avars and then formed two great armies, one of which was destined to oppose Heraclius, while the other was to co-operate .1 Theophanes, p. 263 A.
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^'^ l*^ CD CO
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A HISTORY OF PERSIA
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^v^J-^' BAS-RELIEF OF CYRUS THE GRE
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x- !^ COPYRIGHT 111 v/,1
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Part of a Persian Hunting Scene. (F
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k A Sphinx. (Gold Medallion from Br
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CONTENTS B Kini Kingdom, 745-606 K
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N) CONTENTS xtii CHAPTER XIV The Pe
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CONTENTS XV CHAPTER XXI PACE The Ba
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^ CONTENTS xvii B.C.—The Battle o
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CONTENTS xix CHAPTER XXXV " ' PAGE
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CONTENTS xxi Literature—The Monar
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XXIV HISTORY OF PERSIA The Sleeping
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ii'} Nasir-u-Din Shah. MAPS Vol. I
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HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. cities, Isf
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HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. To the west
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6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. in conseq
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, CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 7 what
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 9 In vi
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE ii Wind
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CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 13 and me
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 15 The
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 17 west
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 21 off mo
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Afghanistan. DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC.
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mam^mm^wsmmmmmmw 2.V
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26 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. taken th
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28 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. past, th
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30 HISTORY OF PERSIA Hamadan, the c
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 31 donkey
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DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 33 mentions i
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OVIS VIGNEI ARCAL, 38 INCHES. (Shot
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36 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Of non-g
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 37 and si
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Headi'iece of Glazed Stoneware. (Fr
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Ill GEOGRAPHY OF ELAM & BABYLONIA 4
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u •cK,
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44 HISTORY OF PERSIA its source the
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^^..?^ S72*>:-„ «pf*'*« ve Z ^
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so HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. modern t
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52 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, m Next p
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54 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. approxim
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56 HISTORY OF PERSIA and absorbed t
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58 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. forced t
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ELAM AND SUSA, THE CAPITAL 59 nativ
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PREHISTORIC VASE FOUND BY AUTHOR. (
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^ dates 62 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap.
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ELAM AND SUSA, THE CAPITAL 63 rapid
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CHAP. V ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 65 c
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ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 67 their cru
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ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 69 also reas
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THE STELE OF NARAM-SIN. Photo Manse
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72 HISTORY OF PERSIA expression and
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74 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. several
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Anzanite Tkxt of Shilhak-in-Shushin
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78 HISTORY OF PERSIA Elamite reacti
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ill
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8o HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Laws
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ELAM AND BABYLON 8i the Hammurabi d
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BOUNDARY STONE, UNFINISHED, OF THE
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84 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap.vi It was
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86 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. by Ninev
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88 HISTORY OF PERSIA The greatest c
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90 HISTORY OF PERSIA or semi - inde
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92 HISTORY OF PERSIA ill return he
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94 HISTORY OF PERSIA The Revolution
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THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 95 by the whole
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9G w
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98 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, vn succe
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loo HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the Arj
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I02 HISTORY OF PERSIA original Arya
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I04 HISTORY OF PERSIA bronze : but
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^ CHAPTER Part of a Persian Hunting
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io8 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Persia
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no HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. a langua
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112 HISTORY OF PERSIA abolished, we
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114 HISTORY OF PERSIA to point out
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ii6 HISTORY OF PERSIA and that it w
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IX RELIGION OF MEDES & PERSIANS 117
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RELIGION OF MEDES & PERSIANS 119 Su
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CHAP. X THE RISE OF MEDIA 121 Assyr
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m THE RISE OF MEDIA 123 the frequen
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X THE RISE OF MEDIA 125 route to wh
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 127 arranged that
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 129 their history
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 131 shall lay hol
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Early Lydian Coin. CHAPTER XI MEDIA
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XI MEDIA, BABYLONIA, AND LYDIA 135
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I il
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138 HISTORY OF PERSIA many games. T
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I40 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xi it i
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142 HISTORY OF PERSIA The founder o
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XII THE HEROIC AGE OF PERSIA 143 ha
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'^^•f^jiJi'^ 'f-r').0*J>f'^f. 'ii
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146 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. of Cyru
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Persian King fighting Barbarians. (
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I50 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ** of g
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SttuiforcL's Geocj^Esiah^, Londaiv.
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152 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Anshan,
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154 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The ove
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156 HISTORY OF PERSIA front of his
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THE RISE OF PERSIA 157 to the rescu
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THE RISE OF PERSIA 159 their develo
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XIII THE RISE OF PERSIA i6i as the
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XIII THE RISE OF PERSIA 163 old wor
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IGH
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.
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1 68 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. marche
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THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 169 Egypt in 521
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THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 171 family ; but
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^^^ •^Cf i I y^ tll^^^- DARIUS AN
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174 HISTORY OF PERSIA of silver. Ba
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176 HISTORY OF PERSIA whereas Rawli
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178 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. of boat
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1 80 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xiv wa
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i82 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. fine, v
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1 84 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. As thi
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1 86 HISTORY OF PERSIA dice : but,
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1 88 HISTORY OF PERSIA Yakut, and w
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I90 HISTORY OF PERSIA under the Gre
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XV THE ANCIENT PERSIANS 191 by a Gr
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y^y
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194 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The pal
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THE ANCIENT PERSIANS 195 opposite i
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BRONZE VESSELS FROM KHINAMAN. ifG
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THE ANCIENT PERSIANS 197 but she di
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CHAP. XVI PERSIA AND HELLAS 199 ear
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?cvi PERSIA AND HELLAS 201 Naxos ha
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~f *C^ W *i0i ^^^'- r-Q Mi:^£^^. ^
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204 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Attica
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^\; 206 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. or
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PERSIA AND HELLAS 207 frhumane ; an
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CH. XVII REPULSE OF PERSIA BY HELLA
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XVII REPULSE OF PERSIA BY HELLAS 21
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REPULSE OF PERSIA BY HELLAS 221 whe
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FALLEN PERSIAN STANDARD-BEARER. (Lo
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224 HISTORY OF PERSIA capture of Se
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^ ACHAEMENIAN EaGLE. (From Gold Med
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22 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. accord
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230 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. end ; b
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XVIII AFTER REPULSE FROM HELLAS 231
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xvrii AFTER REPULSE FROM HELLAS 233
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Double Silver Siglos—Coin of Sido
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XIX DECLINE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 2
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A MOUNTAIN TRACK IN ARMENIA. (From
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242 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the mod
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ACHAEMENIAN GOLD JUG. (From Treasur
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246 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Lat
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DECLINE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 249 I
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Tarsus Medallion of (?) Philip of M
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THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 253 resources
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THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 255 a stubbor
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THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 257 of Amynta
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XX THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 259 back,
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I XXI BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS
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xxr BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS 2
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XXI BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS 2
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AGZ
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270 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. exceede
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272 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. XXI mos
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274 HISTORY OF PERSIA not crossed w
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276 HISTORY OF PERSIA grooms in rea
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278 HISTORY OF PERSIA destruction o
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28o HISTORY OF PERSIA sent home loa
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XXII ALEXANDER THE GREAT 281 his we
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I Lion-Gryphon. (Gold Medallion fro
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From a photograph by the Author. RA
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286 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. was inh
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288 HISTORY OF PERSIA of the twenti
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290 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. towns,
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292 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Greek r
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294 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xxm for
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296 HISTORY OF PERSIA while divisio
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298 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. it reac
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^ I XXIV DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GRE
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300
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302 HISTORY OF PERSIA this explains
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304 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xxiv an
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3o6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. without
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3o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. This fa
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XXV WARS OF THE *' SUCCESSORS " 309
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XXV WARS OF THE '* SUCCESSORS " 311
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I XXV WARS OF THE ** SUCCESSORS ''
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WARS OF THE "SUCCESSORS 315 after f
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Seleucus Soter. CHAPTER XXVI THE SE
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I XXVI THE SELEUCID EMPIRE 319 anot
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XXVI THE SELEUCID EMPIRE 321 with S
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SPRING IN THE ELBURZ. From a photog
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324 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. closely
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326 HISTORY OF PERSIA them being Eu
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Arsaces II. CHAPTER XXVII THE RISE
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330 HISTORY OF PERSIA kings we have
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332 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Margian
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334 HISTORY OF PERSIA it was not a
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xxvii THE RISE OF PARTHIA 335 type,
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xxvir THE RISE OF PARTHIA 337 Parth
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o y
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340 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Metauru
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342 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. mount t
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344 HISTORY OF PERSIA attacked thei
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346 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. own for
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348 HISTORY OF PERSIA provinces whi
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3S^ HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. regarde
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352 HISTORY OF PERSIA had become pa
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354 HISTORY OF PERSIA he subdued in
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2S6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. T/ie De
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358 HISTORY OF PERSIA more correct
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36o HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ordinar
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362 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Empire,
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364 HISTORY OF PERSIA the hordes ro
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366 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. record.
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368 HISTORY OF PERSIA death of Sull
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XXIX PARTHIA, ROME, AND PONTUS 369
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i XXIX PARTHIA, ROME, AND PONTUS 37
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fc Orodes I. CHAPTER XXX PARTHIA AN
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 375 taking pit
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 377 some three
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 379 soldiers i
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Pacorus. CHAPTER XXXI ROME AND PART
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ROME AND PARTHIA 383 to invade Egyp
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 385 the Parth
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 387 in-Chief;
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 389 able effe
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 391 the time.
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CHAP. XXXII RELIGION AND ARCHITECTU
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XXXII RELIGION AND ARCHITECTURE 395
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^ U K
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400 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. "domina
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CH. XXXIII THE STRUGGLE FOR ARMENIA
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XXXIII THE STRUGGLE FOR ARMENIA 405
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THE GORGE OF THE ZAB, (From Wigrams
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4o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the ter
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Artabanus v. CHAPTER XXXIV THE DECL
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412 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. provinc
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414 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Cam
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41 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. annexe
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41 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA worthy trave
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420 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ing blo
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Ardeshir I. (Artaxerxes.) CHAPTER X
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424 HISTORY OF PERSIA The Coming of
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426 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. to all
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428 HISTORY OF PERSIA of Ardeshir,
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IXXV RISE OF THE SASANIAN DYNASTY 4
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cH. XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF VALE
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V^^y "-^.:?S
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XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF VALERIAN
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;, from XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF
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XXXVI SHAPUR L, CAPTOR OF VALERIAN
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3 I
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Shapur the Great. CHAPTER XXXVII SH
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446 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. facing
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 447 Singara
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, ' A.D. XXX VII SHAPUR THE GREAT 4
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 451 perforc
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 453 a force
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 455 twelve
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 457 suddenl
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 459 would p
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I XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 461 the a
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CH. XXXVIII STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUN
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XXXVIII STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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xxxviii STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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xxxviii STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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SILVER DISH OF BAHRAM GUR. (From Tr
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472 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Usu
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474 HISTORY OF PERSIA in front of h
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476 HISTORY OF PERSIA cuap. xxxvhi
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478 HISTORY OF PERSIA Sea/ was defe
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p XXXIX CRUSHING OF THE WHITE HUNS
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iHO /^ o
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482 HISTORY OF PERSIA the cavalry o
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484 HISTORY OF PERSIA for more than
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NOSHIRWAN THE JuST. CHAPTER XL NOSH
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488 HISTORY OF PERSIA Belisarius wo
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Page 677 and 678: NOSHIRWAN THE JUST 495 and the time
Page 679 and 680: NOSHIRWAN THE JUST 497 he checked t
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Page 684 and 685: King trampling a Fallen Foeman. (Sa
Page 686 and 687: 502 HISTORY OF PERSIA other ways. H
Page 688 and 689: 504 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. enormou
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Page 699 and 700: ARCHITECTURE 511 four columns, whic
Page 701: SHAPUR RECEIVING THE CYDARIS FROM O
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Page 711 and 712: xLi ARCHITECTURE 515 animation. In
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