Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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provide. a. detailed. summary. of. the. Baluchistan Xeric Woodland.vegetation.in.central.Nuristan. At.lower.elevations.(800.–.1,300.m),.a.Reptonia buxifolia.(Gurgura).community.develops..Numerous. small. tree. species. cover. 30. –. 75. %. of. the. ground.. Quercus baloot. (Holly. Oak). dominates. at. elevations. between. 1,200. and. 2,000. m.. Depending.upon.local.rainfall.levels,.Q. baloot stands.can.be.scattered.trees.3.–.6.m.tall.or.pure. stands.of.trees.over.15.m.in.height...In.areas.with. heavy.summer.rainfall,.the.Q. baloot community.is. replaced.by.a.Quecus dilatata.at.1,900.–.2,000.m. and.Quercus semecarpifolia.becomes.dominant. at.2,400.–.2,900.m..Both.species.of.Quercus.form. rich.forests.8.–.20.m.in.height.. 8.2 Open Woodland Vegetation Open.forests.have.a.naturally.low.density.of.trees,. creating.a.savannah-like.landscape..Open.forests. originally. formed. a. wide. crescent. around. the. north,. west. and. south. flanks. of. the. Hindu. Kush. Sayer.and.Van.der.Zon.(1981).present.information. from. archaeological. sites. indicating,. between. 2,000.–.3,000.years.ago,.a.much.greater.diversity. of.trees.and.other.woody.plants.than.is.present. in. current. open. woodlands.. Very. roughly,. open. woodlands.originally.comprised.some.38%.(ca.. 250,000.km²).of.the.Afghan.landscape.(calculated. as.the.48%.cited.by.Earthtrends.(2003).less.10%. closed.forests)..In.the.late.1970s,.approximately. 32,000.km².remained,.representing.about.13%.of. the.original.open.woodland.and.5%.of.the.Afghan. landscape..UNEP’s.(2003a).satellite.image.analysis. could. detect. no. remaining. open. woodland. in. two.provinces,.suggesting.that.open.woodlands. are. now. on. the. verge. of. extinction. as. a. viable. ecosystem.throughout.much.of.Afghanistan.. 8.2.1 Central Afghan Mountains Xeric Woodlands (PA1309) This.eco-region.is.comprised.of.two.of.Freitag’s.(1971. and.1972).community.types.and.forms.a.broad,. crescent.shaped.belt.surrounding.the.eastern.and. southern.sides.of.the.central.mountains..Pistacia atlantica (Mount.Atlas.pistache).communities.are. found. at. an. altitude. of. 1,150. –. 1,800. m. where. precipitation.amounts.to.250.–.400.mm..Pistacia atlantica.trees.grow.to.four.to.six.meters.in.height. and.under.natural.conditions.cover.15.–.20%.of.the. ground..At.altitudes.of.2,000.–.2,800.m,.where.300. –.350.mm.of.precipitation.falls,.Amygdalus.(almond). communities.form.the.transition.between Pistacia atlantica communities.and.subalpine.vegetation.. 8.2.2 Paropamisus Xeric Woodlands (PA1322) On. the. north. side. of. the. central. mountains,. increasing.altitude.and.greater.precipitation.(250. –.300.mm).allows.open,.xeric.woodlands.to.replace. the.semi-desert.shrublands..These.woodlands.are. characterized.by.scattered.trees,.relatively.low.shrub. density.and.a.significant.amount.of.herbaceous. cover.. This. eco-region. includes. Freitag’s. Pistacia vera.and.northern.Juniperus.communities.. Pistacia vera. communities. occur. in. a. band. along. the. northern. mountains. at. altitudes. of. 600. –. 1,500. m.. Pistacia vera. (Pistachio). and. Amygdalus bucharica. (Bukhara. almond). trees. originally.covered.as.much.as.40%.of.the.ground.. Shrubs. are. generally. poorly. represented. and. meadow-like.ground.cover.occurs..UNEP.(2003a). undertook. a. satellite. image. analysis. of. Pistacia vera.communities..In.1977,.woodlands.comprised. of.40.–.100.trees.per.ha.were.found.over.55%.of. the.land.in.Badghis.Province.and.37%.of.Takhar. Province..In.2002,.no.woodlands.were.detected. in.either.province,.indicating.that.tree.density.had. declined. below. 40. trees. per. ha.. UNEP. (2003a). reports. that. most. of. the. trees. were. cut. for. fuel. and.also.in.order.to.reduce.hiding.and.ambush. cover.during.the.years.of.war..UNEP.(2003a).found. no.regeneration.of.pistachio.trees.as.a.result.of. seedling. destruction. by. grazing. animals. and. intensive.collection.of.pistachio.nuts.for.sale.by. local.residents.. Above.the.Pistacia vera.communities.at.elevations.of. 1,500.–.3,200.m.is.a.band.of.Juniperus communities.. UNEP.(2003a).reported.that.at.least.50%.of.juniper. woodlands.in.Herat.Province.have.been.lost.in.the.last. 30.years.and.as.much.as.80%.in.Badghis.Province.. 8.3 Semi-Desert Vegetation Semi-deserts. are. characterized. by. precipitation. below.250.–.300.mm..Generally,.ground.cover.is. less.than.25%.and.trees.are.absent..Semi-deserts. 22 An Output of the National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment
occur.primarily.in.a.broad.arc.around.the.Hindu. Kush.at.lower.elevations.than.open.woodlands.. 8.3.1 Afghan Mountains Semi-Desert (PA1301) This.eco-region.is.comprised.of.small,.dry.interior. valleys.of.the.northern.Hindu.Kush..The.eco-region. corresponds. to. the. northern. portion. of. Freitag’s. Amygdalus Semi-Desert.community.type..Under. Freitag’s. scheme,. the. Amygdalus Semi-Desert extends. in. a. narrow. band. around. the. western. and. southern. Hindu. Kush. and. forms. a. transition. between.the.extreme.semi-desert.of.the.Badkhis- Karabil. eco-region. and. the. open. woodland. of. the.Central Afghan Mountains Xeric Woodlands.. The.eco-region.is.characterized.by.various.thorny. shrubs.0.5.–.1.5.m.in.height.and.covering.10%.of. the.ground.surface.. 8.3.2 Badkhiz (Badghis)-Karabil Semi- Desert (PA1306) This.eco-region.is.a.composite.of.several.of.Freitag’s. (1971-. 1972). semi-desert. communities. lying. between.the.Amu.Darya.River.and.Parapomisus Xeric Woodlands.. A. Calligonum-Aristida. community. occurs. as. a. thin.band.along.the.Amu.Darya.River.where.there. are.mobile.sand.dunes.and.precipitation.is.
Page 1 and 2: N E P A Biodiversity Profile of Afg
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Foreword.........
Page 5 and 6: Acronyms and abbreviations ACC. Afg
Page 7 and 8: Foreword It. is. saddening. to. see
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Biodiversity,.the
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction Afghanistan.is.a.cou
Page 13 and 14: 5 Topography, Climate and Hydrology
Page 15 and 16: 6 Biogeography and Ecological Class
Page 17 and 18: Figure.2. WWF-US.Eco-region.Classif
Page 19 and 20: 7 Afghanistan’s Land Cover Afghan
Page 21: Although increasingly under threat
Page 25 and 26: 9 Eco-region Status Ecosystems.can.
Page 27 and 28: © WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETy 11
Page 29 and 30: is.that.current.ranges.have.been.mu
Page 31 and 32: Appendix.I.and.nine.are.listed.on.A
Page 33 and 34: The more accessible conifer forests
Page 35 and 36: 14 Afghanistan’s Endemic Species
Page 37 and 38: 15.1 Band-i-Amir National Park Band
Page 39 and 40: of.urial.and.ibex.were.reported.to.
Page 41 and 42: Ab-i-Estada.was.reported.by.Förstn
Page 43 and 44: alpine. vegetation. and. not. from.
Page 45 and 46: government.land,.in.many.cases.righ
Page 47 and 48: (6,150.km 2 ).and.the.contiguous.Ta
Page 49 and 50: 16 Afghanistan’s Agricultural Bio
Page 51 and 52: Table.12. Species.Diversity.of.Afgh
Page 53 and 54: 18 Acknowledgements Thanks.to.Peter
Page 55 and 56: Khan,.U-u-N..and.M..Iqbal..nd..Role
Page 57 and 58: Toderich,. K.. and. Tsukatani.. 200
Page 59 and 60: Muridae Mice and relatives Dryomys
Page 61 and 62: Felidae Cats (Continued) Prionailur
Page 63 and 64: Megadermatidae False vampires Magad
Page 65 and 66: Suidae Swine Sus scrofa Wild Boar C
Page 67 and 68: Appendix 2 The Birds of Afghanistan
Page 69 and 70: Ardeidae Herons and Bitterns (Conti
Page 71 and 72: Rallidae Rails, Waterhens and Coots
Page 73 and 74:
Laridae Gulls, Terns and Skimmers (
Page 75 and 76:
Alcedinidae Kingfishers Common King
Page 77 and 78:
Bombycillidae Waxwings and Allies B
Page 79 and 80:
Sylviidae Old World Warblers (Conti
Page 81 and 82:
Sturnidae Starlings Common Myna Acr
Page 83 and 84:
Nectariniidae Sunbirds Purple Sunbi
Page 85 and 86:
Emberizidae Buntings, American Spar
Page 87 and 88:
Agamidae Agama Lizards (Continued)
Page 89 and 90:
Varanidae Monitor lizards Varanus b
Page 91 and 92:
Uncertain species (Continued) Eryx
Page 93 and 94:
Appendix 5 The Fish of Afghanistan:
Page 95 and 96:
Balitoridae River Loaches Dzihunia
Page 97 and 98:
Uncertain occurrence in Afghanistan
Page 99 and 100:
Family Pieridae, Whites and Sulpher
Page 101 and 102:
Family Satyridae, Satyrs and Wood N
Page 103 and 104:
Family Lycaenidae, Blues and Copper
Page 105 and 106:
Appendix 8 The Liverworts of Afghan
Page 107 and 108:
Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Flörke
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix 10 Afghan Species Listed o
Page 111 and 112:
Appendix 11 Afghan Species Listed o
Page 113 and 114:
Class : AVES (Birds) (Continued) Si
Page 115 and 116:
3... Jamil,.A..1994..Mission.to.the
Page 117 and 118:
15..Habibi,.K..1970..Fading.natural
Page 119 and 120:
Pamirs 1... Ayé,.R..2007..Wakhan.a
Page 121 and 122:
11..Niethammer,.G..1971..Vogelleben
Page 123 and 124:
17..Gaisler,.J.,.D..Povolny,.Z..Seb
Page 125 and 126:
54..———..1965..Die.Säugetier
Page 127 and 128:
92..Tokuda,.M...1966..On.a.vole.and
Page 129 and 130:
34..Kirwan,.G..M..2004..The.taxonom
Page 131 and 132:
76..———..1968..The.wildfowl.a
Page 133 and 134:
13..Golubev,.M..L.,.and.N..N..Shche
Page 135 and 136:
3... Banarescu,.P.,.and.M..R..Mirza
Page 137 and 138:
37..Vijayalakchmanan,.M..A..1950..A
Page 139 and 140:
35..Wojtusiak,.J..1974..A.dragonfly
Page 141 and 142:
36..Breckle,.S..W..2002..Salt.Deser
Page 143 and 144:
70..Gubanov,.I..A.,.and.N..I..Libiz
Page 145 and 146:
105..———..1968..Sur.la.flore.
Page 147 and 148:
139..———..1969..Two.new.speci
Page 149:
Forestry 1... Anonymous..nd...Afgha
Page 152:
N E P A
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