cdrhfm+ e@aqhb@shnm @mc sdrshmf ne ehwdc,u@kud lhbqn,otlor

EDC,Unk- 123+0884 HLDBD
Oqnbddchmfr ne sgd @RLD Ekthcr Dmfhmddqhmf Chuhrhnm
@RLD 0884+ oo- 28,33
CDRHFM+ E@AQHB@SHNM @MC SDRSHMF NE EHWDC,U@KUD
LHBQN,OTLOR
@ARSQ@BS
Lhbqn,Žthchb rxrsdlr qdkx nm onrhshud chrok`bdldms
otlor sn lnud Žthc ctd sn sgd knv Qdxmnkcr mtl,
adqr dmbntmsdqdc `s Žnv q`sdr sg`s `qd sxohb`kkx hm `
q`mfd `qntmc 0// —k

`uhsx+ `mc hmkds `mc ntskds u`kudr sg`s `kknv lnqd Žnv
sgqntfg sgd ntskds sg`m sgd hmkds tmcdq onrhshud b`uhsx
oqdrrtqd-
Ctd sn sgd hmgdqdms ch btksx ne cnvm,rhyhmf l`bqn,
rb`kd u`kud sdbgmnknfx+ lhbqn,u`kudr qdoqdrdms ` rhfmh ,
b`ms bg`kkdmfd hm sgd cdrhfm ne lhmh`stqd otlohmf rxr,
sdlr- U`kudr sg`s g`ud mn lnuhmf o`qsr l`x g`ud chr,
shmbs `cu`ms`fdr nudq l`bqn,rb`kd cdrhfmr- Lnqdnudq+
lhbqn,otlor cdrhfmdc sn lnud Žthc bnms`hmhmf o`qshbt,
k`sdr nq bdkktk`q l`sdqh`k vgnrd rhyd l`x ad nm sgd r`ld
nqcdq `r sg`s ne sgd Žnv bg`mmdkr l`x qdpthqd u`kudr
vhsg mn lnuhmf o`qsr- @ookhb`shnmr vgdqd rtbg rhst`,
shnmr `qd dwodbsdc `qd hm ahnsdbgmnknfx+ dmuhqnmldms`k
sdrshmf `mc hmrsqtldms`shnm enq `m`kxshb`k bgdlhrsqx-
Sgd odqenql`mbd ne ` MLO u`kud b`m ad qdoqdrdmsdc
ax ` mtladq ne o`q`ldsdqr+ sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms ne
vghbg hr sgd q`shn ne oqdrrtqd cqno hm sgd qdudqrd Žnv
chqdbshnm sn sg`s hm sgd enqv`qc chqdbshnm `s sgd r`ld
Žnv q`sd- Sghr q`shn hr cdmnsdc ax chnchbhsx
C

elative output
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
n = 1
n = 2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
diodicity
Ehftqd 09 Qdk`shud mds unktld eknv q`sd udqrtr
chnchbhsx eqnl Dp- 3-
shld `udq`fd ne sgd qdrtkshmf dpt`shnm xhdkcr
C < 0 ›fg

Ehftqd 29 U`kutk`q bnmcths 'S34,Q(-
Bnlots`shnm`k Ekthc Cxm`lhbr
Hmchuhct`k u`kudr vdqd lncdkkdc vhsg ` mhsd,dkdldms
bncd 'EKNSQ@M+ BnlotŽn+ Hmb-+ Gntrsnm+ O@(- Ansg
1,C `mc 2,C lncdkr vdqd cdudknodc+ ats sgd 1,C lnc,
dkr vdqd trdc sn nas`hm hmhsh`k qdrtksr- Rsd`cx Žnv
lncdkr vdqd trdc sn du`kt`sd qdk`shud oqdrrtqd cqnor
`bqnrr u`kudr `s u`qhntr Žnv q`sdr+ `mc sn hcdmshex Žnv,
knrr ldbg`mhrlr eqnl b`kbtk`sdc udknbhsx dkc o`ssdqmr-
Sgd lncdkr vdqd ldrgdc vhsg sdsq`gdcq`k dkdldmsr tr,
hmf ghfgdq fqhc cdmrhshdr md`q v`kkr `mc nsgdq qdfhnmr
vhsg ghfg udknbhsx fq`chdmsr- Qdk`w`shnm v`r dloknxdc
sn dmg`mbd bnmudqfdmbd+ ats mn chrrho`shud c`lohmf
sdbgmhptdr vdqd dloknxdc- Sgd b`kbtk`shnmr vdqd `k,
knvdc sn oqnbddc tmshk sgd qdrhct`k dkcr qd`bgdc `b,
bdos`akx knv kdudkr-
Admbg Sdrshmf
Bnlokdsdc rhkhbnm otlo bghor vdqd `ss`bgdc sn `
rsddk ihf- Sgd ihf bnmrhrsdc ne ` a`bjhmf ok`sd sg`s gdkc `
oqdrrtqd sq`mrctbdq hm ` rd`kdc b`uhsx adghmc sgd otlo
b`uhsx oqdrrtqd s`o- Sgd ihf `krn hmbnqonq`sdc hmkds `mc
ntskds stahmf aq`bjdsr sg`s gdkc svn 07,f`tfd aktms sho
mddckdr rd`kdc vhsg N,qhmfr-
@kk admbg sdrsr vdqd odqenqldc vhsg qnnl sdlodq`,
stqd v`sdq sg`s v`r cdf`rrdc ax gd`shmf- Enq rsd`cx,
rs`sd sdrsr sgd oqdrrtqd cqno `bqnrr `m dmshqd otlo
'`bqnrr ansg u`kudr( v`r ld`rtqdc vhsg ` ldqbtqx
l`mnldsdq vghkd Žnv v`r enqbdc sgqntfg sgd otlo
vhsg ` fd`q,cqhudm hmetrhnm otlo- Unktld Žnv q`sd
v`r ld`rtqdc ax bnkkdbshmf Žthc nudq ` jmnvm shld+
drrdmsh`kkx ` lhbqn,atbjds `mc rsnov`sbg sdbgmhptd-
Otlo odqenql`mbd v`r bg`q`bsdqhydc ax ld`rtqhmf
sgd Žthc kdudkr hm hcdmshb`k udqshb`k SdŽnm stadr /98ll
hm ch`ldsdq `ss`bgdc sn sgd hmkds `mc ntskds onqsr ne sgd
otlo- Sgd ch`ldsdq ne sgd SdŽnm stadr v`r bgnrdm sn
dkhlhm`sd cxm`lhb dŒdbsr ne Žthc hm sgd stadr- Otlo
`bshu`shnm v`r hmhsh`sdc vhsg sgd Žthc kdudkr dpt`khydc-
@m dwonmdmsh`k btqud ssdc sn sgd gdhfgs ne sgd nts,
kds bnktlm `r ` etmbshnm ne shld v`r chŒdqdmsh`sdc sn
drshl`sd mds unktld Žnv-
Hmrs`ms`mdntr otlo b`uhsx oqdrrtqd `mc hmrs`ms`,
mdntr otlo bnudq ok`sd sq`mrudqrd udknbhsx vdqd ld`,
rtqdc ctqhmf otlo nodq`shnm- Sgd oqdrrtqd v`r ld`,
rtqdc vhsg ` 0-2 ll ch`ldsdq rsq`hm f`fd oqdrrtqd
sq`mrctbdq 'Dmsq`m+ Lncdk DOH,016+ E`hq dkc+ MI(- Ud,
knbhsx v`r ld`rtqdc vhsg ` k`rdq uhaqnldsdq 'Onkx,
sdb+ Lncdk NUE 2/1+ V`kcaqnmm Fdql`mx(- Sgd
otlo,gnkchmf wstqd cdrbqhadc `anud v`r lntmsdc hm `
bnlotsdq,bnmsqnkkdc sq`udqrhmf rs`fd sn `kknv enq udknb,
hsx ld`rtqdldmsr `bqnrr sgd dmshqd bnudq ok`sd rtqe`bd-
Sgd dwbhs`shnm unks`fd+ oqdrrtqd `mc udknbhsx rhfm`kr
vdqd chfhshydc rhltks`mdntrkx `s ` r`lokhmf eqdptdmbx
ne 1/ jGy enq d`bg rhfm`k 'Lncdk @S,LHN,05D,1 @.C
lnctkd `mc K`auhdv u2-0-0 c`s` `bpthrhshnm rnesv`qd+
M`shnm`k Hmrsqtldmsr @trshm+ SW(+ `mc rsnqdc nm l`f,
mdshb chrj nm ` OB- Chrok`bdldmsr vdqd b`kbtk`sdc ax
hmsdfq`shmf sgd udknbhsx rhfm`k-
Y
WY
WZ Z WXX
Ehftqd 39 B`kbtk`sdc udknbhsx,ehdkc hm sgd enqv`qc
cheetrdq rdbshnm ne u`kud ctqhmf enqv`qc eknv-
Eknvq`sd5/—k.lhm 'sgqn`s Qd < 0/(-
QDRTKSR @MC CHRBTRRHNM
Sgd mtldqhb`kkx,b`kbtk`sdc enqv`qc, `mc qdudqrd,Žnv
udknbhsx dkcr `qd rgnvm enq sgd C/0,Q chŒtrdq u`kud hm

Ehfr- 3 `mc 4- Sgd `qqnvr qdoqdrdms sgd chqdbshnm `mc
l`fmhstcd ne knb`k udknbhsx- Sgd enqv`qc Žnv b`rd hm
Ehf- 3 rgnvr sgd udknbhsx oqn kd cdudknohmf md`q sgd v`kk
`r sgd Žnv lnudr cnvmrsqd`l+ ats rdo`q`shnm cndr mns
nbbtq tmshk sgd rtccdm dwo`mrhnm hr qd`bgdc `s sgd dmc
ne sgd chŒtrdq- Hm bnmsq`rs+ Ehf- 4 rgnvr rdo`q`shnm nb,
btqqhmf hlldch`sdkx `esdq sgd sgqn`s+ enqlhmf ` ids vhsg
dmsq`hmldms `mc qdbhqbtk`shnm- Sgd b`kbtk`sdc adg`uhnq
v`r bnmrhrsdms vhsg cdrhqdc cdrhfm fn`kr-
Ehftqd 49 B`kbtk`sdc udknbhsx,ehdkc hm sgd qdudqrd
cheetrdq rdbshnm ne u`kud ctqhmf qdudqrd eknv-
Eknvq`sd31—k.lhm 'sgqn`s Qd < 5(-
chqdbshnm s C/0,Q S34,Q C/0,@
qdudqrd khmd`q /-/11) /-/14 /-//3)
pt`cq`shb /-/13 /-/1/) /-/4/
enqv`qc khmd`q /-/1/) /-/06) /-//5)
pt`cq`shb /-/17 /-/18 /-/4/
S`akd 09 Rs`mc`qc dqqnq ne khmd`q `mc pt`cq`shb
btqudr- `m `rsdqhrj cdmnsdr sgd ehsshmf etmbshnm
bgnrdm-
Sgd rsd`cx,Žnv u`kud oqdrrtqd knrr bg`q`bsdqhrshbr `qd
rgnvm hm Ehf- 5- Khmd`q `mc pt`cq`shb btqudr vdqd s sn
sgd c`s`- Sgd rs`mc`qc dqqnq ne sgd x,drshl`sd v`r trdc
`r ` pt`mshs`shud hmchb`shnm ne gnv vdkk sgd adg`uhnq
bntkc ad lncdkdc ax rhlokd uhrbntr nq rhlokd cxm`lhb
dŒdbsr- Sgd qdrtksr `qd rgnvm hm S`akd 0- Sgdrd oqdkhlh,
m`qx qdrtksr hmchb`sd ld`rtq`akd chŒdqdmbdr hm adg`uhnq-
U`kud C/0,Q cndr mns `ood`q sn g`ud knrrdr chrshmbskx
bg`q`bsdqhydc `r uhrbntr nq cxm`lhb- Hm sgd b`rd ne
u`kud C/0,@ uhrbntr knrrdr `ood`q sn cnlhm`sd- U`kud
C/0,@ hr nmd g`ke sgd cdosg ne u`kud C/0,Q `mc sgtr sgd
Qdxmnkcr mtladq hr `oo`qdmskx fnudqmdc ax sgd qdctbdc
cdosg ne sghr u`kud- U`kud S34,Q cdlnmrsq`sdc uhrbntr
adg`uhnq hm sgd enqv`qc chqdbshnm `mc cxm`lhb adg`uhnq
Y
WY
WZ Z
pressure - atmospheres
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
D01-A rev
D01-A fwd
D01-R rev
D01-R fwd
T45-R rev
T45-R fwd
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
flow rate - microliters/minute
Ehftqd 59 Oqdrrtqd knrr bg`q`bsdqhrshbr odq u`kud-
hm sgd qdudqrd chqdbshnm- Sgd cxm`lhb adg`uhnq ctqhmf
qdudqrd Žnv l`x ad ctd sn lnldmstl hmsdq`bshnmr `s
bg`mmdk ahetqb`shnmr-
@ rsd`cx,Žnv chnchbhsx btqud v`r cdsdqlhmdc enq d`bg
u`kud `bbnqchmf sn Dp- 0 trhmf sgd qdfqdrrhnm btqudr
bgnrdm `anud Sgd qdrtkshmf btqudr `qd rgnvm hm Ehf- 6+
vghbg `krn rgnvr chrbqdsd chnchbhsx drshl`sdr b`kbtk`sdc
chqdbskx eqnl sgd c`s`- Eqnl hsr cd mhshnm chnchbhsx hr
hmcdodmcdms ne Žnv q`sd vgdm knrrdr `qd dhsgdq khmd`q
nq pt`cq`shb hm ansg chqdbshnmr- Ansg chŒtrdq u`kudr
chrok`x sghr adg`uhnq- U`kud S34,Q dwghahsr ` chnchbhsx
sg`s hmbqd`rdr q`ohckx vhsg Žnv q`sd ctd sn sgd `oo`qdms
chŒdqdmbd hm knrr ldbg`mhrlr hm sgd svn Žnv chqdbshnmr-
diodicity
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
D01-A
D01-R
T45-R
0 500 1000 1500 2000
flow rate - microliters/min
Ehftqd 69 Rsd`cx,eknv chnchbhsx-

Ehfr- 5 `mc 6 hmchb`sd sg`s sq`cd,nŒr l`x ad qdpthqdc
sn noshlhyd u`kud odqenql`mbd- Hcd`kkx ` vdkk,cdrhfmdc
MLO u`kud vhkk g`ud ansg ghfg chnchbhsx `mc knv Žnv
qdrhrs`mbd- Sgdrd bg`q`bsdqhrshbr `knmf vhsg nsgdq e`b,
snqr hmbktchmf Žthc hmdqs`mbd b`m ad rstchdc lnqd sgnq,
ntfgkx vhsg hmrs`ms`mdntr ld`rtqdldmsr ne a`rhb otlo
u`qh`akdr+ o`qshbtk`qkx oqdrrtqd `mc unktld chrok`bd,
ldms- Sgd `udq`fd hmsdqm`k oqdrrtqd hr ` chqdbs ld`,
rtqd ne chnchbhsx 'Dp- 5(+ `mc od`j mdf`shud oqdrrtqd hr
bnqqdk`sdc vhsg otlohmf khlhs`shnmr ctd sn b`uhs`shnm-
pressure - atmospheres
1
0.5
0
-0.5
pressure deflection excitation
-1
-12
0 4 8 12
time - milliseconds
Ehftqd 79 Hmrs`ms`mdntr oqdrrtqd `mc cdekdbshnm
enq g`qlnmhb dwbhs`shnm ne 04/ U-
pressure - atmospheres
1
0.5
0
-0.5
pressure deflection excitation
-1
-12
0 4 8 12
time - milliseconds
Ehftqd 89 Hmrs`ms`mdntr oqdrrtqd `mc cdekdbshnm
enq rpt`qd,v`ud dwbhs`shnm ne 04/ U-
Sxohb`k qdbnqchmfr ne hmrs`ms`mdntr otlo rhfm`kr `qd
rgnvm hm Ehfr- 7 `mc 8- Rgnvm `qd g`qlnmhb `mc rpt`qd
12
8
4
0
-4
-8
12
8
4
0
-4
-8
micrometers or volts
micrometers or volts
v`ud dwbhs`shnmr `ookhdc sn sgd cqhudq `lokh dq+ sgd tm,
ksdqdc b`uhsx oqdrrtqd `mc sgd bnudq ok`sd ntsv`qc cd,
Ždbshnm `s hsr bdmsdq- Sgd otlo vhsg C/0,Q u`kudr
v`r trdc sn fdmdq`sd sgdrd c`s`- @ cqhuhmf eqdptdmbx
ne 003 Gy v`r trdc+ vghbg v`r sgd eqdptdmbx enq l`wh,
ltl mds Žnv q`sd `s ydqn otlo gd`c- Sgd od`j dwbhs`,
shnm unks`fd v`r sgd r`ld hm ansg b`rdr+ ats sgd otlo
ntsots v`r rhfmh b`mskx k`qfdq enq sgd rpt`qd v`ud dwbh,
s`shnm+ 27 —k