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Appendix 1: ICARUS or The Future of Science<br />
except as causes facilitating the conscious effects.<br />
We may define the intensity of organization to<br />
which a given individual is subject as the<br />
proportion of his acts which is determined by the<br />
orders or advice of some group, expressed through<br />
democratic decisions or executive officers. The<br />
intensity of organization in a community may then<br />
be defined as the average intensity <strong>for</strong> its several<br />
members. The intensity of organization is<br />
increased not only when a man belongs to more<br />
organizations, but also when the organizations to<br />
which he already belongs play a larger part in his<br />
life, as, <strong>for</strong> example, the State plays a larger part<br />
in war than in peace.<br />
Another matter which needs to be treated<br />
quantitatively is the degree of democracy,<br />
oligarchy, or monarchy in an organization. No<br />
organization belongs completely to any one of the<br />
three types. There must be executive officers, who<br />
will often in practice be able to decide policy, even<br />
if in theory they cannot do so. And even if their<br />
power depends upon persuasion, they may so<br />
completely control the relevant publicity that they<br />
can always rely upon a majority. The directors of<br />
a railway company, <strong>for</strong> instance, are to all intents<br />
and purposes uncontrolled by the shareholders, who<br />
have no adequate means of organizing an<br />
<strong>World</strong> Government Slave Handbook 103