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16 CAtALYsIs Figure 3 Homo metathesis of methyl oleate O O O O O O Figure 4 Comparison of yield in C18 diester and C18 olefin in the homo metathesis of methyl oleate (catalyst loading 3 ppm, reaction time 2h) Theoretical conversion in case of thermodynamic equilibrium of homo metathesis catMETium® RF2 Yield [%] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Yield in by-products/isomers Yield in C18 diester and C18 olefin Saturated Ru-NHC complex Yield [%] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 elements35 Issue 2|2011 ● ● ● ● ● + ● ● ● 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature [°C] ● ● 0 10 20 ● 30 40 ● 50 60 ● 70 80 90 ● 100 Temperature [°C] ● ● 333 or homo-metathesis. The high thermal stability of the catalysts allows for combining the catalytic metathesis step with thermal separation and to return non-converted starting materials to the process. The high thermal stability of RF catalysts is evident in the homo metathesis of methyl oleate, in which octadec-9-ene and dimethyl-9-octadec-9-ene-1, 18-dioate are obtained in an equilibrium reaction (fig. 3). While saturated Ru-NHC complexes quickly degrade at temperatures just above 70 °C and therefore produce a wide range of by-products, the catalysts of the catMETium® RF technology show unparalleled thermal stability and robustness, even at temperatures above 100 °C. As a result, reaction speed and productivity significantly increase at high temperature (fig. 4). Even at high reaction temperatures, the catMETium® RF2 catalyst achieves a turnover number of > 200,000 with a selectivity of > 98 percent. With an integrated thermal separation of the products, the reaction equilibrium can be shifted toward higher volumes and yields without the risk of destroying the catalyst by thermal stress. Simple business model In addition to the excellent activity, selectivity, and robustness of the catMETium® RF technology in vari ous application areas, Evonik offers further added value with a clear, independent IP position that is also reflected in the business model. Evonik uses a simple proven business model to market the catMETium® RF catalysts that makes license agreements superfluous and allows for transparency. The total kilogram price for the catalysts includes all license fees for the use of intellectual property; customers have no further obligations. This business model is also reflected in the name, since the acronym RF stands for Royalty Free. This allows customers to make use of the new catalysts without any restrictions. 777 Dr. Renat Kadyrov deals with synthesis, up-scaling and production of homogeneous catalysts at Evonik´s Catalysts Business Line. He received his PhD from Kazan Sate University in 1984 under direction of Professor Boris A. Arbuzov. Over the next ten years he worked at the University of Kazan. He was as postdoctoral fellow at the University Halle/ Saale (West Germany, 1986/87) and in the Max-Planck-Group at Rostock University (1993/94). From 1994 he worked at the University of Greifswald and at the Institute of Catalysis at Rostock University before in 1999 he joined Aventis R&T. Since 2001 he has been an employee of Evonik. +49 6181 59-8710 renat.kadyrov@evonik.com
Almost 5,000 km across Australia Pioneering trip by the Wind Explorer „We’Re InCReDIBLY proud. A dream has come true,“ comment ed German extreme sportsmen Dirk Gion and Stefan Simmerer at the end of their two-and-a-half week pioneering trip across Australia. The two piloted the Wind Explorer, a lightweight electric vehicle, from Albany on the Indian Ocean to Corpor ation in 17 days and set three new records during their roughly 4,900 km trip: The first time a continent had been crossed by a vehicle power ed by wind and lithium-ion batteries, the longest overall distance covered by an exclusively wind-powered land vehicle, and the longest distance covered in 36 hours. „What‘s more it was resource-efficient and had virtually no impact on the climate,“ said Simmerer. The Wind Explorer was powered by lithium-ion batteries, recharged by a portable wind turbine whenever wind conditions permitted. The 200 kg vehicle therefore only notched up electricity costs of around €10 for the almost 5,000 km trip. Gion and Simmerer came up with the idea for this recordbreaking trip last summer. Just weeks later they found the necessary partners in German industry, led by Evonik Industries AG. Evonik provided the materials for the lightweight bodywork and the high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The battery pack with power of 8 kWh enabled the Wind Explorer to run for about 400 km in demanding temperatures of 60 °C. Dr. Klaus Engel, Chairman of Evonik‘s Executive Board, congratulated the team: „This was a tremendous achievement by Dirk Gion and Stefan Simmerer. It shows what pioneering spirit and German high-technology are capable of.“ The special feature of the Wind Explorer is that it is an electric vehicle with its own mobile power supply. When the battery is empty, the pilots can recharge them via a portable wind turbine, if wind conditions allow, or via the conventional power network. It takes half an hour to erect the turbine and six-meter high ResouRCe effICIenCY 17 The Wind Explorer pilot vehicle is a two-seated electromobile that weighs just 200 kilograms and with a range of 400 kilometers per battery charge. The bodywork consists mainly of a carbon fiber composite with ROHACELL® structural foam from Evonik. Its lithium-ion batteries, based on yet another Evonik technology, are charged by a mobile wind turbine or—in exceptional cases—in the conventional way from the power grid telescopic mast made of bamboo. In addition to wind power, the Wind Explorer can be driven by kites. In this way, the lightweight vehicle reached speeds of around 80 kph as it crossed the states of Western and South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. The pilots started in Perth. Having carried out various tests during the first 500 km, the real trip began in Albany. For the first 800 km to Nullarbor Plain the Wind Explorer was driven entirely by electric power. Strong winds then enabled the pilots to use the kites. Finally the Wind Explorer achieved its best performance within 36 hours at the south coast, covering 493 km. „It‘s great to see how lightweight construction and lithium-ion technology can provide a response to the problem of global warming,“ said Simmerer. The record trip from Albany to Sydney was not the first feat by Gion and Simmerer. Gion made headlines in 2004/2005 with the „Earthflyer“ kiteboard project in Australia and in 2006 as a water-skier towed by the “MS-Deutschland” cruise liner. In 1997 Simmerer was the first person to cross Chang Tang, the Tibetan high plateau, and climb Zangser Kangri (6,551 meters). He has since led expeditions in South America, Africa and Kamchatka. Pioneering projects like the Wind Explorer are a good opportunity for German industrial companies to test their technology under extreme conditions and extend their technical edge. Competition is particularly tough in the automotive sector, which is increasingly turning its attention to electric and hybrid vehi - cles. New lightweight materials such as ROHACELL®, which was used in the Wind Explorer, and smart tire technologies that reduce rolling resistance are in great demand. However, the race for tomorrow‘s technology to power electric vehicles will be won principally by expertise in batteries. „Through our sub - sid iary Li-Tec we aim to become the European market leader in battery cells,“ said Engel. 777 elements35 Issue 2|2011
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