The case of pidgin and creole languages - Linguistics

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the Ijo languages of West Africa. A limited reader on Izon, an Ijo language spoken in
Nigeria, indicates that its spatial relations are expressed with postpositions:
Dengi yó ko? (contraction of dengi yó ki gho) 'where' (literally, 'which place in?')
Bŭroubóo - Bŭroubí gho 'on the fire(place)'
Structurally, BDC parallels Izon in its used of spatial terms. Like Izon, BDC uses
postpositions. The inventory of Izon spatial terms, however, seems to be much more
limited than either Dutch or BDC. The reader states that gho can be used to express 'at,
in, or on' (Egberipou and Williamson 1994:36). If true and representative of the Ijo
language family as a hole, the size of BDC's spatial term inventory is different from both
Izon and Dutch. Coupled with the evidence that the semantics of these terms in BDC is
different from both Izon and Dutch, it is plausible to conjecture that spatial expressions in
Berbice Dutch Creole do not resemble those of any parent languages.
Mauritian Creole
Mauritian Creole, also known as Kreol, is spoken on the island of Mauritius. It is the
most commonly spoken language on the island and the lingua franca. Though discovered
separately by the Portuguese, Dutch, and possibly Arabic and Malay groups, there was no
serious attempt to settle the island until the French East India Company arrived in 1715
(Baker 1972:5). From 1715 to 1810, Mauritius was populated by the French, Muslims
from western India, and slaves from Bourbon Island (Réunion), Mozambique, and