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A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F 50 COVER FEATURE 7. P.F. Anderson and J.D. Martin, “Lease vs. Purchase Decisions: A Survey of Current Practice,” Financial Management, vol. 6, no. 1, 1977, pp. 41-47. 8. M. Palankar et al., “Amazon S3 for Science Grids: A Viable Solution?” Proc. Int’l Workshop Data-Aware Distributed Computing, ACM Press, 2008, pp. 55-64. 9. E. Deelman et al., “The Cost of Doing Science on the Cloud: The Montage Example,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Conf. Supercomputing, IEEE Press, pp. 1-16. 10. E. Walker, “The Real Cost of a CPU Hour,” Computer, Apr. 2009, pp. 35-41. 11. W.G. Lewellen, The Cost of Capital, Wadsworth Publishing, 1970. 12. US Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star Program, Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency, Public Law 109- 431, Aug. 2007; www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/ ___________________________________ prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_ Report_Congress_Final1.pdf. ___________________ Edward Walker is a researcher with the Texas Advanced Computing Center at the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests include distributed systems, storage systems, and operating systems. Walker received a PhD in Welcomes Your Contribution COMPUTER Computer magazine looks ahead to future technologies computer science from the University of York, UK. He is a member of IEEE and the ACM. Contact him at ewalker@ ______ computer.org. Walter Brisken is a scientist at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. His research interests include pulsars, the ionized interstellar medium, and very long baseline interferometry. Brisken received a PhD in physics from Princeton University. He is a member of the American Astronomical Society. Contact him at _____________ wbrisken@nrao.edu. Jonathan Romney is a scientist at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. His research interests include active galactic nuclei and astronomical instrumentation. Romney received a PhD in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology. He is a member of the American Astronomical Society, the International Astronomical Union, and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). Contact him at jromney@aoc.nrao.edu. ________________ Selected CS articles and columns are available for free at http://ComputingNow.computer.org. Computer, the flagship publication of the IEEE Computer Society, publishes peer-reviewed technical content that covers all aspects of computer science, computer engineering, technology, and applications. Articles selected for publication in Computer are edited to enhance readability for the nearly 100,000 computing professionals who receive this monthly magazine. Readers depend on Computer to provide current, unbiased, thoroughly researched information on the newest directions in computing technology. To submit a manuscript for peer review, see Computer’s author guidelines: www.computer.org/computer/author.htm A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F
A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F COVER FEATURE Karthik Kumar and Yung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue University The cloud heralds a new era of computing where application services are provided through the Internet. Cloud computing can enhance the computing capability of mobile systems, but is it the ultimate solution for extending such systems’ battery lifetimes? Cloud computing 1 is a new paradigm in which computing resources such as processing, memory, and storage are not physically present at the user’s location. Instead, a service provider owns and manages these resources, and users access them via the Internet. For example, Amazon Web Services lets users store personal data via its Simple Storage Service (S3) and perform computations on stored data using the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). This type of computing provides many advantages for businesses—including low initial capital investment, shorter start-up time for new services, lower maintenance and operation costs, higher utilization through virtualization, and easier disaster recovery—that make cloud computing an attractive option. Reports suggest that there are several benefits in shifting computing from the desktop to the cloud. 1,2 What about cloud computing for mobile users? The primary constraints for mobile computing are limited energy and wireless bandwidth. Cloud computing can provide energy savings as a service to mobile users, though it also poses some unique challenges. 0018-9162/10/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE CLOUD COMPUTING FOR MOBILE USERS: CAN OFFLOADING COMPUTATION SAVE ENERGY? Published by the IEEE Computer Society SAVING ENERGY FOR MOBILE SYSTEMS Mobile systems, such as smart phones, have become the primary computing platform for many users. Various studies have identified longer battery lifetime as the most desired feature of such systems. A 2005 study of users in 15 countries 3 found longer battery life to be more important than all other features, including cameras or storage. A survey last year by ChangeWave Research 4 revealed short battery life to be the most disliked characteristic of Apple’s iPhone 3GS, while a 2009 Nokia poll showed that battery life was the top concern of music phone users. Many applications are too computation intensive to perform on a mobile system. If a mobile user wants to use such applications, the computation must be performed in the cloud. Other applications such as image retrieval, voice recognition, gaming, and navigation can run on a mobile system. However, they consume significant amounts of energy. Can offloading these applications to the cloud save energy and extend battery lifetimes for mobile users? Low-power design has been an active research topic for many years. In IEEE Xplore, searching “low” and “power” in the document title produces more than 5,000 results. There are four basic approaches to saving energy and extending battery lifetime in mobile devices: Adopt a new generation of semiconductor technology. As transistors become smaller, each transistor consumes less power. Unfortunately, as transistors become smaller, more transistors are needed to provide more functionalities and better performance; as a result, power consumption actually increases. APRIL 2010 A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F 51
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