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A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F 56 COVER FEATURE processing the real-time data on the mobile system. If the processed data are smaller in size, sending the processed data to the server reduces the wireless transmission energy. Our analysis suggests that cloud computing can potentially save energy for mobile users. However, not all applications are energy efficient when migrated to the cloud. Mobile cloud computing services would be significantly different from cloud services for desktops because they must offer energy savings. The services should consider the energy overhead for privacy, security, reliability, and data communication before offloading. Acknowledgments We thank Jibang Liu for the steganography images used in this article. References 1. M. Creeger, “CTO Roundtable: Cloud Computing,” ACM Queue, June 2009, pp. 1-2. 2. Google Tech Talk, “Away with Applications: The Death of the Desktop,” 4 May 2007; http://video.google.com/ __________________________ videoplay?docid=-6856727143023456694. 3. CNN.com, “Battery Life Concerns Mobile Users,” 23 Sept. 2005; www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/ptech/09/22/phone. ____ study. 4. J. Paczkowski, “Iphone Owners Would Like to Replace Battery,” All Things Digital, 21 Aug. 2009; http:// digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20090821/iphone-ownerswould-like-to-replace-battery-att. COMPUTER Table 1. Service provider outages. 11,12 Outage date Vendor Service July 2008 Amazon S3 outage Feb 2008 Amazon S3 outage August 2008 Google Gmail service outage October 2009 T-Mobile/Microsoft Sidekick loses users’ data build your career IN COMPUTING 5. K. Yang, S. Ou, and H.H. Chen, “On Effective Offloading Services for Resource-Constrained Mobile Devices Running Heavier Mobile Internet Applications,” IEEE Comm. Magazine, vol. 46, no. 1, 2008, pp. 56-63. 6. C. Wang and Z. Li, “Parametric Analysis for Adaptive Computation Offloading,” ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 39, no. 6, 2004, pp. 119-130. 7. R. Wolski et al., “Using Bandwidth Data to Make Computation Offloading Decisions,” Proc. IEEE Int’l Symp. Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS 08), 2008, pp. 1-8. 8. M. Newborn, “A Parallel Search Chess Program,” Proc. ACM Ann. Conf. Range of Computing: Mid-80’s Perspective, ACM Press, 1985, pp. 272-277. 9. J. Kincaid, “Google Privacy Blunder Shares Your Docs without Permission,” TechCrunch, 7 Mar. 2009; ____ http:// ___________________________________ techcrunch.com/2009/03/07/huge-google-privacy-blunder- _______________________ shares-your-docs-without-permission. 10. R. McMillan, “Hacker: I Broke into Twitter,” PCWorld. com, 1 May 2009; www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/ ______________________________ article/164182/hacker_i_broke_into_twitter.html. 11. M. Armbrust et al., “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,” tech. report UCB/EECS-2009-28, EECS Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 2009. 12. T-Mobile Forums, “A Message from Our Chief Operations Officer, Jim Alling,” 6 Oct. 2009; http://forums.t-mobile. com/t5/Previous-Sidekick-Models/A-Message-From-Our- _____________________________ Chief-Operations-Officer-Jim-Alling/m-p/200661. 13. R. McMillan, “Salesforce.com Warns Customers of Phishing Scam,” PCWorld, 6 Nov. 2007; http://www.pcworld. ___________________________________ com/businesscenter/article/139353/salesforcecom_warns_ customers_of_phishing_scam.html. ______________________ Karthik Kumar is a PhD candidate in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. His research interests include energy conservation for mobile systems and resource allocation for scalable computing. Kumar is a student member of IEEE. Contact him at kumar25@purdue.edu. _______________ Yung-Hsiang Lu is an associate professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. His research focuses on energy efficiency of computing systems. Lu received a PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University. He is a senior member of IEEE. Contact him at yunglu@purdue.edu. _____________ www.computer.org/buildyourcareer A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F
A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F RESEARCH FEATURE Linking Software Development and Business Strategy through Measurement Victor R. Basili, Mikael Lindvall, Myrna Regardie, and Carolyn Seaman, Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering Jens Heidrich, Jürgen Münch, Dieter Rombach, and Adam Trendowicz, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering The GQM + Strategies approach extends the goal/question/metric paradigm for measuring the success or failure of goals and strategies, adding enterprise-wide support for determining action on the basis of measurement results. An organization can thus integrate its measurement program across all levels. Most organizations that develop software try to retain their competitive edge by reducing software-related risks. Effective risk management requires aligning business goals with development strategies and translating the results into a quantitative project management plan. In addition, organizations must also justify cost and resources for software and system development and other IT services. Often, such justification demands a concrete demonstration of how such development will contribute to the organization’s overall business goals—the top-level goals the organization desires to accomplish. Working against both alignment and justification is the lack of methods for linking business goals and softwarerelated efforts. Without a deep understanding of how software development fits into their organization’s business objectives, decision makers can neither plan development nor evaluate the organization-wide success of development strategies. 0018-9162/10/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE Published by the IEEE Computer Society To address this need, we have developed GQM + Strategies, which uses measurement to link goals and strategies on all organizational levels. The approach is based on rationales for deciding when and how to transform goals into operations and how to evaluate the success of strategies with respect to those goals. The “Why Business Alignment?” sidebar describes our motivation for developing this approach. As the name implies, GQM + Strategies is based on the goal/question/metric (GQM) paradigm 1 but adds the ability to create measurement programs that ensure alignment between goals and strategies from the highest strategic business levels to individual development projects and vice versa. 2 Although we derived the approach from software development experiences, it is not necessarily applicable solely to this domain. GOAL-ORIENTED APPROACHES Software development organizations often encounter problems when instituting measurement programs, such APRIL 2010 A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F 57
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