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A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F 92 COMPUTER SECURITY An example of a presumption in this context is: “If a tracked object enters a restricted airspace, then assign a weapon to that object and engage.” An instance of engaging the human operator would occur if, for example, the US were to have a chance to intercept missiles over another country. In this case, intercepting the missiles would be lawful but the potential consequences— such as residual debris from the missiles’ chemical, nuclear, or biological payloads landing on the other country’s territory—would need to be weighed against the risk of the missiles reaching their targets. Other aspects of preparedness could be incorporated into cyber C2/BM systems, such as a brokering capability to facilitate controlled dissemination of information among cyberoperators from different administrative domains who are collaborating in an ad hoc but formal coalition, or persistent operations to defend assets through their combined cyberwarfare resources. For example, a legal advisor might need to subscribe to certain data feeds to pull together the information required to make a legal determination, but he or she might not have a need to know about where the data originated or related information. That is, the brokering capability provides a means for enabling the sharing of information by protecting the anonymity of the information sources and their methods of collection, only sharing what cyberoperators playing particular roles are entitled to access. Such an information-sharing capability would have been useful to the informal assembly of private- and public-sector organizations that came to the aid of Estonia in 2007. Systems have become increasingly interconnected through trends such as the adoption of cloud <strong>computing</strong> and the creation of systems of systems. These compositions provide one or more value-added capabilities that none of the individual systems can deliver on their own. Preparedness for cyberattacks will entail cooperation between the many stakeholders in these systems, even with sound mechanisms for containment of behavior between systems. Efforts at achieving cyberpreparedness, such as that by NIST, are a step in the right direction, as the NIST report on the smart grid shows: Some of the responses [to cyber attacks] must be autonomic—timely response is a critical requirement for grid reliability. However, for a quick response to treat the symptom locally and effectively, the scope and extent of the impact of the failure needs to be quickly determined. Not all responses are autonomic however. New research is needed to measure and identify the scope of a cyber attack and the dynamic cyber threat response options available in a way that can serve as a decision support tool for the human operators. We believe that our research is on target regarding support for cyber command-and-control understanding, planning, and decision activities. Preparation must include provision of integrated full-spectrum capabilities in cyber C2/BM systems along with specialized dynamic virtual cells like the proposed legal cell enabling collaboration among cyberoperators proactively. James Bret Michael is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and a member of the Center for Cyber Warfare at the Naval Postgraduate School. Contact him at bmichael@ nps.edu. _____ John F. Sarkesain is a senior engineer with the Aerospace Corporation. Contact him at john.f.sarkesain@aero.org. Thomas C. Wing eld is a professor at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies. Contact him at ____________________ thomas.c.wing eld@marshallcenter.org. _______ Georgios Dementis is a lieutenant in the Hellenic Navy. Contact him at ydementis@gmail.com. _______________ Gonçalo Nuno Baptista de Sousa is a lieutenant in the Portuguese Navy. Contact him at _______________ goncalobsousa@gmail. ___ com. Editor: Jeffrey Voas, National Institute of Standards and Technology; j.voas@ieee.org _________ ________ _________________ Disclaimer The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements of the US Government. A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F
A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F BOOKSHELF Topology for Computing, Afra J. Zomorodian. This emerging field utilizes theory from topology and the power of <strong>computing</strong> to solve problems in diverse fields. Recent applications include computer graphics, CAD, and structural biology, all of which involve understanding the intrinsic shape of some real or abstract space. The author strives to present basic concepts from topology and Morse theory so that nonspecialists can grasp and participate in current research in computational topology. This book’s self-contained presentation of mathematical concepts from a computer scientist’s viewpoint combines point set and algebraic topologies, group theory, differential manifolds, and Morse theory. The author also presents some recent advances in the area, including topological persistence and hierarchical Morse complexes. Throughout, the focus is on computational challenges and presenting algorithms and data structures when appropriate. Cambridge University Press; ____ www. cambridge.org; ISBN-978-0-521- 13609-9, 258 pp. Symbolic Dynamics and Geometry Using D* in Graphics and Game Programming, Brian Guenter and Sung-Hee Lee. The authors explain how to use the D* symbolic-differentiation system for applications in computer games and engineering simulation. They describe how to create procedural 3D geometric models, link them together to form multibody physical systems, and simulate and display their physical behavior in real time. The symbolic-differentiation capabilities of D* can be used in a wide variety of technical applications, including computer graphics, engineering, and mechanical simulation. Many applications of D* are covered, but two—real time Lagrangianphysics simulation and procedural 3D 0018-9162/10/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE geometric modeling—are developed in great detail. A K Peters, Ltd; www.akpeters. ___ com; ISBN-978-1-56881-280-9, 250 pp. Leading the Virtual Workforce: How Great Leaders Transform Organizations in the 21st Century, Karen Sobel Lojeski. Just 20 years ago, going to work meant driving to a physical location to interact face-to-face with a boss and coworkers. Today, this might only require stepping across the hall to a home office or joining a videoconference. According to the author, the implications of these changes are staggering and require a whole new leadership model. She asserts that the virtual workforce has exploded, with mobile workers set to become 73 percent of the US workforce by 2011. According to Lojeski, physical separation, technology mediation, and disconnected relationships characterize this new virtual distance. These dynamics lead to a psychological separation that negatively affects productivity, innovation, and trust. When virtual distance is relatively high, innovation falls by more than 90 percent and project performance suffers. The author concludes that creating context, cultivating community, and co-activating new leaders builds greater trust, higher levels of satisfaction, and better behavior overall. Wiley; www.wiley.com; 978-0-470- 42280-9; 512 pp. Touch of Class: Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts, Bertrand Meyer. The author provides an introductory programming text that can make learning to program fun and rewarding. Instead of traditional low-level examples, Meyer builds his presentation on a rich object-oriented software system supporting graphics and multimedia, which students can Published by the IEEE Computer Society use to produce applications from day one. They can then explore “from the outside in” as they learn new programming techniques. Coverage is notable in both its depth and breadth. In addition to core programming concepts such as control structures, algorithms, and fundamental data structures, it encompasses recursion, reference and pointer manipulation, and topological sort as examples of algorithm and API design, event-driven programming, and high-level function closures. Springer; www.springer.com; 978- 3-540-92144-8; 876 pp. Inside Larry and Sergey’s Brain, Richard L. Brandt. This book focuses on what drives these two men and where they will take Google. Looking at this brainchild of two brilliant minds, the author examines Google’s business decisions in light of its founders’ ambitions and beliefs. Larry is the main strategist, while Sergey is the primary technologist and idealist. Through interviews with current and former employees, competitors, partners, and senior Google management, the author demystifies the secret society that is Google while clarifying several misconceptions. Viking Press; http://us.penguingroup. ___ com/; 978-1-59184-276-7; 256 pp. Send book announcements to ___ newbooks@computer.org. APRIL 2010 93 A Computer Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page M S BE aG F
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