etadd_47(3) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities
etadd_47(3) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities
etadd_47(3) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities
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TABLE 3<br />
Student mean scores across phase of interventi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> unit of instructi<strong>on</strong><br />
this study used read-alouds of word problems,<br />
a graphic organizer, <strong>and</strong> task analytic instructi<strong>on</strong><br />
in how to solve the problem. This study<br />
adds to the earlier study by dem<strong>on</strong>strating<br />
that each of four students made gains <strong>on</strong> each<br />
mathematical st<strong>and</strong>ard.<br />
Although st<strong>and</strong>ards-based instructi<strong>on</strong> is required<br />
for students to meet state expectati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>on</strong> alternate assessments, there are few research<br />
models for this type of instructi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Since the Browder et al. 2008 review, researchers<br />
have c<strong>on</strong>tinued to focus teaching purchasing<br />
<strong>and</strong> computati<strong>on</strong>s. Collins, Hager, <strong>and</strong><br />
Galloway (2011) focused <strong>on</strong> computati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
sales-tax, but within general educati<strong>on</strong> mathematical<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent. Skibo, Mims, <strong>and</strong> Spo<strong>on</strong>er<br />
(2011) used student resp<strong>on</strong>se cards <strong>and</strong> least<br />
intrusive prompting to teach number identificati<strong>on</strong><br />
to students with moderate <strong>and</strong> severe<br />
intellectual disability. Zisimopoulos (2010)<br />
used a picture fading technique to teach students<br />
with moderate intellectual disability to<br />
recall multiplicati<strong>on</strong> facts. While each of these<br />
studies provides an important c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing how to teach mathematics to<br />
this populati<strong>on</strong>, the current study provides<br />
evidence of a method to teach skills that align<br />
with grade-level c<strong>on</strong>tent st<strong>and</strong>ards.<br />
This study taught students how to resp<strong>on</strong>d<br />
to word problems. The NCTM promotes a<br />
problem-solving approach to mathematics<br />
(2000). Van de Walle (2004) proposes that<br />
learning to solve story problems in mathematics<br />
is the basis for learning to solve more real-<br />
Kiernan Reese Everett Claire<br />
Geometry Baseline 1.3 1 .33 4<br />
Interventi<strong>on</strong> 5.1 6 1.7 7.4<br />
Generalizati<strong>on</strong> 4.6 7.6 3.8 9<br />
Algebra Baseline 3 1.7 1 4<br />
Interventi<strong>on</strong> 7.1 6.3 4.7 7.6<br />
Generalizati<strong>on</strong> 7 9 6 10<br />
Data Analysis Baseline .6 .6 .2 .8<br />
Interventi<strong>on</strong> 4.3 4.3 2.7 7.3<br />
Generalizati<strong>on</strong> 5 5 3 8.7<br />
Measurement Baseline .33 .5 0 .6<br />
Interventi<strong>on</strong> 2 2.6 1.4 9.3<br />
Generalizati<strong>on</strong> 4.5 n/a n/a n/a<br />
world problems. Fuchs, Fuchs, Finelli, Courey,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Hamlett (2004) note that mathematical<br />
problem solving involves students applying<br />
skills to novel situati<strong>on</strong>s. Teaching word problems<br />
can teach students the “when” <strong>and</strong> “why”<br />
to apply mathematical skills.<br />
In c<strong>on</strong>trast, we did not teach students how<br />
to identify the type of problem to be solved<br />
which is typically the focus of research <strong>on</strong><br />
teaching word problems. Instead, the teacher<br />
presented the graphic organizer to cue the<br />
student what type of problem this was (e.g.,<br />
data comparis<strong>on</strong> versus algebraic equati<strong>on</strong>.)<br />
Browder et al.’s (2008) review revealed <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
<strong>on</strong>e study that focused <strong>on</strong> teaching students a<br />
problem-solving schema. Neef, Nelles, Iwata,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Page (2003) taught math problem solving<br />
to <strong>on</strong>e student with a moderate intellectual<br />
disability (i.e., a sec<strong>on</strong>d participant had mild<br />
intellectual disability). Neef et al. taught students<br />
“precurrent operati<strong>on</strong>s” to facilitate<br />
problem solving. Specifically, the students<br />
learned to identify five comp<strong>on</strong>ents of word<br />
problems: the initial set, the change set, the<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>, the result set, <strong>and</strong> the soluti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Students used a graphic organizer worksheet<br />
to enter known informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> find the soluti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The interventi<strong>on</strong> included massed<br />
practice trials with a teacher model. Both students<br />
dem<strong>on</strong>strated generalized problem solving.<br />
Much more research is needed to determine<br />
how best to teach this populati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
recognize the type of problem presented in<br />
the math story.<br />
386 / Educati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Training in <strong>Autism</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Developmental</strong> <strong>Disabilities</strong>-September 2012