etadd_47(3) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities
etadd_47(3) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities
etadd_47(3) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities
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modeling may be both cost <strong>and</strong> time effective,<br />
since the same video models can be reused<br />
with <strong>on</strong>e child as well as with multiple children.<br />
Video modeling has also been shown in<br />
numerous studies to be an effective instructi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
methodology for developing play, but a<br />
number of factors still remain unexplored.<br />
Charlop <strong>and</strong> Milstein (1989) used video modeling<br />
to increase use of scripted c<strong>on</strong>versati<strong>on</strong><br />
about toys <strong>and</strong> found generalizati<strong>on</strong> across<br />
novel c<strong>on</strong>versati<strong>on</strong>s, toys <strong>and</strong> partners, but<br />
neither scripted nor novel motor play was<br />
studied. Taylor, Levin, <strong>and</strong> Jasper (1999)<br />
taught two children with autism to engage in<br />
play-related statements with siblings, using a<br />
forward chaining procedure to teach a l<strong>on</strong>ger<br />
series of comments, but focused <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong> playrelated<br />
statements <strong>and</strong> not motor play skills<br />
themselves. D’Ateno, Mangiapanello, <strong>and</strong><br />
Taylor (2003) were able to increase a child’s<br />
use of complex play sequences, including<br />
both verbal <strong>and</strong> motor play; but no data was<br />
presented <strong>on</strong> generalizati<strong>on</strong> of the learned<br />
sequences to different toys or settings. Nikopoulus<br />
<strong>and</strong> Keenan (2003, 2004), were able to<br />
successfully decrease latency in initiating social<br />
play <strong>and</strong> increase appropriate play using<br />
video modeling instructi<strong>on</strong> in the majority<br />
of their subjects, but generalizati<strong>on</strong> tended to<br />
be limited <strong>on</strong>ly to toys depicted in the video<br />
models. MacD<strong>on</strong>ald, Clark, Garrigan, <strong>and</strong><br />
Vangala (2005) used video modeling to teach<br />
thematic pretend play skills to two preschool<br />
children with autism but <strong>on</strong>ly scripted, rather<br />
than unscripted play, increased significantly.<br />
Reag<strong>on</strong>, Higbee, <strong>and</strong> Endicott (2006) extended<br />
the use of video modeling to teach<br />
pretend play skills to <strong>on</strong>e participant using a<br />
sibling as a video model but findings were<br />
limited by a quasi-experimental, A-B research<br />
design. Hine <strong>and</strong> Wolery (2006) extended<br />
the findings of Charlop <strong>and</strong> Milstein (1989)<br />
to show that point-of-view modeling could<br />
also be used to teach play skills without experimenter-implemented<br />
reinforcement, but<br />
both subjects in the study were highly verbal,<br />
<strong>and</strong> readily imitated in vivo acti<strong>on</strong>s of adults<br />
with materials prior to interventi<strong>on</strong>. Furthermore,<br />
the play taught was limited to two scenarios<br />
(gardening <strong>and</strong> cooking), <strong>and</strong> did not<br />
address the developmental sequence of play<br />
by teaching skills in a progressi<strong>on</strong> from more<br />
c<strong>on</strong>crete to more abstract <strong>and</strong> imaginary acts.<br />
Paters<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Arco (2007) showed that video<br />
modeling led to increased frequency of independent<br />
motor <strong>and</strong> verbal play acti<strong>on</strong>s in two<br />
boys with autism using both related toys <strong>and</strong><br />
unrelated toys, but both subjects showed prior<br />
proficiency with the toys, <strong>and</strong> the study did<br />
not address the developmental sequence of<br />
play.<br />
The primary aims of this investigati<strong>on</strong> were<br />
threefold. The first aim was to extend the<br />
work of Kasari et al. (2006) who have shown<br />
that adhering to a developmental sequence is<br />
effective when teaching play skills to children<br />
with autism which in turn relates to language<br />
improvements. The sec<strong>on</strong>d aim was to integrate<br />
the work of D’Ateno et al. (2003), Mac-<br />
D<strong>on</strong>ald et al. (2005), <strong>and</strong> Paters<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Arco<br />
(2007), who have dem<strong>on</strong>strated that video<br />
modeling is an effective methodology to teach<br />
play skills to children with autism, including<br />
symbolic <strong>and</strong> imaginative play. The final aim<br />
was to integrate a language-based approach<br />
that incorporates specific language instructi<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> outcome into the methodology. We<br />
attempted to achieve these aims by using a<br />
multiple-baseline single-subject design <strong>on</strong><br />
four children, teaching language <strong>and</strong> play<br />
skills through video modeling using a hierarchal<br />
developmental sequence <strong>and</strong> a language<br />
model that incorporated play-c<strong>on</strong>nected,<br />
developmentally–appropriate language. Play<br />
outcomes included immediate <strong>and</strong> generalized<br />
performance of the learned play skills<br />
across other envir<strong>on</strong>ments <strong>and</strong> toys than those<br />
presented in the video models. Language outcomes<br />
focused <strong>on</strong> increased complexity of language<br />
used during the children’s unstructured<br />
play as well as st<strong>and</strong>ardized language<br />
assessments.<br />
Specifically, we sought to (a) teach play<br />
skills to children with autism through video<br />
modeling using a developmental sequence,<br />
(b) to assess generalizati<strong>on</strong> of play skills<br />
learned through this video modeling instructi<strong>on</strong><br />
across envir<strong>on</strong>ments <strong>and</strong> materials, <strong>and</strong><br />
(c) to assess whether <strong>and</strong> to what extent incorporating<br />
language in the video modeling<br />
could teach language skills to those children<br />
which would generalize across envir<strong>on</strong>ments<br />
<strong>and</strong> materials.<br />
304 / Educati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Training in <strong>Autism</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Developmental</strong> <strong>Disabilities</strong>-September 2012