Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Water Quality Variations in the Tidal ...

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SCHOOL OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Trikkakara, Cochin University P. 0., Kochi 682 022, INDIA Dr.V. N.Sivasankara Pillai Director {Formerly: Professor & Director School of environmental Studies) ) CERTIFICATE !:DaU: . This is to certify that the thesis entitled "SALINITY INTRUSION AND SEASONAL WATER QUALITY VARIATIONS IN THE TIDAL CANALS OF COCHIN" is an authentic record of the research work carried out by Mr. Alex P.M. (Reg. No. 2599) under my supervision and guidance in the School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, and that no part thereof has been presented before for the award of any degree/diploma of any University or Institute. Cochin-22 June, 2005 Dr. V.N.SivQsankara Pillai Supervising Guide I.: +91-09847151631 Fax: +91-0484-2577595 E-mail: rural@cusat.ac.insiv8_piliai@cusat.ac.in
IV Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES........................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES............................................................ VII ABSTRACT..................................................................... IX PREFACE........................................................................ XI LIST OF ABREVIATIONS XIII INTRODUCTION . 1.1 Water as a natural Resource . 1.2 Availability ofFresh water for Human Activities. .............. 2 1.2.1 Rationale for Choosing Cochin for the Study........ .... 7 1.2.2 Fresh Water Scenario for Core and Peri-Urban 8 Cochin . 1.2.3 Urban Water Supply ofCochin and Burgeoning 9 Demand . 1.3 Estuary and Urban Situation.................................. . 10 1.4 Urbanization and water Chemistry ofEstuaries. ................ 22 1.5 Effluent Load and Water Quality.................................. 28 1.6 Material Balance ofthe City. 29 1.7 Purpose ofthe Study..... 32 11 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................... 33 2.1 The study Area. ...................................................... 33 2.1.1. Cochin Water Shed....................... 35 2.2 Cochin and the Back Water System.............................. 36 2.3 Growth ofCochin as an Urban Center and its Impact on 37 Canals . 2.4 Population Growth ofCochin and 39 Urbanization . 2.5 Important Tidal Canals ofCochin. 41 2.6 Measurement ofDaily Rainfall................................ 48 2.7 Sampling Procedure................................................. 48 2.8 Laboratory Control Checks.................................... .... 58 /' III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................. 61 3.1 General Observations. ............................................ 61 3.2 Canalwise Details ofData. ...................................... 65
Page 1: Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Wat
Page 6 and 7: 11 III IV V VII List of Tables Tabl
Page 8 and 9: III IV V IX Fig 3.1 Classification
Page 10 and 11: hI. were found to be creeks extendi
Page 12 and 13: XIII The study embodied here is par
Page 14 and 15: 1.1 Fresh water as a natural resour
Page 16: taught us to value fresh water more
Page 20 and 21: Source: Keller (1984) .... There is
Page 22 and 23: The role played by water as a solve
Page 24 and 25: 3. Commercial water supplies 4. Was
Page 26 and 27: The status report presented above d
Page 29 and 30: Responses Reversible Direct Respons
Page 31 and 32: Salinity intrusion is the most sign
Page 34 and 35: eaches 15 g/kg. Work by Boyle, Edmo
Page 37 and 38: Cd. The .removal of phosphate may o
Page 39 and 40: 1. Dissolution nutrients from parti
Page 41 and 42: unpolluted estuaries left and most
Page 43 and 44: The design, according to Maxted et
Page 45 and 46: that the water biotic quality did n
Page 47 and 48: nutrient load was predictive but co
Page 49 and 50: For a city fast growing, as in the
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 2
Page 53 and 54:
2.1 The study area Chapter 2 MATERI
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salinity and the trapped water bodi
Page 57:
2.2 Cochin and the back water lagoo
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Cochin originally developed as a co
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400,000 commutes to the city from t
Page 67 and 68:
disparity. Such an engineering modi
Page 69:
4. Mullassery canal: (Figure 2.7) T
Page 73:
11. Poornipuzha:(Figure 2.10) It is
Page 76 and 77:
are two fresh watercourses ending u
Page 78 and 79:
Cochin Corporation records, there a
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2. Poorni River - Konnara thod - Pa
Page 82 and 83:
8. KSEB-International Stadium (clos
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9 Perumpadappu kayal 3 10 Kumbalang
Page 87 and 88:
Onceback in the laboratory, where r
Page 89:
pH was chosen as a regular paramete
Page 92 and 93:
influences chemical process like so
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salinity pattern is applicable to t
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ecorded on 9 th March. The Ambalapp
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or even equal to that of the sea wa
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the latest engineering modification
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ThripoonithuraMunicipality's waste
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4 Chithrappuzha- Water doled out fr
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6 Mullassery Canal whole is flood p
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a deleterious effect on the quality
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- Adimury the railroad to Kaloor is
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June. Phosphate Increases until tim
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12 Punchathod- Kharee thod the anal
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ocearnc ongm, But Phosphate level r
Page 120 and 121:
COD(nlglL) 73.4 103.3 243.1 COD(mgl
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TH(mg CaC03/L) 64.7 186.4 443 TH(mg
Page 125 and 126:
TH(mg CaC03/L) 114.6 1334.3 3480 TH
Page 127 and 128:
TH(mg CaC03/L) 118.8 2489.4 9800 TH
Page 131 and 132:
60 50 40 20 10 o WOI Fig 3.198WQI o
Page 133 and 134:
As Figure 3.198 depicts water quali
Page 135 and 136:
Table.3.87 Classification of water
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The only tidal body where the seaso
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violently multiplies wherever the c
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than 61mg/L. Falls in alkalinity co
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is an exception as phosphate follow
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sweep the earth following the sun a
Page 168:
500 350 150 100 50 90 80 70 60 20 1
Page 251:
CNP StoIchioIlleQr6 --••_.--t N
Page 257:
DIN. 121 4.2.1.5 Stoichiometric der
Page 260:
olume Surface flo 124 oxes. Vx is a
Page 275:
138 February 0.02 0.01 392 11.7 31.
Page 284 and 285:
CHAPTER 5
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145 depletion in the canals. Again
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147 7 Arius "Plastistomus 50 Megalo
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149 5.3.1 Canals heavily polluted a
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151 deweeded and maintained well, e
Page 295 and 296:
All points but Panar and Karingachi
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West Cochin Wholestretch 155 Whole
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Edappally thod - whole stretch abov
Page 301 and 302:
159 At present, the water is not fi
Page 303:
161 effective aeration to the putri
Page 307:
174 45. Flemer. Potential sediment
Page 311:
178 107: Pritchard DW. What is An E
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