Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Water Quality Variations in the Tidal ...

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Cochin Corporation records, there are altogether 65 canals in the city (Sustaining Cochin, KSSP,2002). But a good many ofthem do not have any relevance in the present context. Some of them have even faded away into oblivion and many more are in the throes of extinction (due to encroachment, siltation etc.). A complete list of canals crisscrossing the landscape of the city is given as an addendum. Many of them, however, are not functional and fail to serve the purpose. Siltation and organic waste load have fragmented most ofthem to isolated fresh water pools quite immune to tidal and seasonal variations. Many low-lying areas are prone to serious communicable diseases including leptospirosis, typhoid, malaria, and hepatitis. Even as early as 1996, the city was armed with 267 hospitals, 5932 beds, 847 doctors, 1464 nurses and 16300 out patients per year (Cochin Corporation Report, 1996). Hospital and other allied services is already a booming business. The canals chosen for the present study have a conspicuous tidal influence, a definite water regime, a significant catchment area and some degree ofeconomic utility. Standardmethods lay down by APHA (20 th edition, 1998) are broadly followed in the full gamutofactivities including sampling and analyses. Preservation ofthe samples was not required since all the unstable parameters were analyzed well within 3 hours of sampling. Hence the samples collected were not split nor were they subjected to pH control chemical addition, refrigeration, filtration, freezing or bottling in amber coloured or opaque containers. All the sampling sites are well within 20 km radius from the site of analysis, except for Poothotta and Kanjiramattom. Thus elaborate modalities involved in the shipment ofsamples were altogether impertinent. 49
The "chain-of-custody" report, as is required of a systematic sample analysis, is also not relevant in the present context as samples were collected, transported and analyzed by the self-same hands. With three field trips per week, each canal singled out for the study is sampled every month. All samples were collected between 6 30 am and 8 30 am without fail, the apt time prescribed being around 8 am, when photosynthetic activity isnot yet establishedand ambienttemperaturehas not reached its zenith. The tidal canals chosen for the study, the sampling sites earmarked for each canal and their respective serial numbers are given hereunder. In table 2.1 Table- 2.1. Tidal canals of Greater Cochin Development Area chosen for the study and sampling points 1. Karingachira puzha 1. Karingachira (Culverton the High Way) 2. Andhakaran thod (the culvert on Thrippoonithura Market - PuthiyakavuRoad) 3. Kaniyavally Bridge (on Puthiykavu- ChottanikkaraRoad) 4. Kandanad Bridge 5. Kolenchery Bridge (on Vayalvaram- MulanthuruthyRoad) 6. Mattathan Kadav(behind St. John's Hospital, Poothotta) 7. Poothotta (the bridge on Kottayam - Emakulam Road) 8. Swargavathil Down (the barrage on Poothotta - KanjiramattomRoad) 9. Swargavathil Up (reservoir side ofthe barrage) 10. Kanjiramattom (in front ofthe fish kiosk on Poothotta - Kanjiramatom Road) 11. Panar River(the bridge on Kanjiramattom - Amballoor Road) 50
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Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Wat
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IV Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES
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11 III IV V VII List of Tables Tabl
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III IV V IX Fig 3.1 Classification
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hI. were found to be creeks extendi
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XIII The study embodied here is par
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1.1 Fresh water as a natural resour
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taught us to value fresh water more
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Source: Keller (1984) .... There is
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The role played by water as a solve
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3. Commercial water supplies 4. Was
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The status report presented above d
Page 29 and 30: Responses Reversible Direct Respons
Page 31 and 32: Salinity intrusion is the most sign
Page 34 and 35: eaches 15 g/kg. Work by Boyle, Edmo
Page 37 and 38: Cd. The .removal of phosphate may o
Page 39 and 40: 1. Dissolution nutrients from parti
Page 41 and 42: unpolluted estuaries left and most
Page 43 and 44: The design, according to Maxted et
Page 45 and 46: that the water biotic quality did n
Page 47 and 48: nutrient load was predictive but co
Page 49 and 50: For a city fast growing, as in the
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 2
Page 53 and 54: 2.1 The study area Chapter 2 MATERI
Page 55 and 56: salinity and the trapped water bodi
Page 57: 2.2 Cochin and the back water lagoo
Page 60 and 61: Cochin originally developed as a co
Page 63: 400,000 commutes to the city from t
Page 67 and 68: disparity. Such an engineering modi
Page 69: 4. Mullassery canal: (Figure 2.7) T
Page 73: 11. Poornipuzha:(Figure 2.10) It is
Page 76 and 77: are two fresh watercourses ending u
Page 80 and 81: 2. Poorni River - Konnara thod - Pa
Page 82 and 83: 8. KSEB-International Stadium (clos
Page 84 and 85: 9 Perumpadappu kayal 3 10 Kumbalang
Page 87 and 88: Onceback in the laboratory, where r
Page 89: pH was chosen as a regular paramete
Page 92 and 93: influences chemical process like so
Page 95 and 96: salinity pattern is applicable to t
Page 97 and 98: ecorded on 9 th March. The Ambalapp
Page 99 and 100: or even equal to that of the sea wa
Page 101 and 102: the latest engineering modification
Page 103 and 104: ThripoonithuraMunicipality's waste
Page 105 and 106: 4 Chithrappuzha- Water doled out fr
Page 107 and 108: 6 Mullassery Canal whole is flood p
Page 109 and 110: a deleterious effect on the quality
Page 111 and 112: - Adimury the railroad to Kaloor is
Page 113 and 114: June. Phosphate Increases until tim
Page 115 and 116: 12 Punchathod- Kharee thod the anal
Page 117: ocearnc ongm, But Phosphate level r
Page 120 and 121: COD(nlglL) 73.4 103.3 243.1 COD(mgl
Page 122 and 123: TH(mg CaC03/L) 64.7 186.4 443 TH(mg
Page 125 and 126: TH(mg CaC03/L) 114.6 1334.3 3480 TH
Page 127 and 128: TH(mg CaC03/L) 118.8 2489.4 9800 TH
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60 50 40 20 10 o WOI Fig 3.198WQI o
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As Figure 3.198 depicts water quali
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Table.3.87 Classification of water
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The only tidal body where the seaso
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violently multiplies wherever the c
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than 61mg/L. Falls in alkalinity co
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is an exception as phosphate follow
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sweep the earth following the sun a
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500 350 150 100 50 90 80 70 60 20 1
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CNP StoIchioIlleQr6 --••_.--t N
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DIN. 121 4.2.1.5 Stoichiometric der
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olume Surface flo 124 oxes. Vx is a
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138 February 0.02 0.01 392 11.7 31.
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CHAPTER 5
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145 depletion in the canals. Again
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147 7 Arius "Plastistomus 50 Megalo
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149 5.3.1 Canals heavily polluted a
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151 deweeded and maintained well, e
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All points but Panar and Karingachi
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West Cochin Wholestretch 155 Whole
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Edappally thod - whole stretch abov
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159 At present, the water is not fi
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161 effective aeration to the putri
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174 45. Flemer. Potential sediment
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178 107: Pritchard DW. What is An E
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