Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Water Quality Variations in the Tidal ...

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Whole stretch Karingachirapuzha -whole stretch except, 158 Whole year Kanjiramattom Kanjiramattom- 22.04 to 04.03 Whole stretch 08.06 to 05.11 All points but Andhakaran and Kanjiramattom 12.02 to 06.04 14.05 to 20.11 West Cochin - whole stretch Table 5.7. Proposed standards for irrigation for tropical conditions TDS 400 mg/L Poor drainage Saline soil Inadequate water supply TDS 1000 mg/L Good drainage Proper irrigation management TDS 2000 mg/L Salt resistant crop Good drainage - (Source: Schippers, 1991) BaD, Coliform bacteria count and COD levels are well beyond the prescribed limits and total iron in spite of anoxic conditions and alkaline pH exceeds the tolerable levels and most of the canals are deficient of DO. Even then, these canals could be recognized as precious gifts of nature because all the qualitative problems are of human origin and hence can be rectified. Sulfate, alkalinity, hardness and chloride are on the favourable side at least for a certain part ofthe year. pH and plant nutrients are tolerably less for all waters at all times. The promising side ofthe temporal variation pattern is that chloride maximizes in January, a time when scarcity of fresh water does not ominously loom large on the city. Water scarcity assumes serious proportions in March and April. The sporadic afternoon thunder showers of these months only exacerbate the situation. But the fact that at this stage, salinity in canals exhibits a receding tendency could have been taken advantage of. But the drop in salinity does not reach down to the economically meaningful levels. It is ironic that the waters forfeit their utility at a time when they are needed most. During the wet season fresh water generally does not become a constraint to economic activities. Even if the water could not be put to the highest use it is fit for flushing and irrigation. 158 • t.- r -! ..;-
159 At present, the water is not fit for fish culture, out-door bathing and drinking with or without conventional treatment, because BaD, COD and DO are far from the prescribed levels. But the water qualifies for industrial cooling and irrigation for a major part of the year. Sulfate and pH are on the favourable side throughout; chloride and electrical conductivity are within the prescribed levels for some part ofthe year as shown in the tables above. Systematic watershed management, reduction of toxic pollutants, reduction of sewage pollution, habitat protection and restoration and long-time monitoring are part of the working strategy to bring about an improvement in water quality of the water bodies. Though it is true that canals like Changadompokk thod, Karanakkodam thod, Thevara canal and Puncha thod are fresh in the upper extremities, it does not have any significance for the moment as the water is raw sewage with no DO. Karingachirapuzha and Kadambrayar are fresh because of anthropogenic intervention in the form of seasonal bunds and inter -basin water transfer, and these rivers are already a fresh water source. 5.4.Recommendations and Prospects for future study Urban runoff is the greatest source ofwater pollution in the developed areas. This non-point source ofpollution is an ecological problem threatening the long-term health of aquatic ecosystems and local economies. With increasing urbanization, urban runoff becomes a lethal cocktail of pollutants damaging estuaries, wetlands, lakes and rivers. Instead of hardscaping the land it has to be softscaped (urbanization results in increased impervious floors impeding natural recharging of ground water), maximizing permeability and acknowledging it as an integral part ofthe hydrologic cycle. The urban runoff problem which would appear unwieldy and problematic can be mitigated by good housekeeping measures, best managerial practices and education thereby bringing about a critical shift in the philosophy and management ofwater resources. Since space and fund constraints stand in the way of urban storm water management, innovative techniques will have to be incorporated to mitigate the first flush environmental shock (the run off provoked by the first serious rains after the dry season is rich with plant nutrients and organic matter). For example, sand filtration systems and underground sand filters consisting of multiple chambers could be employed to remove urban wash outs. The main reason why urban storm water remains such an important contributor to water 159
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Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Wat
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IV Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES
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11 III IV V VII List of Tables Tabl
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III IV V IX Fig 3.1 Classification
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hI. were found to be creeks extendi
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XIII The study embodied here is par
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1.1 Fresh water as a natural resour
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taught us to value fresh water more
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Source: Keller (1984) .... There is
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The role played by water as a solve
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3. Commercial water supplies 4. Was
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The status report presented above d
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Responses Reversible Direct Respons
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Salinity intrusion is the most sign
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eaches 15 g/kg. Work by Boyle, Edmo
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Cd. The .removal of phosphate may o
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1. Dissolution nutrients from parti
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unpolluted estuaries left and most
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The design, according to Maxted et
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that the water biotic quality did n
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nutrient load was predictive but co
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For a city fast growing, as in the
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CHAPTER 2
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2.1 The study area Chapter 2 MATERI
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salinity and the trapped water bodi
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2.2 Cochin and the back water lagoo
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Cochin originally developed as a co
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400,000 commutes to the city from t
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disparity. Such an engineering modi
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4. Mullassery canal: (Figure 2.7) T
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11. Poornipuzha:(Figure 2.10) It is
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are two fresh watercourses ending u
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Cochin Corporation records, there a
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2. Poorni River - Konnara thod - Pa
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8. KSEB-International Stadium (clos
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9 Perumpadappu kayal 3 10 Kumbalang
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Onceback in the laboratory, where r
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pH was chosen as a regular paramete
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influences chemical process like so
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salinity pattern is applicable to t
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ecorded on 9 th March. The Ambalapp
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or even equal to that of the sea wa
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the latest engineering modification
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ThripoonithuraMunicipality's waste
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4 Chithrappuzha- Water doled out fr
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6 Mullassery Canal whole is flood p
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a deleterious effect on the quality
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- Adimury the railroad to Kaloor is
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June. Phosphate Increases until tim
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12 Punchathod- Kharee thod the anal
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ocearnc ongm, But Phosphate level r
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COD(nlglL) 73.4 103.3 243.1 COD(mgl
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TH(mg CaC03/L) 64.7 186.4 443 TH(mg
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TH(mg CaC03/L) 114.6 1334.3 3480 TH
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TH(mg CaC03/L) 118.8 2489.4 9800 TH
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60 50 40 20 10 o WOI Fig 3.198WQI o
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As Figure 3.198 depicts water quali
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Table.3.87 Classification of water
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The only tidal body where the seaso
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violently multiplies wherever the c
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than 61mg/L. Falls in alkalinity co
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is an exception as phosphate follow
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sweep the earth following the sun a
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500 350 150 100 50 90 80 70 60 20 1
Page 251: CNP StoIchioIlleQr6 --••_.--t N
Page 257: DIN. 121 4.2.1.5 Stoichiometric der
Page 260: olume Surface flo 124 oxes. Vx is a
Page 275: 138 February 0.02 0.01 392 11.7 31.
Page 284 and 285: CHAPTER 5
Page 286 and 287: 145 depletion in the canals. Again
Page 288 and 289: 147 7 Arius "Plastistomus 50 Megalo
Page 290 and 291: 149 5.3.1 Canals heavily polluted a
Page 293 and 294: 151 deweeded and maintained well, e
Page 295 and 296: All points but Panar and Karingachi
Page 297 and 298: West Cochin Wholestretch 155 Whole
Page 299: Edappally thod - whole stretch abov
Page 303: 161 effective aeration to the putri
Page 307: 174 45. Flemer. Potential sediment
Page 311: 178 107: Pritchard DW. What is An E
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