Salinity Intrusion and Seasonal Water Quality Variations in the Tidal ...

IV
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................... VI
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................ VII
ABSTRACT..................................................................... IX
PREFACE........................................................................ XI
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS XIII
INTRODUCTION .
1.1 Water as a natural Resource .
1.2 Availability ofFresh water for Human Activities. .............. 2
1.2.1 Rationale for Choosing Cochin for the Study........ .... 7
1.2.2 Fresh Water Scenario for Core and Peri-Urban 8
Cochin .
1.2.3 Urban Water Supply ofCochin and Burgeoning 9
Demand .
1.3 Estuary and Urban Situation.................................. . 10
1.4 Urbanization and water Chemistry ofEstuaries. ................ 22
1.5 Effluent Load and Water Quality.................................. 28
1.6 Material Balance ofthe City. 29
1.7 Purpose ofthe Study..... 32
11 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................... 33
2.1 The study Area. ...................................................... 33
2.1.1. Cochin Water Shed....................... 35
2.2 Cochin and the Back Water System.............................. 36
2.3 Growth ofCochin as an Urban Center and its Impact on 37
Canals .
2.4 Population Growth ofCochin and 39
Urbanization .
2.5 Important Tidal Canals ofCochin. 41
2.6 Measurement ofDaily Rainfall................................ 48
2.7 Sampling Procedure................................................. 48
2.8 Laboratory Control Checks.................................... .... 58
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III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................. 61
3.1 General Observations. ............................................ 61
3.2 Canalwise Details ofData. ...................................... 65