Aerogeophysics in Finland 1972-2004 - arkisto.gsf.fi - Geologian ...

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CONTENTS Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 39 Aerogeophysics in Finland 1972–2004 Otsikko Methods, System Characteristics and Applications Editor’s preface ....................................................................................................... 4 Methods ................................................................................................................... 5 Airborne Geophysics in Finland in Perspective, Markku Peltoniemi ................. 7 The “Three In One” aerogeophysical concept of GTK in 2004, Heikki Hautaniemi, Maija Kurimo, Jukka Multala, Hanna Leväniemi and Jouko Vironmäki 21 System characteristics ............................................................................................. 75 Airborne Magnetic Method: Special Features and Review on Applications, Juha Korhonen .................................................................................................... 77 GTK airborne EM system: characteristics and interpretation guidelines, Ilkka Suppala, Matti Oksama and Hannu Hongisto .................................................... 103 Airborne Gamma-ray Surveys in Finland, Eija Hyvönen, Pertti Turunen, Erkki Vanhanen, Hilkka Arkimaa and Raimo Sutinen .................................................. 119 Applications............................................................................................................. 135 Application of low altitude airborne geophysics to mineral exploration in the Kuusamo schist belt, Finland, Pertti Turunen, Erkki Vanhanen and Heikki Pankka ................................................................................................................. 137 Geophysical Investigation of Kaolin and Ilmenite Deposits in Finland, Jaana Lohva and Jukka Lehtimäki ...................................................................... 147 Environmental applications of airborne geophysics – groundwater and contaminated soil in Finland, Germany and United Kingdom, Mari Lahti, Heikki Vanhala, Annina Mattsson, David Beamish and Jouni Lerssi................. 155 Regional interpretation of aerogeophysical data: extracting compositional and structural features, Meri-Liisa Airo..................................................................... 176 3
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 39 Meri-Liisa Airo (ed.) 4 EDITOR’S PREFACE Since 1972 the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has conducted extremely high-resolution airborne geophysical surveys, which soon cover the whole country. Through all these years, there has been a strong need for a summarizing report explaining the airborne system and its specialities, but the operational works and demands have prevented the concentrating to writing. The 50 year-anniversary of aerogeophysical surveys in Finland gave the first idea of publishing the development of the aerogeophysical 3-in-1 system. Secondly, the finishing of the airborne mapping program in Finland in its present form, and thirdly, that the beginning of the new airborne concept of co-operation with the British Geological Survey (BGS) will change the aerogeophysical concept in some extent, have pushed forward understanding of the importance of collecting the experimental and operational experiences in one volume. The contents of this volume are divided into three parts, which highlight the history, development and the present state of the techniques, the specific system characteristics and their theoretical background, and a wide range of possible applications in interpretation of the multi-property airborne data. The authors are experts in aerogeophysical surveys and interpretation. In particular, we want to give an idea of the theory behind and the characteristics of the GTK electromagnetic fixed-wing frequency domain system, which is quite unique worldwide. Further, experience in conducting and interpreting systematic airborne gamma-ray measurements are another interesting question to be introduced. We own this volume to the pioneers in aerogeophysical work and all those who were in during these years. We also acknowledge the airborne organizations for their contribution in production and development of the measuring process. We thank all the reviewers of the articles, in GTK and outside, for their input refining the manuscripts. We also thank the technical editors Sini Autio and Eila Karhu for their hard work, and Christopher Cunliffe who made the English checking. Espoo 2.10.2005 Meri-Liisa Airo
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In 1972 GTL started a second nation
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Fig. 4. Geomagnetic total field var
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a) b) c) Geological Survey of Finla
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Figures 11a-b. The Finnish anomaly
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To test the method, the details of
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Fig 14a. Percentage of ferrimagneti
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Data versions and corresponding sma
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Aarnisalo, J., Franssila, E., Eeron
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Time dependent reductions for aerom
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Today, we are able to do numerical
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Increasing magnetic permeability ca
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half-space as geological noise. In
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Interpretation of apparent resistiv
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Thin plate model of Hallaperä mine
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We have demonstrated some character
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three most important radioactive is
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Spatial resolution The resolution o
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Released potassium is dissolved in
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Fig. 2. The Central Lapland granite
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The mineral exploration area in the
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the properties. For the purpose of
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The Virtasalmi area had previously,
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stratigraphic relationships. Integr
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physical data sets due to their com
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Grant, F.S. 1985. Aeromagnetics, Ge
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