General Computer Science 320201 GenCS I & II Lecture ... - Kwarc

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$Mathematical Documents want to Active Digital Math ... - Kwarc$

keys are baked into web servers (so that they can check the signatures on public keys in server certificates). Moreover, we need user interfaces that allow users to inspect certificates, and grant exceptions, if needed. Building Security in to the WWWeb Infrastructure Definition 585 HTTP Secure (HTTPS) is a variant of HTTP that uses TLS for transport. HTTPS URIs start with https:// Server Integration: All common web servers support HTTPS on port 443 (default), but need a public key certificate. (self-sign one or buy one from a CA) Browser Integration: All common web browsers support HTTPS and give access to certificates c○: Michael Kohlhase 389 The next topic is an abstraction of the markup frameworks we have looked at so far. We introduce XML, the eXtensible Markup Language, which is used as a basis of many Internet and WWWeb technologies nowadays. 3.5.7 An Overview over XML Technologies We have seen that many of the technologies that deal with marked-up documents utilize the tree-like structure of (the DOM) of HTML documents. Indeed, it is possible to abstract from the concrete vocabulary of HTML that the intended layout of hypertexts and the function of its fragments, and build a generic framework for document trees. This is what we will study in this subsection. Excursion: XML (EXtensible Markup Language) XML is language family for the Web tree representation language (begin/end brackets) restrict instances by Doc. Type Def. (DTD) or Schema (Grammar) Presentation markup by style files (XSL: XML Style Language) XML is extensible HTML & simplified SGML logic annotation (markup) instead of presentation! many tools available: parsers, compression, data bases, . . . 223
conceptually: transfer of directed graphs instead of strings. details at http://www.w3c.org c○: Michael Kohlhase 390 The idea of XML being an “extensible” markup language may be a bit of a misnomer. It is made “extensible” by giving language designers ways of specifying their own vocabularies. As such XML does not have a vocabulary of its own, so we could have also it an “empty” markup language that can be filled with a vocabulary. XML is Everywhere (E.g. document metadata) Example 586 Open a PDF file in AcrobatReader, then cklick on F ile ↘ DocumentP roperties ↘ DocumentMetadata ↘ V iewSource, you get the following text: (showing only a small part) 2004-09-08T16:14:07Z 2004-09-08T16:14:07Z Acrobat Distiller 5.0 (Windows) Herbert Jaeger Acrobat PDFMaker 5.0 for Word Exercises for ACS 1, Fall 2003 . . . Herbert Jaeger Exercises for ACS 1, Fall 2003 c○: Michael Kohlhase 391 This is an excerpt from the document metadata which AcrobatDistiller saves along with each PDF document it creates. It contains various kinds of information about the creator of the document, its title, the software version used in creating it and much more. Document metadata is useful for libraries, bookselling companies, all kind of text databases, book search engines, and generally all institutions or persons or programs that wish to get an overview of some set of books, documents, texts. The important thing about this document metadata text is that it is not written in an arbitrary, PDF-proprietary format. Document metadata only make sense if these metadata are independent of the specific format of the text. The metadata that MSWord saves with each Word document should be in the same format as the metadata that Amazon saves with each of its book records, and again the same that the British library uses, etc. XML is Everywhere (E.g. Web Pages) Example 587 Open web page file in FireFox, then click on V iew ↘ P ageSource, you get the following text: (showing only a small part and reformatting) Michael Kohlhase . . . Professor of <strong>Computer</strong> <strong>Science</strong> Jacobs University Mailing address - Jacobs (except Thursdays) 224
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General Computer Science 320201 Gen
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Java programmer” on the practical
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Contents 1 Preface i 2 Representati
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4 Search and Declarative Computatio
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Fundamental Algorithms and Data str
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To earn an audit you have to take t
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i.e. to function as a member of the
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a factor two in speed. This ability
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“Applets, Not Craplets tm ” (-
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 17 Can be re
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Example 10 (Kruskal’s algorithm,
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n 100n µs 7n 2 µs 2 n µs 1 100
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2.2 Elementary Discrete Math 2.2.1
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Axiom 19 (P 1) “ ” (aka. “zer
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Theorem 36 is a very useful fact to
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Definition 43 The unary product ope
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y stating element-hood (a ∈ S) or
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Idea: We need a notion of “counti
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Example 64 On sets of persons, the
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Definition 82 We say that a set A i
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clean enough to learn important con
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Definition 90 anonymous variables (
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 66 Defining
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- fun both_plus (x:int,y:int) = fn
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+(〈n, o〉) = n (base) and +(〈m
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the axiom says that any object that
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epresent them as a data type, where
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Example 127 〈{N}, {[o: N], [s: N
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The central idea here is what we ha
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Substitutions Definition 149 Let A
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Idea: Well-formed parts of construc
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Other programming languages chose a
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generally: fn+1 := fn + fn−1 plus
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input/output: the interesting bit a
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exception NaN; (* Not a Number *) f
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Example 191 If A = {a, b, c}, then
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Example 210 The Morse Code in the t
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The first 32 characters are control
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Idea: Unicode supports multiple enc
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2.5 Boolean Algebra We will now loo
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What a mess! Iϕ((x1 + x2) + (x1
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 140 The defi
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(f ≤a g), iff there is an n0 ∈
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P.1.2.3 then there are ei ∈ Ebool
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2.5.4 The Quine-McCluskey Algorithm
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the disjunctive normal form, and th
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Proof: by contradiction: let p /∈
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So, the minimal polynomial of f is
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2.6 Propositional Logic 2.6.1 Boole
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Idea: Import semantics from Boolean
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which we can always do, since we ha
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e quite difficult to establish in g
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H 0 axioms are valid Lemma 316 The
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 188 The enta
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The deduction theorem and the entai
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Inference with local hypotheses [A
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2.7 Machine-Oriented Calculi Now we
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Thus the tableau procedure can be u
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A ∨ BT AT BT A ⇒ BT AF BT
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Proof: P.1 It is easy to see tahat
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(P ⇒ Q ⇒ R) ⇒ (P ⇒ Q) ⇒ P
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⎧ ⎪⎨ We represented the maze
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defined a directed graph to be a se
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Paths in Graphs Definition 373 Giv
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This allows us to view Boolean expr
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Computing with Combinational Circui
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Corollary 399 A fully balanced tree
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X 1 X 2 X 3 X n = if L i =X i if L
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3.2 Arithmetic Circuits 3.2.1 Basic
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S S ψ ψ −1 fS = ψ −1 ◦ fT
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The Full Adder Definition 415 The
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first summand 3 4 7 9 8 3 4 7 9 2 s
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 249 The anal
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Problems of Sign-Bit Systems Gener
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generate the n-bit binary number re
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and an + bn + (icn(a, b, c)) = 〈
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Summary: We have built a combinatio
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To understand the operation of the
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Example 443 (Address decoder logic
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3.4 Computing Devices and Programmi
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Our notion of time is in this const
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instructions LOADIN 1 and LOADIN 2
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Definition 457 An ASM program VM is
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instruction effect VPC peek i push
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 289 With the
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Imperative Stack Operations: peek l
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A SW program (see the next slide fo
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arguments to arithmetic operations
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µML, a very simple Functional Prog
Page 179 and 180: call pushes the return address (of
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Page 183 and 184: [proc 2 26, con 0, arg 2, leq, cjp
Page 185 and 186: eturn takes the current frame from
Page 187 and 188: label instruction effect comment
Page 189 and 190: Compiling µML Expressions (Continu
Page 191 and 192: c○: Michael Kohlhase 325 We want
Page 193 and 194: State Machine: 1 1,R 1 1,R 1 1,L 1
Page 195 and 196: The coded description acts as a pro
Page 197 and 198: the turing function uses will_halt
Page 199 and 200: Terabyte (T B) 1,000,000,000,000 by
Page 201 and 202: Layers in TCP/IP: TCP/IP uses encap
Page 203 and 204: name comment 4 version IPv4 or IPv6
Page 205 and 206: Domain names must be registered to
Page 207 and 208: That was almost all, but we close t
Page 209 and 210: c○: Michael Kohlhase 353 Note tha
Page 211 and 212: Definition 529 HTTP is used by a cl
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Page 215 and 216: Server-Side Scripting: Programming
Page 217 and 218: c○: Michael Kohlhase 367 Indeed,
Page 219 and 220: presentation tools), but can also i
Page 221 and 222: 1. reads web page 2. reports it hom
Page 223 and 224: Definition 570 Let A be a web page
Page 225 and 226: can combine both to falsify communi
Page 227 and 228: Candidates for one-way/trapdoor fun
Page 229: on a UNIX system, you can create a
Page 233 and 234: Definition 591 The XML path languag
Page 235 and 236: Resources: Globally Identified by U
Page 237 and 238: R⌉}〉∫⊔⌉∇⌉⌈√⊣∇
Page 239 and 240: Problem solving Problem: Find algo
Page 241 and 242: Single-state Problem: Start in 5
Page 243 and 244: States integer locations of tiles A
Page 245 and 246: Implementation: States vs. nodes A
Page 247 and 248: Breadth-First Search c○: Michael
Page 249 and 250: Breadth-First Search: Romania c○:
Page 251 and 252: Note: Equivalent to breadth-first s
Page 253 and 254: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Depth
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Page 257 and 258: Iterative deepening search Depth-l
Page 259 and 260: Breadth-first search Iterative deep
Page 261 and 262: Sibiu 253 Greedy Search: Romania Ar
Page 263 and 264: P.2 Let n be an unexpanded node on
Page 265 and 266: A ∗ search: Properties Complete Y
Page 267 and 268: Definition 618 (n-queens problem) P
Page 269 and 270: escape certain odd phenomena occurr
Page 271 and 272: GAs = evolution: e.g., real genes e
Page 273 and 274: Definition 632 A query is a list of
Page 275 and 276: (autoload ’run-prolog "prolog" "S
Page 277 and 278: Example 638 Computing the the n th
Page 279 and 280: Deduction: knowledge extension Abd
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[Koh06] Michael Kohlhase. OMDoc - A
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astarSearch search, 255 asymmetric-
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infinite, 32 counter program, 152,
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functional variable, 170 gate, 122
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media access control address, 194 M
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procedure abstract, 54 procedure de
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function, 30 spanning tree, 13 spro
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name, 70 variable functional, 170 v
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General Computer Science 320201 GenCS I & II Lecture ... - Kwarc

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