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Chapter 2 Representation and Computation 2.1 Getting Started with “General Computer Science” Jacobs University offers a unique CS curriculum to a special student body. Our CS curriculum is optimized to make the students successful computer scientists in only three years (as opposed to most US programs that have four years for this). In particular, we aim to enable students to pass the GRE subject test in their fifth semester, so that they can use it in their graduate school applications. The Course 320101/2 “General Computer Science I/II” is a one-year introductory course that provides an overview over many of the areas in Computer Science with a focus on the foundational aspects and concepts. The intended audience for this course are students of Computer Science, and motivated students from the Engineering and Science disciplines that want to understand more about the “why” rather than only the “how” of Computer Science, i.e. the “science part”. 2.1.1 Overview over the Course Plot of “General Computer Science” Today: Motivation, Admin, and find out what you already know What is Computer Science? Information, Data, Computation, Machines a (very) quick walk through the topics Get a feeling for the math involved ( not a programming course!!! ) learn mathematical language (so we can talk rigorously) inductively defined sets, functions on them elementary complexity analysis Various machine models (as models of computation) (primitive) recursive functions on inductive sets combinational circuits and computer architecture Programming Language: Standard ML (great equalizer/thought provoker) Turing machines and the limits of computability 1
Fundamental Algorithms and Data structures c○: Michael Kohlhase 1 Overview: The purpose of this two-semester course is to give you an introduction to what the Science in “Computer Science” might be. We will touch on a lot of subjects, techniques and arguments that are of importance. Most of them, we will not be able to cover in the depth that you will (eventually) need. That will happen in your second year, where you will see most of them again, with much more thorough treatment. Computer Science: We are using the term “Computer Science” in this course, because it is the traditional anglo-saxon term for our field. It is a bit of a misnomer, as it emphasizes the computer alone as a computational device, which is only one of the aspects of the field. Other names that are becoming increasingly popular are “Information Science”, “Informatics” or “Computing”, which are broader, since they concentrate on the notion of information (irrespective of the machine basis: hardware/software/wetware/alienware/vaporware) or on computation. Definition 1 What we mean with Computer Science here is perhaps best represented by the following quote: The body of knowledge of computing is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, What can be (efficiently) automated? [Den00] Not a Programming Course: Note “General CS” is not a programming course, but an attempt to give you an idea about the “Science” of computation. Learning how to write correct, efficient, and maintainable, programs is an important part of any education in Computer Science, but we will not focus on that in this course (we have the Labs for that). As a consequence, we will not concentrate on teaching how to program in “General CS” but introduce the SML language and assume that you pick it up as we go along (however, the tutorials will be a great help; so go there!). Standard ML: We will be using Standard ML (SML), as the primary vehicle for programming in the course. The primary reason for this is that as a functional programming language, it focuses more on clean concepts like recursion or typing, than on coverage and libraries. This teaches students to “think first” rather than “hack first”, which meshes better with the goal of this course. There have been long discussions about the pros and cons of the choice in general, but it has worked well at Jacobs University (even if students tend to complain about SML in the beginning). A secondary motivation for SML is that with a student body as diverse as the GenCS first-years at Jacobs 1 we need a language that equalizes them. SML is quite successful in that, so far none of the incoming students had even heard of the language (apart from tall stories by the older students). Algorithms, Machines, and Data: The discussion in “General CS” will go in circles around the triangle between the three key ingredients of computation. Algorithms are abstract representations of computation instructions Data are representations of the objects the computations act on Machines are representations of the devices the computations run on The figure below shows that they all depend on each other; in the course of this course we will look at various instantiations of this general picture. Java 1 traditionally ranging from students with no prior programming experience to ones with 10 years of semi-pro 2
Page 1 and 2: General Computer Science 320201 Gen
Page 3 and 4: Java programmer” on the practical
Page 5 and 6: Contents 1 Preface i 2 Representati
Page 7: 4 Search and Declarative Computatio
Page 11 and 12: To earn an audit you have to take t
Page 13 and 14: i.e. to function as a member of the
Page 15 and 16: a factor two in speed. This ability
Page 17 and 18: “Applets, Not Craplets tm ” (-
Page 19 and 20: c○: Michael Kohlhase 17 Can be re
Page 21 and 22: Example 10 (Kruskal’s algorithm,
Page 23 and 24: n 100n µs 7n 2 µs 2 n µs 1 100
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 Elementary Discrete Math 2.2.1
Page 27 and 28: Axiom 19 (P 1) “ ” (aka. “zer
Page 29 and 30: Theorem 36 is a very useful fact to
Page 31 and 32: Definition 43 The unary product ope
Page 33 and 34: y stating element-hood (a ∈ S) or
Page 35 and 36: Idea: We need a notion of “counti
Page 37 and 38: Example 64 On sets of persons, the
Page 39 and 40: Definition 82 We say that a set A i
Page 41 and 42: clean enough to learn important con
Page 43 and 44: Definition 90 anonymous variables (
Page 45 and 46: c○: Michael Kohlhase 66 Defining
Page 47 and 48: - fun both_plus (x:int,y:int) = fn
Page 49 and 50: +(〈n, o〉) = n (base) and +(〈m
Page 51 and 52: the axiom says that any object that
Page 53 and 54: epresent them as a data type, where
Page 55 and 56: Example 127 〈{N}, {[o: N], [s: N
Page 57 and 58: The central idea here is what we ha
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Substitutions Definition 149 Let A
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Idea: Well-formed parts of construc
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Other programming languages chose a
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generally: fn+1 := fn + fn−1 plus
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input/output: the interesting bit a
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exception NaN; (* Not a Number *) f
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Example 191 If A = {a, b, c}, then
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Example 210 The Morse Code in the t
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The first 32 characters are control
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Idea: Unicode supports multiple enc
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2.5 Boolean Algebra We will now loo
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What a mess! Iϕ((x1 + x2) + (x1
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 140 The defi
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(f ≤a g), iff there is an n0 ∈
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P.1.2.3 then there are ei ∈ Ebool
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2.5.4 The Quine-McCluskey Algorithm
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the disjunctive normal form, and th
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Proof: by contradiction: let p /∈
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So, the minimal polynomial of f is
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2.6 Propositional Logic 2.6.1 Boole
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Idea: Import semantics from Boolean
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which we can always do, since we ha
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e quite difficult to establish in g
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H 0 axioms are valid Lemma 316 The
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 188 The enta
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The deduction theorem and the entai
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Inference with local hypotheses [A
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2.7 Machine-Oriented Calculi Now we
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Thus the tableau procedure can be u
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A ∨ BT AT BT A ⇒ BT AF BT
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Proof: P.1 It is easy to see tahat
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(P ⇒ Q ⇒ R) ⇒ (P ⇒ Q) ⇒ P
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⎧ ⎪⎨ We represented the maze
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defined a directed graph to be a se
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Paths in Graphs Definition 373 Giv
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This allows us to view Boolean expr
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Computing with Combinational Circui
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Corollary 399 A fully balanced tree
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X 1 X 2 X 3 X n = if L i =X i if L
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3.2 Arithmetic Circuits 3.2.1 Basic
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S S ψ ψ −1 fS = ψ −1 ◦ fT
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The Full Adder Definition 415 The
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first summand 3 4 7 9 8 3 4 7 9 2 s
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 249 The anal
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Problems of Sign-Bit Systems Gener
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generate the n-bit binary number re
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and an + bn + (icn(a, b, c)) = 〈
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Summary: We have built a combinatio
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To understand the operation of the
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Example 443 (Address decoder logic
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3.4 Computing Devices and Programmi
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Our notion of time is in this const
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instructions LOADIN 1 and LOADIN 2
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Definition 457 An ASM program VM is
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instruction effect VPC peek i push
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 289 With the
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Imperative Stack Operations: peek l
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A SW program (see the next slide fo
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arguments to arithmetic operations
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µML, a very simple Functional Prog
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call pushes the return address (of
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[proc 2 26, con 0, arg 2, leq, cjp
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[proc 2 26, con 0, arg 2, leq, cjp
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eturn takes the current frame from
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label instruction effect comment
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Compiling µML Expressions (Continu
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 325 We want
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State Machine: 1 1,R 1 1,R 1 1,L 1
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The coded description acts as a pro
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the turing function uses will_halt
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Terabyte (T B) 1,000,000,000,000 by
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Layers in TCP/IP: TCP/IP uses encap
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name comment 4 version IPv4 or IPv6
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Domain names must be registered to
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That was almost all, but we close t
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 353 Note tha
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Definition 529 HTTP is used by a cl
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structure html,head, body metadata
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Server-Side Scripting: Programming
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c○: Michael Kohlhase 367 Indeed,
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presentation tools), but can also i
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1. reads web page 2. reports it hom
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Definition 570 Let A be a web page
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can combine both to falsify communi
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Candidates for one-way/trapdoor fun
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on a UNIX system, you can create a
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conceptually: transfer of directed
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Definition 591 The XML path languag
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Resources: Globally Identified by U
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R⌉}〉∫⊔⌉∇⌉⌈√⊣∇
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Problem solving Problem: Find algo
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Single-state Problem: Start in 5
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States integer locations of tiles A
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Implementation: States vs. nodes A
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Breadth-First Search c○: Michael
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Breadth-First Search: Romania c○:
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Note: Equivalent to breadth-first s
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Depth
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Depth
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Iterative deepening search Depth-l
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Breadth-first search Iterative deep
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Sibiu 253 Greedy Search: Romania Ar
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P.2 Let n be an unexpanded node on
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A ∗ search: Properties Complete Y
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Definition 618 (n-queens problem) P
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escape certain odd phenomena occurr
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GAs = evolution: e.g., real genes e
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Definition 632 A query is a list of
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(autoload ’run-prolog "prolog" "S
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Example 638 Computing the the n th
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Deduction: knowledge extension Abd
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[Koh06] Michael Kohlhase. OMDoc - A
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astarSearch search, 255 asymmetric-
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infinite, 32 counter program, 152,
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functional variable, 170 gate, 122
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media access control address, 194 M
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procedure abstract, 54 procedure de
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function, 30 spanning tree, 13 spro
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name, 70 variable functional, 170 v
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