Iran Sanctions - Foreign Press Centers
Iran Sanctions - Foreign Press Centers
Iran Sanctions - Foreign Press Centers
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Contents<br />
Congressional Research Service<br />
<strong>Iran</strong> <strong>Sanctions</strong><br />
Overview.......................................................................................................................................... 1<br />
<strong>Sanctions</strong> Targeting <strong>Foreign</strong> Energy Involvement in <strong>Iran</strong>: The <strong>Iran</strong> <strong>Sanctions</strong> Act (ISA),<br />
CISADA, and a November 2011 Executive Order....................................................................... 1<br />
The <strong>Iran</strong> <strong>Sanctions</strong> Act and CISADA Amendments.................................................................. 1<br />
Key “Triggers” .................................................................................................................... 2<br />
Mandate and Time Frame to Investigate Violations............................................................ 5<br />
Available <strong>Sanctions</strong> Under ISA........................................................................................... 5<br />
Waivers, Exemptions, and Termination Authority .............................................................. 6<br />
Termination Requirements and Sunset Provisions.............................................................. 7<br />
Interpretations of ISA and CISADA.......................................................................................... 7<br />
Non-Application to Crude Oil or Natural Gas Purchases from <strong>Iran</strong> or to Official<br />
Credit Guarantee Agencies............................................................................................... 8<br />
Application to Energy Pipelines.......................................................................................... 9<br />
Application to <strong>Iran</strong>ian Firms or the Revolutionary Guard ................................................ 10<br />
Application to Liquefied Natural Gas ............................................................................... 11<br />
Implementation of ISA and CISADA...................................................................................... 11<br />
ISA <strong>Sanctions</strong> Determinations: September 2010 to the Present........................................ 12<br />
Ban on U.S. Trade and Investment With <strong>Iran</strong> ................................................................................ 15<br />
Implementation........................................................................................................................ 17<br />
Non-Application to <strong>Foreign</strong> Refined Oil With <strong>Iran</strong>ian Content........................................ 17<br />
Non-Application to <strong>Foreign</strong> Subsidiaries of U.S. Firms ................................................... 17<br />
Financial <strong>Sanctions</strong>: CISADA and <strong>Sanctions</strong> on Dealings with <strong>Iran</strong>’s Central Bank.................... 20<br />
Early Efforts: Targeted Financial Measures ............................................................................ 20<br />
Banking Provisions of CISADA ............................................................................................. 20<br />
<strong>Sanctions</strong> Imposed?........................................................................................................... 21<br />
Section 311 of the Patriot Act..................................................................................................21<br />
Sanctioning Against Dealings With <strong>Iran</strong>’s Central Bank/Section 1245 of the FY2012<br />
National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 112-81)............................................................... 22<br />
Implementation/Exemptions Issued .................................................................................. 23<br />
February 6, 2012, Executive Order on the Central Bank .................................................. 24<br />
Terrorism List Designation-Related <strong>Sanctions</strong> .............................................................................. 24<br />
Executive Order 13224: Sanctioning Terrorism Supporting Entities ...................................... 25<br />
Proliferation-Related U.S. <strong>Sanctions</strong>............................................................................................. 25<br />
<strong>Iran</strong>-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act....................................................................................... 25<br />
<strong>Iran</strong>-North Korea-Syria Nonproliferation Act ......................................................................... 26<br />
Executive Order 13382............................................................................................................ 26<br />
<strong>Foreign</strong> Aid Restrictions for Suppliers of <strong>Iran</strong> ........................................................................ 26<br />
U.S. Efforts to Promote Divestment ..............................................................................................26<br />
U.S. <strong>Sanctions</strong> Intended to Support Democratic Change in <strong>Iran</strong> or Alter <strong>Iran</strong>’s <strong>Foreign</strong><br />
Policy.......................................................................................................................................... 27<br />
Expanding Internet and Communications Freedoms............................................................... 27<br />
Implementation..................................................................................................................28<br />
Measures to Sanction Human Rights Abuses and Promote the Opposition ............................ 28