development of micro-pattern gaseous detectors – gem - LMU

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12 Chapter 1 Interactions of Charged Heavy Particle and Photons in Matter For κ
1.1. Primary Processes in Gaseous Detectors 13 λ = 1/(µ/ρ) the dependence on the photon’s energy is shown in Fig. 1.6. cm2 , (1.19) g Figure 1.6: The photon absorption length for various elemental absorbers as a function of photon energy. [PDG 10]. Depending on the photons energy three different processes are responsible for the attenuation or absorption, respectively. Fig. 1.7 shows the three ranges for photons in Ar/C02 at 93/70 ratio that is filled in the triple GEM detector. In the range of low energies (ionization energy ≤ Eγ ≤ O(100 keV)) the photoelectric effect is dominant: γ + atom −→ atom + + e − , (1.20) with a squared dependence of the mass attenuation coefficient on the photons energy: µ ∝ 1 E 2 γ (1.21) For medium energies (Eγ ≈ 1 MeV ) the Compton effect, which is the scattering of photons off quasi-free atomic electrons, has the largest cross section: where γ + e − −→ γ + e − , (1.22) µ ∝ 1 Eγ . (1.23)
Page 1: DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-PATTERN GASEOU
Page 5: Dedicated to Engin Abat 29/09/1979
Page 9 and 10: Contents Introduction I 1 Interacti
Page 11 and 12: Introduction Our universe is moment
Page 13 and 14: is testing tubes with alternative d
Page 15: efficiency. Monitoring of this para
Page 18 and 19: 8 Chapter 1 Interactions of Charged
Page 20 and 21: 10 Chapter 1 Interactions of Charge
Page 32 and 33: 22 Chapter 2 The GEM Principle doub
Page 34 and 35: 24 Chapter 2 The GEM Principle mobi
Page 36 and 37: 26 Chapter 2 The GEM Principle
Page 38 and 39: 28 Chapter 3 The Triple GEM Prototy
Page 50 and 51: 40 Chapter 4 Energy Resolution and
Page 68 and 69: 58 Chapter 5 Efficiency Determinati
Page 70 and 71: 60 Chapter 5 Efficiency Determinati
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62 Chapter 5 Efficiency Determinati
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64 Chapter 5 Efficiency Determinati
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66 Chapter 6 Rise Time Studies 3000
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68 Chapter 6 Rise Time Studies 2 ns
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70 Chapter 6 Rise Time Studies obse
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72 Chapter 6 Rise Time Studies
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74 Chapter 7 Gas Gain Studies eff G
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76 Chapter 7 Gas Gain Studies
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78 Chapter 8 Implementation of High
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88 Chapter 9 Summary and Outlook st
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90 BIBLIOGRAPHY [Bieb 03] O. Biebel
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92 BIBLIOGRAPHY [NIST 10] NIST. “
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94 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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96 Chapter A Assumptions for Effici
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98 Chapter B Construction Drawings
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104 Chapter C Design of Prototype 2
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Acknowledgements First of all I wou
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Selbständigkeitserklärung Ich ver
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