Theory, Design and Tests on a Prototype Module of a Compact ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ii CONTENTS List of Figures 105 Acknowledgements 109
Introduction This PhD thesis deals with the study <strong>and</strong> the development of the radiofrequency design of a module prototype for a linear accelerator intended to be used for hadrontherapy, a powerful cure of cancer. Hadrontherapy is one of the most promising cures of cancer of which the scientific community is discussing about. The idea is to irradiate the tumor zone with a proton beam with a variable energy included within 60 <strong>and</strong> 250 MeV. This range allows the cure of deep tumors. The use of protons leads to a better distribution of the radiation dose in the tumor zone <strong>and</strong> to a lower dose delivered to the safe tissues. This property is due to a physical phenomenon known as Bragg’s Peak: the particles penetrate in the tissue <strong>and</strong> deliver the most part of their energy at a certain distance, the value of which depends on the initial energy. This fact, together with the improved 3D conformal techniques allowing a precise description of the target, gives a clear improvement of cancer treatment. The hardest points in the development of an accelerator for such a purpose are the production costs <strong>and</strong> the overall dimensions of the structure. Both points are necessary for a feasible installation in medical centers <strong>and</strong> hospitals. The first point can be partially solved if one thinks of a structure that uses already existing elements. For example, in several medical centers, small cyclotrons are already present <strong>and</strong> delivering a beam with an energy up to about 60 MeV. Such a beam is used either for the production of isotopes for medical purposes or for the treatment of superficial tumours, as the eye ones. Then, an accelerator which boosts the beam energy of a cyclotron can be used, rather then to use a bigger superconductive cyclotron which should be a more expensive solution. The second requirement can be satisfied with the use of an high frequency compact linear accelerator. At the same time, this linear accelerator has to need few external components as the radiofrequency generators (klystrons) for example, <strong>and</strong> does not have to need expensive mechanical machining <strong>and</strong> complex tuning procedures. The best compromise to satisfy these requirements seems to be the Side Coupled Linear Accelerator. The accelerator subject of this PhD thesis, LIBO (LInear BOoster), is of this type <strong>and</strong> it has been thought to be a modular structure; in fact the study has been made only for the first of nine modules, with the idea to deal with a proof of principle. iii
Page 1: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI F
Page 6 and 7: iv INTRODUCTION In the state of art
Page 8 and 9: 2 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE HADRONTHER
Page 14 and 15: 8 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS par
Page 16 and 17: 10 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS wh
Page 18 and 19: 12 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS at
Page 20 and 21: 14 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS 2.
Page 22 and 23: 16 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS f
Page 24 and 25: 18 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS Fi
Page 26 and 27: 20 2. LINAC AND SCL ACCELERATORS re
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 Design T
Page 31 and 32: 1. GLOBAL PARAMETERS OF THE ACCELER
Page 33 and 34: 2. ANALYSIS OF COUPLED CAVITIES 27
Page 35 and 36: 3. SINGLE CAVITY DESIGN 29 Spice ha
Page 37 and 38: 20mA 15mA 10mA 5mA 3. SINGLE CAVITY
Page 39 and 40: 3. SINGLE CAVITY DESIGN 33 • HFSS
Page 41 and 42: 4. BRIDGE COUPLERS DESIGN 35 4. Bri
Page 43 and 44: 5. COUPLING BETWEEN WAVEGUIDE AND B
Page 49: 5. COUPLING BETWEEN WAVEGUIDE AND B
Page 52 and 53: 46 4. CIRCUIT MODEL where the matri
Page 54 and 55:
48 4. CIRCUIT MODEL For the latest
Page 56 and 57:
50 4. CIRCUIT MODEL left side of th
Page 58 and 59:
52 4. CIRCUIT MODEL and</st
Page 60 and 61:
54 4. CIRCUIT MODEL Under this hypo
Page 62 and 63:
56 4. CIRCUIT MODEL matrix of the w
Page 64 and 65:
58 4. CIRCUIT MODEL For the derivat
Page 66 and 67:
60 4. CIRCUIT MODEL Remembering the
Page 68 and 69:
62 4. CIRCUIT MODEL the bars is pro
Page 70 and 71:
64 4. CIRCUIT MODEL is unitary, one
Page 72 and 73:
66 4. CIRCUIT MODEL 120 100 80 60 4
Page 74 and 75:
68 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT Ri
Page 76 and 77:
70 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT Fi
Page 78 and 79:
72 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT re
Page 80 and 81:
74 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT de
Page 82 and 83:
76 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT In
Page 84 and 85:
78 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT me
Page 86 and 87:
80 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT pe
Page 88 and 89:
82 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT Al
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
86 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT ta
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
92 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT In
Page 100 and 101:
94 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT We
Page 102 and 103:
96 5. RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT ra
Page 105 and 106:
Conclusions and Ou
Page 107:
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 101 Finally
Page 110 and 111:
104 BIBLIOGRAPHY [23] U. Amaldi, B.
Page 112 and 113:
106 LIST OF FIGURES 2.12 Drawing of
Page 114 and 115:
108 LIST OF FIGURES methods, in add
Page 116:
110 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Naples, Italy
show all

Theory, Design and Tests on a Prototype Module of a Compact ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?