NORTH KOREA COUNTRY HANDBOOK

added as it gets colder and taken away as it warms up or as work
increases.
Ventilation helps maintain a comfortable body temperature by allowing
the wearer to get rid of excess heat and body moisture. Ventilate either
by opening the clothing or by removing insulating layers before you
start to sweat.
Remember the acronym COLD to quickly check your adherence to the
cold weather clothing principles; keep it Clean, avoid Overheating,
wear it Loose and in layers, and keep it Dry (removing snow and frost
before entering a shelter is particularly important in keeping clothing
dry).
EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER ON NOURISHMENT
Caloric Intake. A basic fact of cold weather operations is that soldiers
must eat more than usual to function. In cold weather, the greater part
of what you eat and drink maintains body heat, while a small proportion
produces energy for physical work. Approximately 4,500 calories per
day are necessary to do hard, continuous work.
Fluids. The body loses liquid at an exceptional rate in arctic conditions
due to evaporation, exertion, and low humidity. However carefully you
adjust clothing and ventilation, the heavy exertion of movement on foot
and preparation of bivouacs and defenses exacts its toll in sweat and loss
of moisture in the breath. These liquids must be regularly replaced,
preferably by hot drinks which, if they contain sugar, have the additional
advantage of providing extra calories.
COLD INJURIES
The destructive influence of cold on the human body falls into two categories;
non-freezing and freezing injuries.
Non-freezing Injuries
Chilbains. This is a superficial tissue injury of the hands, ears or nose,
which occurs after prolonged exposure of the bare skin to temperatures
above freezing. It appears most often when high winds and high humidity
accompany low but non-freezing temperatures. Symptoms include
an initial pallor of the exposed areas. There will be redness, swelling,
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