NORTH KOREA COUNTRY HANDBOOK

ite which usually affects the nose, face or ears, appears as a small patch
of white on the skin.
After rewarming, the frostbitten area will first be numb, mottled blue or
purple, and then will swell, sting, and burn for some time. In more
severe cases, blisters will occur within 24 to 36 hours beneath the outer
layer of the skin. These will slowly dry up and become hard and black
in about 2 weeks. Generally, swelling of the injured area will subside if
the casualty stays in bed or at complete rest. It will last much longer if
the casualty refuses to cooperate. Throbbing, aching, and burning of the
injured part may persist for several weeks, depending on the severity of
the exposure. After the swelling finally disappears, the skin will peel
and remain red, tender, and extremely sensitive to even mild cold, and it
may perspire abnormally for a long time.
Deep Frostbite. This is a much more serious injury. Its damage not
only involves the skin and the tissue immediately beneath it, but also
affects the deep tissue (including the bone). It is usually accompanied
by large blisters. In marked contrast to superficial frostbite, these blisters
take from 3 days to a week to develop. Swelling of the entire hand
or foot will take place and may last for a month or more. During this
period of swelling, there may be marked limitation of mobility of the
injured area(s), and blue, violet, or gray (the worst) discoloration takes
place after the first 2 days. Aching, throbbing, and shooting pains may
be experienced for as long as 2 to 8 weeks.
Treatment
■ For frost nip on the face, place a hand or warm piece of clothing over
the affected area. DO NOT RUB.
■ Cold hands can be rewarmed by placing them in the casualty’s armpits
or crotch. Cold feet can be placed against another person’s stomach.
■ Remove wet or constricting clothing, and protect the extremity from
further injury with blankets or any other dry material.
■ Smoking, drinking alcohol, and/or applying salves or ointments are
strictly forbidden.
■ For anything other than superficial frostbite, place the casualty in a
shelter to prevent further injury. No attempt should be made to thaw
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