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46 | Chapter 3: The Research Proposal and history of science, technology, and medicine should use the CMS method. Concentrators in Medieval and Middle Eastern studies, depending on whether they are focused in the humanities or the social sciences, may use either the MLA or the CMS method. The differences among these methods are explained and illustrated below. Students must obtain the most current edition of these guides since each is subtly different from its predecessor; forms that were acceptable five years ago are not likely to be acceptable at the present time. Nota Bene: Please note that when we refer students to the APA, MLA, and CMS handbooks, we do so only with reference to their advice on mechanics and their methods for documenting sources (i.e., notes and bibliography). For all other issues concerning content and format of both the proposal and the thesis, students must follow the guidelines specified in A Guide to the ALM Thesis, 7th edition. Bibliography The APA, MLA, and CMS methods all require that books, articles, and other materials to appear in the bibliography be cited alphabetically according to the author’s last name. Where there is more than one author of a work, it is the first author’s last name that determines where the entry appears. The order and the form of the information that follows the authors’ names vary among the three systems, however, as the sample entries on the following page illustrate. In general, book and journal titles that were once underlined are now italicized. Notice as well that the first line of each entry occurs flush with the left margin; the second line of an entry is indented ½ inch. APA Note that in the APA method, the author’s last name only is spelled out in full; first and middle names are given as initials. The publication date follows in parentheses. In the title of an article or a book, only the first letter and proper nouns are capitalized. The title of the journal itself follows the usual rules of capitalization. The place of publication comes next but is not included for articles in APA format. In the case of a journal article, the volume number and the page numbers occur at the end of the entry. Notes There are no endnotes or footnotes as such in the APA method; instead, one uses citations made in brief form directly in the text. This brevity constitutes one of the major advantages of the APA approach to documentation. After each citation, the author’s last name and the date of the publication are included. Thus the citation for the first work mentioned on page 47 would read: (Geertz, 1973). In the APA method, when two or more works by different authors are cited within the same parentheses, all with reference to the same topic or point in the text, then they should be separated by semicolons (Able, 1980; Baker, 1982; Charlie, 1984). When there are two or more authors of the same work, an ampersand (“&”) is used before the name of the last author (Red & Green, 1981; Blue, Brown, & Purple, 1985). After the first citation for three or more authors, in subsequent citations use only the name of the first author followed by “et al.” (for the Latin et alii, meaning “and others”) without underlining, and with no period after “et,” followed by the year (Blue et al., 1985). For all citations, as demonstrated in the prior examples, the final punctuation appears outside the parentheses. For publications with six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by “et al.” (Note: “et al.” has a period after “al.” only.) A Guide to the ALM Thesis
Chapter 3: The Research Proposal | 47 If the same author has published more than once in a single year, the date is followed by a lower-case “a,” “b,” and so forth. Thus if Professor Newsome had published two articles in 1965, and both were to be cited in the bibliography and within the text, we would have (Newsome, 1965a) and (Newsome, 1965b). If both articles appear in the same parentheses, they are separated by commas (Newsome, 1965a, 1965b). Answers to further questions about APA form can be found in the sixth edition of the APA Publication Manual (2010), on reserve in Grossman Library. Bibliography Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books. Newsome, A. E. (1965). The abundance of red kangaroos in central Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 13, 269-287. La Greca, A.M., & Spetter, D.S. (1992). Psychosocial aspects of childhood diabetes: A multivariate framework. In N. Schneiderman, P. McCabe, & A. Baum (Eds.), Stress and disease processes: Perspectives in behavioral medicine (pp. 17–43). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum. Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker wellbeing: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. MLA In the MLA Handbook (7th edition), footnotes and endnotes are no longer used to document sources referenced in the text. Instead, similar to the APA method, sources are cited parenthetically in the text and keyed to an alphabetical list of works that appear in the bibliography. The citation in the following example is typical of the MLA style: An entire subgenre of Dutch still life paintings in the 17 th century celebrates the sensuous and social pleasures of tobacco smoking (Schama 195). The parenthetical citation above tells readers that the information contained in the sentence derives from a work by Schama on page 195. If they turn to the bibliography, under the name “Schama” they will find the following work listed: Schama, Simon. The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1987. Print. MLA-style citations should contain only enough information to enable readers to locate the source in the bibliography, and they should occur ideally at the end of a sentence. Keep parenthetical references as brief—and as few—as clarity and accuracy permit to avoid interrupting the flow of your writing. If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, only the page number appears in parentheses: In his study of 17th-century Dutch culture, Simon Schama notes that an entire subgenre of still life paintings celebrates the sensuous and social pleasures of tobacco smoking (195). A Guide to the ALM Thesis
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