Ecotourism - upload.wikimedia....
Ecotourism - upload.wikimedia....
Ecotourism - upload.wikimedia....
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
Resource Person:<br />
Shreekanta S. Khatiwada<br />
Ramji Sharma<br />
&<br />
Baikuntha Prasad Acharya<br />
Compiled by: Laxmi Raj Joshi<br />
Roll No: 31<br />
Student of M.Sc. Forestry<br />
Batch: 2010-2012<br />
Office of the Dean, Pokhara<br />
2068/5/28
Unit 1: Introduction to Eco-Tourism<br />
Even heaven can be boring after a while.<br />
Mark Taiwan<br />
We must well come the friendly visitors from abroad not only for economic reasons, but even more<br />
because this leads to greater understanding and mutual appreciation. Jawaharlal Nehru<br />
Tourists and Tourism Activities<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A person who travels for pleasure in any other places rather his usual residence.<br />
Domestic & International tourists travel within their country & aboard.<br />
Beauty of Nature, Treasures of Culture & Seeking Adventure Activities.<br />
MOTIVATION FOR TRAVELLING<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Experience: New places, people for knowledge.<br />
Exploration: Places, resources.<br />
Relaxation: Escape from crowd.<br />
Interaction: People, community<br />
Adventure & thrill: Wilderness, adventures activities.<br />
Admiration: Pyramids, Taj mahal etc.<br />
Achievements & fame: Visiting places, Climbing Mountains.<br />
Physical fitness: Body/ soul<br />
Strengthen Social/Family ties: Visiting with them.<br />
Religious purpose: Chardham,Mecca, Jerusalam etc.<br />
Why Tourists visit our country?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Scenic beauty of Himalaya, Lake, River, Hills and Terraces etc.<br />
Mountaineering, Trekking, Rafting, Wildlife safari, Visiting cultural sites.<br />
Rural area & Village tour, Seminar, Workshop, Meeting, Festivals etc.<br />
Requirements of tourism products<br />
<br />
Attraction<br />
<br />
Accommodation<br />
<br />
Access<br />
<br />
Affinity ( Hospitality)<br />
<br />
Activities<br />
<br />
Actors ( Operators)<br />
<br />
Amenities<br />
<br />
Acts (rules & regulation)<br />
2
Tourism Products & Activities<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Nature base: Himalaya, Mountains, Rivers, Lakes, Caves, Hills, Jungles, Wild lives, Birds and<br />
Butterflies, Plants etc.<br />
Culture Base: Temples, Monasteries, Old places & Monuments, Traditional dresses, Ornaments,<br />
Utensils, Households materials, Museum, Musical instrument, Folk Songs & Dance etc.<br />
Adventure: Mountaineering, Trekking, Rafting, Air sports, Jungle Safari etc.<br />
Evolution of tourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Travelers were guided in Ancient time by:<br />
Interest: Political, commercial, resources etc.<br />
Curiosity: Places & people, discovery of India, USA, China, Australia etc.<br />
Religious sentiments: Lumbhini & KTM valley,Jerusalam,(E.kawaguchi<br />
Organized Olympic games in Greeks 776 BC to 393 AD<br />
Rome was famous for model city till 16 th<br />
London, Paris, Rome, Athens famous city art & culture till 17 th & 18 th .<br />
Britain was popular for pleasure travelling till 19 th .<br />
<br />
Thomas Cook organized tour from Europe since 1841 AD.<br />
The tour operator of USA since 1866.<br />
Organized tour in India since 1938.<br />
<br />
<br />
Invention of photography, bicycle, traveler cheque, technology, motor car, steam engine etc.<br />
19 th and 20 th century.<br />
Increase in disposable income & leisure time, faster cheaper & safer Jet aircraft since 1950 AD<br />
What is <strong>Ecotourism</strong>?<br />
Costa Rica tour operator registered the word “<strong>Ecotourism</strong>” in 1983.<br />
<br />
David Western equates ecotourism with amalgam of envt., economics & social concern.<br />
Environmental movement of 70th & 80 th .<br />
Sustainable dev. Approach of Brundtland report of 1987.<br />
Ceballos Lascurain coined as definition in 1987<br />
3
<strong>Ecotourism</strong>: “Traveling to relatively undisturbed natural areas with specific objective of studying,<br />
admiring, and enjoying scenery & its wild animals & plants as well as existing cultural assets found in<br />
these areas” C. Lascurain (1987)<br />
“<strong>Ecotourism</strong> is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well<br />
being of local people.” The <strong>Ecotourism</strong> Society<br />
“Travel to enjoy the world‟s amazing diversity of natural life & human culture without causing<br />
damage to either” Encyclopedia of <strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
“Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to<br />
enjoy, study and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features-both past and present) that<br />
promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic<br />
involvement of local population.” IUCN<br />
General Meaning of Eco-Tourism<br />
• Visiting an area of special interest like natural products or cultural heritage undertaking ecoconsiderations.<br />
• Provide Eco-friendly services so as to maintain the status-quo in the environment of the host<br />
community.<br />
Characteristics of Eco-tourism<br />
• It is supply driven. Unlike traditional tourism which is largely demand driven<br />
• More concerned about the social impact, economic development and natural resource management<br />
• Controls and regulates tourism development thus making it 'Responsible Tourism"<br />
• Creates commitment among the local suppliers<br />
Four Pillars of Responsible Tourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Minimizing environmental impacts.<br />
Respecting host culture.<br />
Maximizing the benefit of local people.<br />
Maximizing tourists satisfaction<br />
PRINCIPLE OF RESPONSIBLE TOURISM<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Less and less effect on environment.<br />
Respect to local culture and people.<br />
Increase the level of satisfaction of the visitors.<br />
Economic benefit to the local and sharing for promotion & conservation.<br />
4
General Requirements for Eco tourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Provides the first hand encounter with the natural environment.<br />
Actively involve local communities in the tourism process.<br />
Its travel of gratification is measured in terms of education or appreciation.<br />
It involves considerable preparation & in depth knowledge among the leaders & participants.<br />
An essential feature of ecotourism is sustainability.<br />
It does not degrade resources.<br />
Promotes positive environmental ethics & fosters preferred behaviors.<br />
Concentrates on intrinsic rather than extrinsic values.<br />
Oriented around the environment in question & not around man.<br />
It must benefit the wildlife and environment<br />
Rules for the promotion of ecotourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Keep tourist all in one place for as long as possible during their visit to the destination.<br />
Do not displace any existing things from destinations.<br />
Take fewer tourists who will stay longer and spend more.<br />
Involve the local community for the process of tourism.<br />
Take the photographs and leave the footprint only.<br />
Be friendly with the visitors and help them to practice ecotourism codes.<br />
Make no open fires and discourage others from doing so.<br />
Give information to the guest about attractions, facilities, local customs & traditions,<br />
prohibitions & regulations.<br />
Ensure adequate opportunities to visitors for communication with nature & native culture etc.<br />
Suggestion for the promotion of ecotourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Practice conservation of nature and culture as a way of life.<br />
Respect the natural cultural and local customs of the area.<br />
Respects history and holy places, do not touch or remove religious objects.<br />
Respect the local etiquettes, norms & values.<br />
<br />
Leave the camp site clean after use.<br />
5
Manage the wastage & garbage; do not through them here and there.<br />
Conclusion<br />
• Eco-tourism is travel to natural areas that conserves the environment (natural and cultural)and<br />
sustains the well being of the people<br />
• Entails a type of use that minimizes negative impacts to the environment and to local people.<br />
• Increased the awareness and understanding of an area‟s natural and cultural systems and the<br />
subsequent involvement of visitors in issues affecting those systems.<br />
• Contributes to the conservation and management of legally protected and other natural areas.<br />
• The infrastructure must be ethnic(lodging), safe and modest(low impact means) and capable of<br />
generating income<br />
• It must have management of protected areas and parks by local people<br />
• It must create a common point for the conservationists, the development community and the<br />
private sector<br />
Issues to be addressed about eco-tourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Host Vs Guest (Conflict of Interest)<br />
Role of Intermediaries<br />
Development Vs Sustainable Dev.<br />
Agenda Vs Action (Workshop Vs Work)<br />
Generalization Vs Specialization<br />
Quality Vs Mass Tourism<br />
Current status of World Tourism<br />
• 903 million visitors grew by 4.6%<br />
• Economic Activity of $5.9 trillion i.e. about 10% of global GDP<br />
• 6.5% of total global work force<br />
• Employing 238 million people<br />
• Europe – America – Asia Pacific<br />
• Switzerland- Nepal – New Zealand<br />
Tourism Industry in Nepal<br />
• Since 1950 from Mountaineering.<br />
6
• Annapurna in June 1950 & Mt. Everest in 1953.<br />
• About 5,76,000 visitors in 2009<br />
• About 4.2% GDP and 17% foreign exchange<br />
• Purpose of visit: Holiday pleasure, Mountaineering & trekking and others.<br />
• Kathmandu – Pokhara – Chitwan – Lumbhini<br />
• Annapurna – Khumbu – Langtang – Kanchajunga & Dolpo region.<br />
Tourism Development in Pokhara<br />
• Since 1950 after climbing Annapurna by Maurice Herzog<br />
• Tourism activities since 1970<br />
• Mass tourism effect 1980<br />
• Over 70% Tourism industries established after 1990.<br />
• 2, 07,000 visitors in 2008.<br />
• Over 60% visitors for adventure<br />
Mass tourism & Alternative tourism<br />
• Mass tourism is traditional form of tourism development, short term free market principles<br />
dominate to maximize the income.<br />
• Alternative tourism is a whole range of tourism strategies e.g., appropriate, eco, soft,<br />
responsible, people to people, controlled, small scale, cottage & green tourism.<br />
Economics of Tourism<br />
• Smokeless industry.<br />
• Medium of foreign exchange earnings in developing countries.<br />
• Increasing employment, GDP & tax revenue.<br />
• Distribution of wealth from north to south.<br />
• Multiplier effects.<br />
Tourism Business & Activities<br />
• Hotels & Lodges<br />
• Travel Agencies<br />
• Trekking Agencies<br />
• Restaurants & Bar<br />
• Handicrafts Centre<br />
• Books & Equipments shops etc.<br />
7
Major tourist destinations in Nepal<br />
• Kathmandu, Pokhara, Chitwan & Lumbini<br />
• Annapurna, Sagarmatha, Langtang, Kanchanjunga & Dolpo region<br />
• Pashupatinath, Muktinath, Devghat, Barah chhetra, Manakamana, Swargadwari & Khaptad.<br />
Importance of Tourism in Nepal<br />
• Source of foreign currency<br />
• Income & employment opportunities<br />
• Improvement in life standard<br />
• Awareness & exposure about life & culture.<br />
• Development of Infrastructure<br />
• Conservation of natural & cultural heritages.<br />
• Promotion of traditional skill & knowledge.<br />
Explain the roots of Conservation: Ecosystem mgt. and CAs<br />
Understanding inter-linkages of ecotourism and biodiversity conservation<br />
• The roots of conservationism -ecosystem management and protected areas. – 2 classes<br />
• <strong>Ecotourism</strong> and biodiversity - 1<br />
• Principles of eco-tourism - 1<br />
• Role of ethics in ecotourism. -1<br />
• <strong>Ecotourism</strong> typologies -1<br />
Philosophy, principle and theoretical background<br />
The roots of conservationism<br />
World views on Environment and resources<br />
• Western :<br />
Master of nature: live over the nature.<br />
• The Bible speaks of God creating Man in His own image and letting him "have dominion over<br />
the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle and over all the earth, and<br />
every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth" (Genesis 1:26).<br />
• Single view – human being separate from the rest.<br />
• „It is god will that man exploit nature for his proper ends‟<br />
8
• Man is only perceived as the user of Nature, not as an integral part of her.<br />
• By the ninth century „Man and nature are now two things, man is master‟ believe developed in<br />
Europe<br />
World views on Environment and resources<br />
• Eastern and indigenous<br />
Part of the nature: live with the nature<br />
• The world as manifestation of a basic oneness.<br />
• Basudaiva Kutumbakam.<br />
• Human as a part of the whole/natural system.<br />
• Importance of relationship of living and nonliving things.<br />
Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web,<br />
we do to ourselves. All things are bound together All things connect….” Chief Seattle<br />
Exploitation of nature resources<br />
• Western world views promote colonisation , conversion and exploitation<br />
• Wilderness areas are home to pagans. So needs conversion to bring religious order.<br />
• Wild areas are waste or lands not used by human beings are wastelands.<br />
• The 1870‟s saw the final decimation of the bison herds. In 1871 Col. R. I. Dodge reported one<br />
herd in Colorado being 50 miles wide and 20 miles long, estimated at 4 million head.<br />
• Over 8.5 million bison were shot dead in 1871-73. Boson population dropped form 60<br />
million to 150 within 30 yrs, (1869-1889) .<br />
• In 1806, Alexander Wilson, an ornithologist for whom the Wilson Society is named, recorded<br />
a flight a mile wide and 40 miles along, estimated to be over two billion birds.<br />
• 15 million passenger pigeon shipped to market in 1861.<br />
• The last passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.<br />
Root of conservatism<br />
• Realisation of the importance of nature as an economic, aesthetic, and spiritual resource, together<br />
with a newly urgent conviction that nature's resources were increasingly imperiled.<br />
• Inspired by Writers, Explorers, Photographers, Artists etc helped preserve American wilderness<br />
some of noted were Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, George Catlin, John Muir,<br />
Leopold, Pinchot etc<br />
9
Some reflections<br />
• “Civilization is a state of mutual and interdependent cooperation, between human animals, other<br />
animals, …. Which may disrupted at any moment by the failure of any of them” Aldo Leopold<br />
• „We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a<br />
community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect‟ – Aldo Leopold.<br />
• „It is not what we have that will make us a great nation, it is the way in which we use it‟.<br />
President Theodore Roosevelt<br />
• "A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air<br />
and giving fresh strength to our people.“ Franklin Delano Roosevelt<br />
• "Conservation means the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time," Gifford<br />
Pinchot<br />
The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 in USA<br />
• Scientific and technological concerns,<br />
• recognition of the human impact on the natural environment, and<br />
• faith in the human capacity to manage that impact actively and wisely for human benefit;<br />
• Philosophical, ethical, and spiritual values and symbolizations,<br />
• linked American "nature" to the construction of American national identity and character,<br />
and<br />
• redefined the natural world as a moral and spiritual resource for urban and industrial man;<br />
• Aesthetic considerations, including those which celebrated the perception and enjoyment of<br />
wildlife, wilderness, and natural beauty as legitimate and necessary recreational resources in<br />
American life.<br />
Peak of conservatism in the US<br />
• In 1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes President of the United States and conservation becomes<br />
a cornerstone of his domestic policy<br />
• The most active President in the history of American conservation.<br />
• Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres during his presidency,<br />
• Over 50,000 acres for each day he was in office,<br />
• 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refuges, and 5 national parks.<br />
Various philosophies<br />
• Preservation/deep ecology<br />
• Conservation/sustainable use<br />
10<br />
• Eco-feiminism<br />
• Environmentalism
• Harmony - Leopold,<br />
• Spirituality - John Muir<br />
• Wise use - Pinchot<br />
Eco-feminism<br />
• In 1974, the term "ecofeminism" was conceived by d'Eaubonne as a connection of the ecology<br />
and women<br />
• Movement that views the oppression of women and nature as interconnected.<br />
• It is now better understood as a movement working against the interconnected oppressions of<br />
gender, race, class and nature.<br />
• The eco-feminists feel that men dominate women and humans dominate nature. Naturally,<br />
then, women and the environmentalists should be united in their struggle.<br />
• Other eco-feminists claim that the degradation of nature contributes to the degradation of<br />
women<br />
Deep ecology<br />
• The phrase "deep ecology" was coined by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss in 1973<br />
• Proponents of deep ecology believe that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely<br />
exploited by humans.<br />
• The ethics of deep ecology hold that a whole system is superior to any of its parts.<br />
• The philosophy of deep ecology helped differentiate the modern ecology movement by<br />
pointing out the anthropocentric bias of the term “environment "and rejecting the idea of<br />
humans as authoritarian guardians of the environment.<br />
• Nature has own rights to exists irrespective to the value of human beings.<br />
Mainstream conservationism<br />
• Current conservation efforts represent a more balanced view than the extremes<br />
• Nature for tomorrow, conservation for development etc are still anthropocentric based on<br />
Judeo-Christian doctrine - anthropocentric environmentalism<br />
• The economics of biodiversity (TEB) study of the UNEP – valuing the biodiversity to human<br />
wellbeing<br />
• Millennium ecosystem Assessment (MEA)<br />
Moved by NGOs and foundations<br />
• WWF,<br />
• The Nature Conservancy (ITNC)<br />
11
• The wealthiest conservation organization in the US protecting 15 million acres in the U.S. and<br />
102 million acres worldwide.<br />
• The Conservation International (CI)<br />
• Sierra club,<br />
• The North American Wildlife Federation<br />
• The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)<br />
• Now there are 3,000 conservation organizations. over 1,600 private conservation organizations<br />
• Wildlife conservation is a political issue, with multiple stakeholders.<br />
• Multibillion dollar activities<br />
Conservationism gave birth to protected areas<br />
• Saving resources from use rather than saving them for use.<br />
• Harmony between human influence and the natural world could be achieved only through<br />
society‟s commitment to moral and social responsibility to future generation.<br />
• A cultural response to perceived threat to<br />
nature<br />
• First national park Yellow Stone<br />
established in 1887, second Yosemite in<br />
1890<br />
Protected areas and management approaches<br />
More than 120,000 PAs worldwide covering near<br />
14% of the Earth‟s terrestrial land surface<br />
Conservation paradigms are dynamic<br />
Integration<br />
Mainstreaming<br />
Isolation<br />
Conservation<br />
Sustainable<br />
development<br />
Recreation<br />
12
The evolving role of protected areas<br />
Shifting paradigms - from site to system to networks<br />
• Shift from national parks as signature areas for protection.<br />
• Human being as an important component<br />
• Activities and actors beyond PAs boundaries are crucial<br />
• Ecology and social-economic systems are interlinked<br />
• Effective human management of ecosystems will not occur without a clear understanding of the<br />
place of people in the context of the ecosystem.<br />
Human ecology<br />
• The study of the relationship between humans and their respective environment.<br />
• Ecosystem management and human ecology – different sides of the same coin<br />
• Four types of human relationships :( Peterson, 1996): Dominion, Stewardship, Participation and<br />
Abdication<br />
Relationship between conservation and ecotourism<br />
13
1.5 Role of Ethics in ecotourism<br />
Successful ecotourism<br />
• Conservationists should understand business<br />
• Tourism entrepreneurs should understand conservation<br />
• At the moment we are doing nature based tourism or tourism in natural areas.<br />
• It is an ideal component of a sustainable development strategy where natural resources can be<br />
utilized as tourism attractions without causing harm to the natural area.<br />
• Tourism to protected areas has continued to grow at a rapid rate.<br />
• To ensure that the increasing pressure from tourism does not threaten the long-term health of<br />
these precious areas, more than ever it is important that tourism development for protected areas<br />
occur within the context of conservation management.<br />
• The core elements of environmental problems such as man's relationship with his natural<br />
surroundings are largely of an ethical and emotional nature.<br />
Ethical issues in ecotourism<br />
• In many cases the non human members of our ecological community that are the hardest hit by<br />
tourism<br />
• Activities of the people are largely normative which collectively direct the actions of<br />
communities, cultures, societies and the planet.<br />
• Ethic – theoretical and applied<br />
• Applied – environmental ethic and tourism ethic<br />
• Not only Compassion to nature but there is compulsion also<br />
• Ethic and emotions – compassion and knowledge - Buddha‟s eye<br />
• Heart less head and head less heart<br />
14
• Key stakeholders: Government/protected area agencies, Tourism operators, Tourists and local<br />
communities<br />
• Human/anthropocentirc ethic vs bio-centric ethic.<br />
• Western world view based ethic – anthropocentric - nature can be perceived only on the<br />
perspective of human values<br />
• Eastern word view based ethic – bio centric/intrinsic – all living and non living being has their<br />
own rights to existence.<br />
• Bio centric – preservationist – practice of little interventions, placing high value on resources,<br />
responsible use and very small numbers of tourists.<br />
• The choices the people make with respect to tourism reflect the importance of environmental<br />
values in their lives (Philpsen, 1995).<br />
• Codes of ethics – philosophical and value based<br />
• Environmental commitment, responsibility, integrated planning, environmentally sound<br />
management, cooperation between decision-makers and public awareness<br />
• Codes of practice – practical and local specific<br />
• Deontology or right behavior is an ethical approach which suggests that an act is right or<br />
wrong on the basis of rules or principles of action or duties or rights or virtues – ex. illegal<br />
hunting is poaching.<br />
• Teteology or good behaviors are an ethical approach which suggests that an act is right or<br />
wrong solely on the basis of consequences of its performance.<br />
• Existentiausm - authentic behavior<br />
• Right behavior, good behavior, authentic behavior<br />
• Approx. 77% of the codes/guidelines based on Deontological in nature.<br />
Measurement of ethical consideration in ecotourism activities<br />
• New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale (Jurowski et al 1995)<br />
– Published in 1978, Riley Dunlup and Kent Van Liere<br />
• Multidimensional Ethics Scale (MES) (Reidenbach and Robin, 1988/1990)<br />
OCEANIC SOCIETY - ECOTOURISM CODE OF ETHICS<br />
• CODE OF ECOTOURISM ETHICS<br />
• Conducts eco-tours with a non-invasive approach to viewing wildlife and wilderness<br />
exploration.<br />
• Act to minimize local cultural impact.<br />
15
• Enhance the quality of wildlife encounters, while minimizing our impact.<br />
• Protecting Wildlife:<br />
• Animals overtly respond to intrusive human behavior with defensive-aggressive posturing,<br />
vocalization, even flight. We use the following methods to avoid disturbing wildlife:<br />
1. All animals have escape distances, and when people intrude on this zone, animals move away.<br />
These distances vary among species, individuals and environmental circumstances.<br />
• Naturalists look for behavioral cues which might suggest disturbance and alert travelers<br />
accordingly<br />
2. Animals observe us as we watch them. Some of our behaviors may be interpreted by animals as<br />
threatening. We move slowly and quietly when near wildlife, and remain at the periphery of animal<br />
groups, allowing wildlife to maintain their social organization.<br />
3. We provide travelers with "buyer bewares" guidance on illegal wildlife products.<br />
• Preserving Habitat:<br />
1. Waste disposal: A "pack it back" ethic ensures that all trash created during nature walks, camping<br />
adventures and boat excursions is placed in appropriate disposal sites.<br />
2. Soil erosion: To preserve natural habitats our naturalists ensure that vehicles stay on the road except<br />
where otherwise permissible, in order to prevent damaging ecosystems and degrading wildlife<br />
habitats. We refrain from collecting plants, coral and other souvenirs.<br />
3. Coral reefs: Guidelines are provided for snorkeling to prevent breaking coral or stirring bottom<br />
sediment which could contribute to the destruction of delicate coral.<br />
4. Sand dunes: Some plants adapted to this habitat have a fragile hold on relatively unstable dunes.<br />
Naturalists guide travelers along the base of vulnerable dunes.<br />
16
Unit 2: <strong>Ecotourism</strong> Policy, Organizations and the <strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
Strong Recovery in 2010 and growing trend in 2011<br />
World Outbound Tourism Slumped in 2009<br />
A strong comeback in 2010<br />
New record for international visitor numbers<br />
Global Tourism Status<br />
2009 2010<br />
All Trips -1% +5%<br />
Outbound Trips 4% +7%<br />
Outbound nights -7% +5%<br />
OutboundSpendingin -9% +7%<br />
InternationalArrival 4.2% +6to7%<br />
Int‟lSpendin -5.7 n/a<br />
Global Tourism Status<br />
Decline of 9% in Spending in 2009 is to increase by 7% (Euro 781 billion) in 2010<br />
Big Spenders (2010):<br />
China (+22%)<br />
Russia (+26%)<br />
Brazil (+54%)<br />
A Moderate growth Germany, USA, France, Italy & Japan<br />
More Hotel Guests but Rates still Under Pressure<br />
Improving World Economy in 2011 (4.2% growth)<br />
Int‟l Tourism Growth of 3-5% in 2011<br />
Asia Shakes off Recession with Dynamic Growth<br />
China to become world‟s largest outbound market and destination after 2015<br />
2.5 <strong>Ecotourism</strong> and biodiversity<br />
o Globally, the rate of growth of ecotourism is 5 percent where as conventional tourism has only<br />
4.1 percent.<br />
o Biodiversity a major attraction for eco-tourists<br />
17
o PAs are the main destination for eco-tourists.<br />
o PAs hold rare or endemic species of flora and fauna, abundant wildlife, high indices of species<br />
diversity, unusual or spectacular geomorphological formations/ landscape and unique historic or<br />
contemporary cultural manifestations in a natural context<br />
Wilderness protection, recreation and tourism<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Natural wilderness areas are home to god and goddess, place of salvation, spiritual and<br />
religious places since time immemorial.<br />
Hunting, meditation, recreation – Shiva- Parvati, Radha – Krishna romance were in the forests<br />
with outstanding natural beauty.<br />
Emperor Ashok established first protected area in 252 BC.<br />
Since the first national park, Yellowstone, was established in 1872, national parks are, by<br />
definition, available for public visitation.<br />
People who visited Yellowstone and Yosemite a century ago were early eco-tourists<br />
Hunting was the prime past time activities of the Nepalese aristocracy.<br />
Since 1960s (before the establishment of National Park) commercial wildlife tourism was in<br />
operation in Chitwan. First wildlife lodge was established in 1965.<br />
o Many African Parks were established to expand wildlife tourism including trophy hunting.<br />
Tourism in and around protected areas<br />
Tourism in and around protected areas<br />
Eco Park<br />
Picnic Park<br />
PAs<br />
PAs<br />
Eco-tourism<br />
Tourism<br />
Tourism<br />
Tourism<br />
18
PAs – Tourism activities relationship<br />
PAs Categories: Ia VI<br />
Tourism Activities: Non Consumptive<br />
consumptive<br />
PAs category<br />
PAs category/level of protection<br />
Wildlife watching<br />
• Prime wildlife habitat and prime tourist attraction largely overlaps.<br />
• Watching animals is an inspiring experience. People are excited by seeing whales or turtles,<br />
spectacular bird life, elephants or gorillas.<br />
• The Big Five"-lion, leopard, buffalo, elephant and rhino are the main tourists attraction in east<br />
African countries<br />
• Madagascar –baobabs trees, lemurs etc<br />
• Galapagos island - lizards/birds<br />
• Chitwan – Rhino/tiger<br />
• Rwanda - gorilla<br />
• Whale watching tours more than doubled between 1991 and 1998, and spent over a billion US<br />
dollars a year on this activity, benefiting 495 communities around the world from remote<br />
destinations to major tourism resorts such as the Canary Islands.<br />
• Over 95% of the visitors come to the Serengeti to watch wildlife.<br />
• More than 50% of the tourists visit PAs. Almost 100% go for elephant safari to see wild<br />
animals.<br />
• Gross worth of a Lion in Amboseli National Park, Kenya – US$ 27, 000/year<br />
• A elephant heard is estimated as worth as US$ 610, 000/year<br />
20
Biodiversity and ecotourism in developing countries (source: Gossling, 1999)<br />
Hard reality<br />
• In terms of tourism benefits:<br />
developing countries – 20-40% of the total receipts<br />
Entrance fees amount to 0.01%–1% of the total travel costs.<br />
• In 1988 as much as 4–22% of these revenues were brought in by nature tourism<br />
• In case of Nepal major portion of the tourism receipt should come form natural areas.<br />
Useful devil<br />
• Many of the eco-tourists destinations are extremely sensitive to environmental impacts from<br />
human use.<br />
• The presence of people is seen to have an impact on the behavior of wildlife such as affecting<br />
reproductive success, feeding and social behaviors.<br />
• Tour boats are often used in iYucatan, Mexico have resulted in a decreased feeding time and<br />
increased alert behavior of flamingos.<br />
• Visitations to Megallanic penguins nesting sites are popular but result in changes in the<br />
penguin‟s behavior in both adults and chicks. causing lower hatching rates of eggs,<br />
increased abandonment of nests, and higher mortality rates .<br />
• When in the presence of tourists, animals abandon their nesting and feeding sites.<br />
• Habituation of the gorillas is fundamental to ecotourism so that they may be safely observed by<br />
tourists also may have loss of gorilla in poaching due to the losing the instinct to flee from<br />
poachers or soldiers. Losing their survival skills places these animals at risk for extinction.<br />
• One-homed Rhinoceros and sambar are becoming habituated to tourist activity in high tourist<br />
use areas.<br />
21
The median flush distance and the significance of the difference in flush distances (m) between Tiger<br />
Tops and Sauraha area<br />
Further increased disturbance may include increased aggression, emigration or pseudo-domestication.<br />
Just bank on not banish<br />
• The basis for ecotourism is the biodiversity in a given area.<br />
• Care must be taken to ensure that the existing biodiversity is maintained and enhanced over time<br />
for ecotourism to be sustainable.<br />
2.3 <strong>Ecotourism</strong> typologies<br />
Tourism under different names – thin line of separation<br />
Nature tourism, Green tourism, Wildlife tourism, Alternative tourism, Sustainable<br />
tourism, Eco-tourism, Rural/village tourism, Community based tourism<br />
<br />
Eco-tourism‟s root lies in nature and outdoor tourism.<br />
Wildlife tourism: Tourism that involves international travel by people from rich developed countries<br />
to wildlife areas in poorer developing countries.<br />
Tourism under different names – thin line of separation<br />
Eco-tourism:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
„Any style and type of tourism that has the potential to bring benefits to the local economy<br />
whilst contributing to natural and cultural resource conservation‟ – National Eco tourism<br />
Strategy, Nepal, 2001.<br />
„A responsible travel to actual areas which conserve environment and improves the welfare of<br />
local people‟ – The Eco-tourism Society<br />
„Visits to national parks and other natural areas with the aim of viewing and enjoying the<br />
plants and animals as well as any indigenous culture‟ – Boo, 1990<br />
22
Definition/typology<br />
Alternative tourism:<br />
An umbrella term for indigenous tourism, soft tourism, green tourism, sensitized tourism<br />
responsible tourism appropriate tourism, cottage tourism and local tourism – means almost any thing<br />
to anyone!<br />
Alternative approach to tourism should be - community centred, employ local resource,<br />
relatively easy to manage, not destructive to nature and culture, benefit and guests both and even<br />
improve communication between them‟ (Jafari, 1990)<br />
Nature based tourism: It involves simply natural areas, where as ecotiurism demonstrates a clear<br />
commitment to conservation and development.<br />
Sustainable tourism: (Eber, 1992)<br />
<br />
Tourism and associated infrastructures that, both now and in the future<br />
operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of resources;<br />
recognize the contribution that people and communities, costumes and life styles, make to the<br />
tourism experiences;<br />
accept these must have an equal share in the economic benefits of tourism;<br />
are guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas<br />
Nature vs. Eco tourism (Paul, 1997)<br />
Nature based tourism: involves simply visiting natural areas or tourism activities in the natural areas,<br />
tourist driven or guest driven<br />
Eco-tourism: nature based activities which demonstrates a clear commitment to conservation and<br />
development, mutually benefited (host and guest),<br />
Typology of eco-tourists<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Do it you self eco-tourists<br />
Tourist eco-tourist<br />
School groups/scientific groups<br />
Dedication and time:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hard core nature tourists<br />
Dedicated nature tourists<br />
Mainstream nature tourists<br />
Casual nature tourists<br />
23
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> enthusiasts are mostly people from relatively high social brackets; high levels of<br />
education, over 35 and women slightly outnumber men.<br />
Golden triangle – eco-tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation<br />
Golden triangle – eco-tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation<br />
Eco-tourism<br />
Biodiversity<br />
conservation<br />
Sustainable<br />
development<br />
Therefore,<br />
o Conservation without fund is conversation only.<br />
o Tourism is more than being hospitable to tourists only<br />
o Tourism hospitable to tourist and hostile to nature will not go for longer.<br />
o Saving nature by selling is hardly new.<br />
o Conservation and tourism that denies the rights and concerns of local communities is self<br />
defeating, if not illegal.<br />
24
Unit 4: Economics of Tourism<br />
Total Quality Management<br />
• Total - made up of the whole<br />
• Quality - degree of excellence a product or service provides<br />
• Management – Getting things done with or by others through POSLC<br />
Therefore, TQM is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence.<br />
Total Quality Management means that the organization's culture is defined by and supports the<br />
constant attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques, and<br />
training. This involves the continuous improvement of organizational processes, resulting in high<br />
quality products and services.<br />
“An organizational philosophy and long term strategy that makes continuous improvement in<br />
quality a responsibility of all employees”<br />
TQM objective<br />
• To build up quality commitments among the stakeholders for its long term, sustained and<br />
continuous improvement to meet customers‟ needs and expectations, which includes:<br />
1. Designing quality into products & services<br />
2. Preventing defects to a greatest extent feasible & correcting those that do appear<br />
3. Continuously improving the quality of goods and services as much as is economically and<br />
competitively feasible<br />
• To ….. commitments ………, which includes:<br />
1. To achieve TQM objective of sustained quality improvement, it emphasizes to increase<br />
workers‟ knowledge & skills through extensive training, provides relevant information to<br />
employees, pushes decision-making power downward in the organization and ties reward to<br />
employees‟ performance<br />
TQM Characteristics<br />
1. Focuses on satisfying both internal & external customers<br />
2. Develops a balanced & integrated system for satisfying internal and external customer needs<br />
3. Manages the system to continuously improve the satisfaction of internal and external customer<br />
needs<br />
4. Emphasizes on empowering people by providing decision making authority to individuals and<br />
groups at the different levels of organization<br />
5. Provides opportunities for employees to use various techniques and models to aid their<br />
decision making process<br />
25
6. Views human resource management as the main partner for quality<br />
7. Expects that managers at all levels, provides positive, dynamic leadership in order to foster an<br />
environment for quality management<br />
Value added<br />
analysis<br />
Bench<br />
marking<br />
Outsourcing<br />
Statistical<br />
quality<br />
control<br />
TQM<br />
Tools<br />
Speed<br />
ISO<br />
9000<br />
ISO 14000 for Environmental<br />
performance<br />
Just in<br />
Time (JIT)<br />
Training<br />
Why TQM?<br />
Ford Motor Company had operating losses of $3.3 billion between 1980 and 1982.<br />
Xerox market share dropped from 93% in 1971 to 40% in 1981.<br />
Attention to quality was seen as a way to combat the competition.<br />
Emergence of TQM / Continuous Improvement<br />
TQM & Prof. Edward Deming<br />
• William Edwards Deming was an American statistician, professor, author, lecturer, and<br />
consultant …perhaps best known for his work in Japan and with Ford Motor Co.<br />
• From 1950 onward, he taught top management how to improve design, product quality, testing<br />
and sales<br />
• Deming is regarded to have transformed Japan into an economic superpower in the post world<br />
war 2 nd by significantly improving their product quality.<br />
Deming’s Rolling Wheel / Ball<br />
26
Deming’s Cycle<br />
P (Planning): Emphasis on working out what is needed to reach a very specific target<br />
outcome…designed to improve procedures.<br />
(D0): Involves trying out the process that has been planned in a practical setting…done on as small a<br />
scale as possible<br />
C (Check)/Study: Assessing or measuring the results and then comparing them to the expected<br />
outcomes to detect any differences.<br />
A (Act): First analyzing the differences between the expected and actual outcome…idea is to assess<br />
what changes need to be made to rectify this and then carry out these changes<br />
Deming’s 14 Key Principles<br />
1. Create consistency of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to<br />
become competitive and to stay in business, and to provide jobs.<br />
2. Adopting the philosophy of cooperation (win-win), helps everybody to win and put it into<br />
practice by teaching it to employees, customers and suppliers.<br />
3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a<br />
mass basis by building in-built inspection process for maintaining quality.<br />
4. Employers are suggested not just to look for short term cost advantages rather they should<br />
work to minimize costs in the long run.<br />
5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and<br />
productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs.<br />
6. Institute training on the job regularly to update employees skills and knowledge in the changed<br />
situation.<br />
7. Institute leadership to adopt and manage skills, abilities, capabilities and aspiration of people.<br />
Leaders in the organization must concentrate on helping people for better job.<br />
8. Drive out fear and develop trust so that everyone may work effectively for the company<br />
9. Break down barriers between departments since people in research, design, sales, and<br />
production must work as a team to foresee problems of production and in use that may be<br />
encountered with the product or service.<br />
10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the workforce asking for zero defects and new<br />
levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of<br />
the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the<br />
power of the work force.<br />
11. Eliminate numerical since only numerical goals and quotas can not work. Concept of MBO is<br />
important to substitute leadership<br />
27
12. Remove barriers. It is the principle of removing all types of barriers that hinder joy of people at<br />
work. This will mean abolishing the annual rating or merit system that ranks people and creates<br />
competition and conflict.<br />
13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement.<br />
14. The transformation is everybody's job. All involved in organization should work honestly for<br />
its transformation<br />
According to Deming: Poor Quality is due to Management: 85% and worker Problem: 15%<br />
Productivity and TQM<br />
Traditional view: Quality cannot be improved without significant losses in productivity.<br />
TQM view: Improved quality leads to improved productivity.<br />
Quality dimensions in Eco-tourism<br />
Quality dimensions in Eco-tourism<br />
Quality in Tourism<br />
Hardware<br />
Environment<br />
Software<br />
Facilities<br />
Landscape<br />
Service<br />
Functions<br />
Adverse Effects<br />
/ pollution<br />
Information<br />
Aesthetical<br />
Aspects<br />
Consumption of<br />
Resources<br />
Hospitality<br />
Service chain with critical incidents and good service<br />
Before On the spot After<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Journey<br />
home<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Information/<br />
Reservation<br />
Local<br />
Accommodatioport<br />
Trans-<br />
Journey information<br />
Food<br />
Activities<br />
Entertainment<br />
Post-vacation<br />
goodwill<br />
acivities<br />
<br />
<br />
= Critical incidents<br />
= Good service<br />
28
Total Quality Management and Continuous Improvement<br />
• TQM is the management process used to make continuous improvements to all functions.<br />
• TQM represents an ongoing, continuous commitment to improvement.<br />
<br />
The foundation of total quality is a management philosophy that supports meeting customer<br />
requirements through continuous improvement<br />
Continuous Improvement versus Traditional Approach<br />
Traditional Approach<br />
Continuous Improvement<br />
• Market-share focus Customer focus<br />
• Individuals Cross-functional teams<br />
• Focus on ‘who” and “why” Focus on “what” and “how”<br />
• Short-term focus Long-term focus<br />
• Status quo focus Continuous improvement<br />
• Product focus Process improvement focus<br />
• Innovation Incremental improvements<br />
• Fire fighting Problem solving<br />
The TQM System in Tourism<br />
Objective<br />
Continuous<br />
Improvement<br />
Principles<br />
Customer<br />
Focus<br />
Process<br />
Improvement<br />
Total<br />
Involvement<br />
Elements<br />
Leadership<br />
Education and Training Supportive structure<br />
Communications Reward and recognition<br />
Measurement<br />
Demand for Tourism<br />
• Tourists are demanding tourism product & the host community supplies the facilities.<br />
• Demand of tourism depends on:<br />
• Price of the product<br />
• Income of the tourists<br />
• Price of related goods & services<br />
• Tourists taste & preference<br />
29
• Leisure activities : goods, facilities<br />
Elasticity of Tourism demand<br />
Price elasticity of tourism demand<br />
E p = dQ/Q ÷ dP/P<br />
or<br />
% change in quantity demanded for tourism services<br />
%change in the price of the tourism services<br />
Where,<br />
Ep > 1 relatively elastic demand<br />
Ep = 1 unitary elastic demand<br />
Ep < 1 relatively inelastic demand<br />
Income elasticity of tourism demand<br />
Ey = dQ/Q ÷ dY/Y or<br />
% change in quantity demanded for tourism services<br />
%change in the tourist income<br />
Where,<br />
Ey > 0 in case of normal product<br />
Ep < 0 in case of inferior product<br />
Cross elasticity of tourism demand<br />
E XY= dQx/Qx ÷ dPy/Py<br />
or<br />
% change in quant. demanded for tourism services X<br />
%change in the price of the tourism services Y<br />
Where,<br />
Exy < 0 in case of complementary commodities & services. e, g,, Air fare and<br />
accommodation.<br />
Exy > 0 in case of substitute commodity & services. e.g., Resort & Hotel<br />
Supply side of tourism<br />
Three types of suppliers with different objectives: Commercial, Public & Voluntary.<br />
Elements of supply in tourism:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Attractions: Nature, culture & human efforts.<br />
Transport: bicycle, bus, trains, air service etc.<br />
Accommodation: Hotel, resorts, lodge, hostel etc.<br />
Infrastructure: Roadways, airport, parking, security, communication, electricity etc.<br />
30
Recreation & entertainment: Music, Museum, casino.<br />
Tourist Expenditure Pattern<br />
• Accommodation 25%<br />
• Food & beverage 32%<br />
• Entertainment 10%<br />
• Local transport 5%<br />
• Purchases 25%<br />
• Other expenses 3%<br />
Total 100%<br />
Tourism Multiplier<br />
• Chain reaction of spending triggered off by the injection of tourist money into the<br />
destination economy in the form of output, income, employment & government revenue.<br />
• Multiplier is the ratio of direct, indirect & induces changes within economy.<br />
• Direct casual change with expenditure by tourist visiting the region known as direct or<br />
primary expenditure.<br />
• Rise in wage & salaries increase consumption expenditures, may give further effect on the<br />
region as indirect or induced change are called secondary effects.<br />
TIM = [1 – TPI] ÷ [ MPS + MPI ]<br />
Where, TIM = Tourism income multiplier.<br />
1 = Tourist dollar.<br />
TPI = Tourist propensity to import.<br />
MPS = Marginal propensity to save by residents.<br />
MPI = Marginal propensity to invest by residents.<br />
Production & Cost of Tourism Product<br />
• Exploration<br />
• Development<br />
• Promotion/ Marketing<br />
• Conservation for sustainability<br />
• Short run cost<br />
• Long run cost<br />
• Opportunity cost<br />
Socio-cultural Impact of Tourism<br />
• Degradation of traditional cultural values, norms & life style.<br />
• Imitating problem among youths.<br />
• Damaged of historic and cultural sites<br />
• Increase in social crime e.g., Prostitution, drug abuse, robbery etc.<br />
• Changed in the socio-cultural structure of the host community.<br />
• Overcrowding, traffic congestion, and problems of transferable diseases.<br />
31
Socio-economic Impact of Tourism<br />
• Rise in price of land and housing.<br />
• Higher demand raises the prices of consumer goods.<br />
• Over expense of health & security by using local tax or receipts.<br />
• Inequitable distribution of economic benefits among the local people.<br />
• Temptation of easy and fast money.<br />
• Problems of traditional occupation & life style.<br />
Environmental Impact of Tourism<br />
• Pollution of land & water resources.<br />
• Deforestation & crisis for wildlife.<br />
• Soil erosion & landslides.<br />
• Depletion of bio diversity.<br />
• Rapid development & overcrowding.<br />
• Degradation of parks, reserves etc.<br />
Unit 5: Management and Marketing of <strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
Tourism: Tourism is an activity of a person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual<br />
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or any other purpose.<br />
WTO<br />
Nature of TOURISM products<br />
N<br />
A<br />
T<br />
U<br />
R<br />
E<br />
• Service as a product<br />
• Perishability<br />
• Variability<br />
• Inseparability<br />
• Intangibility<br />
Elements of Tourism<br />
Attractions, Accessibility Accommodation and Amenities<br />
Tourism Products of Nepal<br />
Mountaineering, Sightseeing, Trekking/hiking, White water Rafting, Paragliding, Rock climbing, Hot<br />
air ballooning, Bungee Jumping, Canoeing, Ultra light craft, Bird watching, Jungle safari, Mountain<br />
flight, Fishing, Mountain biking, Wave running, Cable car, Ridge walking, Hunting, Agro-tourism,<br />
Village tours, Special Interest tours.<br />
32
Cultural<br />
Tourism<br />
Mountain<br />
Tourism<br />
Naturebased<br />
Tourism<br />
Eco -<br />
tourism<br />
Mass<br />
Tourism<br />
Tourism<br />
Typology<br />
Adventure<br />
Tourism<br />
Sustainable<br />
Tourism<br />
Agro-<br />
Tourism<br />
Responsible<br />
Tourism<br />
Sports<br />
Tourism<br />
Village<br />
Tourism<br />
Green<br />
Tourism<br />
Rural<br />
Tourism<br />
Others ?????<br />
6<br />
Glossary:<br />
Eco-tourism: Perhaps the most over-used & mis-used word in travel industry. Travel to natural areas<br />
which conserve the environment and improve the welfare of the local people.<br />
Adventure Tourism: Soft adventure (lower risk, greater comfort) & Hard adventure (higher risk,<br />
greater physical challenge)<br />
Sustainable Tourism: Does not reduce the availability or resources and does not inhibit future travelers<br />
from enjoying the same experience.<br />
Responsible Tourism: Minimizes negative impacts on the environment<br />
Nature-Based Tourism: More generic term for any activity or travel experience with a focus on nature<br />
Green Tourism: Often used inter-changeably with eco-tourism & sustainable tourism.<br />
Any activity or facility operating in an environmentally friendly fashion<br />
Multi-sport Adventures: Focus on physical outdoor activities like rafting, mountain biking, climbing,<br />
surfing, diving etc. in a same package<br />
Cultural Tourism: Interacting with and observing unique cultures are the focus of this style of trip. All<br />
of these definitions are debatable; “Eco” for one might be “Sustainable” for other and so on.<br />
Distinction between these terms depends on motives and ethics<br />
• <strong>Ecotourism</strong>: Traveling to undisturbed natural areas with specific object of studying, admiring<br />
and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals as well as any existing cultural<br />
aspects found in those areas. -WTO<br />
• A purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the<br />
environment taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem while producing economic<br />
opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people. -<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> Society<br />
33
• Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being<br />
of local people. - The International <strong>Ecotourism</strong> Society<br />
• A form of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area, including its indigenous<br />
cultures. The ecotourist visits relatively underdeveloped areas in the spirit of appreciation,<br />
participation and sensitivity. Non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources . . . .<br />
directly benefiting the conservation issues in general and to the specific needs of the locals. -<br />
Pacific Asia Travel Association<br />
Principles of <strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that those<br />
who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should follow the following ecotourism<br />
principles:<br />
• Minimize impact.<br />
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.<br />
• Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.<br />
• Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.<br />
• Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people.<br />
• Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate.<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> Criteria<br />
• Rich natural attractions and conducive to travel<br />
• Unique features and education to visitors<br />
• Rich in flora and fauna, endemic/endangered species<br />
• Not frequented by commercial tourists<br />
• Native traditions of local people remain untouched<br />
<br />
Rich in biodiversity<br />
Eco-Tourism Products<br />
Natural or environmental, Community, Heritage or historic, Cultural, Outdoor recreation, Tourism<br />
services, Special events, Information/interpretive services<br />
Aspects of <strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
1. Local Economics: More $ to the people<br />
2. Natural World Connection: Conservation & Protection, Outdoor Recreation<br />
3. Cultural Emergence: “Off the beaten track”<br />
34
4. Educational : Language, Food, Festivals, Sports, History<br />
Ecotourist Profile<br />
• Experienced travelers<br />
• Higher education<br />
• Higher Income Bracket<br />
• Age: middle to elderly<br />
<br />
Opinion leaders: Ask & tell friends about trip, Important source of travel information<br />
Marketing: Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need<br />
and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products and value with others.<br />
Marketing Management Philosophies<br />
Production Concept<br />
Product Concept<br />
Selling Concept<br />
Marketing Concept<br />
Societal Marketing Concept<br />
•Consumers favor products that are<br />
available and highly affordable.<br />
•Improve production and distribution.<br />
•Consumers favor products that offer<br />
the most quality, performance, and<br />
innovative features.<br />
•Consumers will buy products only if<br />
the company promotes/ sells these<br />
products.<br />
•Focuses on needs/ wants of target<br />
markets & delivering satisfaction<br />
better than competitors.<br />
•Focuses on needs/ wants of target<br />
markets & delivering superior value.<br />
Evolution of Marketing<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4 Ps: Traditional marketing<br />
7 Ps : Adds the service component of marketing<br />
10 Ps: Adds tourism & hospitality components of marketing<br />
13 Cs: Incorporates the focus on customer loyalty<br />
Marketing Mix<br />
Marketing<br />
Mix<br />
4 Ps<br />
Product<br />
Place<br />
(Distribution)<br />
Price<br />
Promotion<br />
21<br />
35
Service Marketing Mix<br />
Marketing<br />
Mix<br />
7 Ps<br />
Physical<br />
Attributes<br />
Refer: Shoemaker, Lewis & Yesawich (2007). Marketing leadership in hospitality and tourism (4 th ed). NJ: Pearson Education<br />
Product<br />
Planning<br />
People<br />
Price<br />
Promotion<br />
10 Ps of<br />
Tourism<br />
Marketing<br />
Mix<br />
Positioning<br />
Programming<br />
Place<br />
Partnership<br />
Refer: Edgell, David C. (2002). Best practices for international tourism development for rural communities. IOWA Life Changing<br />
10 Ps<br />
• Successful marketing means putting the customer first<br />
• If you follow “The Ten „P‟s‟ of Tourism Marketing,” your customers will come first<br />
• Because you will be able to understand them better.<br />
• You will also make more effective use of your marketing dollars and, by doing so, increase<br />
your profits.<br />
13 Cs of Marketing<br />
<br />
Customer<br />
<br />
Capabilities of firm<br />
<br />
Categories of offerings<br />
<br />
Cost, profitability, and value<br />
36
Control of process<br />
<br />
Customer care<br />
<br />
Collaboration within firm<br />
<br />
Chain of relationships<br />
<br />
Customization<br />
<br />
Capacity control<br />
<br />
Communications<br />
<br />
Competition<br />
<br />
Customer measurement<br />
TOURISM MARKETING<br />
• Tourism is not tourism until it is sold<br />
• Marketing is not just selling & advertising<br />
• Its role is much broader as it is about matching the right product or service with the right<br />
market or audience<br />
• Marketing is indeed the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer<br />
requirements profitably<br />
• Marketing is the right product, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price.<br />
ECOTOURISM MARKETING STRATEGY<br />
• Should respond to the definition of Eco-Tourism<br />
• Should respond to the development strategy<br />
• Should meet Important <strong>Ecotourism</strong> criteria<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> Management Strategy<br />
• Zoning for visitor use<br />
• Visitors site planning and design<br />
• Sustainable infrastructure design<br />
• Revenue generating mechanisms<br />
• Visitor monitoring and management<br />
• Naturalist guides – the heart of ecotourism<br />
37
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> Management and Development Planning Process<br />
Factors Influencing a Business Plan<br />
OTHERS TRAINING REQUIREMENTS<br />
• Culture of Tourism<br />
• Tourism Awareness Seminar<br />
• Basic Tour Guiding Techniques<br />
• Waite ring and Bartending Seminar<br />
• Front Office Management<br />
• Tourism and E-Commerce<br />
• Home stay Program<br />
• Accreditation Program<br />
Eco branding<br />
<br />
Travel Agency Operation<br />
• Create positive impressions in the minds of your customers by expounding all<br />
environmentally-friendly aspects of your product or service.<br />
38
• Your eco-brand permeates your website, literature and even<br />
the labeling of your product.<br />
Eco-Branding: Beyond Green Washing<br />
• The growing environmental awareness amongst consumers is<br />
also affecting how brands are marketed.<br />
• Many are now rushing to promote themselves as<br />
environmentally responsible to appeal to today‟s eco<br />
conscious consumer<br />
• Great example of an eco brand is HOWIES clothing, which makes all of its clothes from eco<br />
textiles, such as organic cotton, Merino wool and recycled cotton<br />
• In recent years the eco movement has been joined by larger companies launching green<br />
offshoots to their main operations.<br />
• Currently the UK‟s green trend setters include Marks & Spencer‟s „Plan A‟, General Electric‟s<br />
„Ecomagination‟ and BSkyB‟s „Carbon Neutral‟<br />
• The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) issued a warning that some of the green claims<br />
being made by brands in their advertising might not be genuine<br />
• Came after it took action against a number of car manufacturers because of their shaky „clean<br />
technology‟ claims in their marketing.<br />
Eco-labeling<br />
• Eco-labels are affixed to products that pass eco-friendly criteria laid down by government,<br />
association or standards certification bodies.<br />
• The criteria utilize extensive research based on the product's life cycle impact on the environment.<br />
• Examples of eco-labels include the Japanese Eco Mark, International Energy Star, USA Green<br />
Seal and UK BREEAM.<br />
Eco-labeling: Background<br />
Eco-labeling entered mainstream environmental policy-making in 1977 through Germany‟s Blue<br />
Angel program. Since then, eco-labels have become one of the most high-profile market-based tools<br />
for achieving environmental objectives<br />
Main features:<br />
• Eco-labels differ from green symbols and environmental claims in that the latter are unverified and<br />
created by the manufacture or service provider.<br />
• Products awarded an eco-label have been assessed and verified by an independent third body and<br />
are guaranteed to meet certain environmental performance requirements<br />
39
• Eco-labels may focus on certain environmental aspects of the product. Eg: energy consumption,<br />
water use, source of timber etc.<br />
• Government backing for eco-labeling schemes is essential.<br />
• Almost all international eco-labeling schemes require government funding and support. They may<br />
encompass the multiple environmental aspects<br />
Eco-labeling Programs<br />
• The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC);<br />
• The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC);<br />
• Germany‟s Blue Angel program;<br />
• Fair-trade Labeling Organizations International (FLO); and<br />
• The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM).<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> On-line Resources<br />
www.ecotourism.org or www.ecotourism.cc or www.responsibletravel.com<br />
40
Unit 6: <strong>Ecotourism</strong> and the Environment<br />
6.1 Linking conservation and community<br />
Why linkage?<br />
• One of the principles of conservation biology is that human presence must be included in<br />
conservation planning. Any conservation efforts that do not account for humans (either as the<br />
cause of the problem or part of the solution) are doomed to fail. Humans are part of the<br />
problem, but we are also part of the solution (a better one for us)<br />
• CBD also recognises the need of conservation – community linkages.<br />
• The principle of contemporary conservation practices is based on at least „do no harm‟ to local<br />
people.<br />
• In a democratic society; it would be increasingly difficult to get political support if<br />
conservation cannot gain popular approval.<br />
• Moral, socio-political, economic, and environmental reasons.<br />
Need of C-C linkages<br />
• To utilise communities‟ conservation knowledge and traditions<br />
• To recognise legitimate traditional rights<br />
• To minimise/manage negative impacts<br />
• To expand conservation activities in the larger area.<br />
• To improve cooperation and reduce conflict<br />
• To share conservation benefits<br />
• To increase political/public support for conservation<br />
• To generate fund for conservation<br />
• To reduce conservation costs and increases conservation efficiency.<br />
Opportunities<br />
• Both in develop and developing world local constituencies are vital for sustainable<br />
conservation.<br />
• Studies suggest that people are not against park. They are only unhappy with the approach of<br />
park management.<br />
• There is a growing realization that the cost of protection has been largely skewed towards local<br />
communities and that such unfair distribution of cost and benefits should be minimized.<br />
41
• A strong consensus has developed that protected areas need to make a solid contribution to<br />
poverty alleviation and sustainable development.<br />
• Biodiversity hot spots and poverty hot spots largely overlaps. Making the linkage between<br />
nature conservation and poverty help contribute MDGs , CBD and other international<br />
commitments.<br />
• Politics of conservation can influence the politics of development<br />
• All over the world, conservation, sustainable use and equitable benefit sharing have been the<br />
main guiding principles of protected area management and inclusive, participatory and<br />
livelihood-based conservation paradigms have been gaining ground since the mid 80s.<br />
• The values and policies associated with protected areas are now very different from those that<br />
prevailed in the past<br />
• Mainstream conservation policy now favours socially just conservation.<br />
Challenges<br />
• It is quite difficult to understand and reconcile the interests, needs and expectations of a wide<br />
range of stakeholders as well as the complexity of their relationships with the resource and<br />
with one another<br />
• Broad conservation benefit is unlikely to provide a sufficient incentive to offset the wildlife<br />
costs incurred by an individual farmer. As multiple objectives pull in different directions , a<br />
good balance between public and private benefits is always difficult.<br />
• There are very few successful and convincing cases, which can show a positive relationship<br />
between local livelihood improvement and conservation of protected area resources.<br />
• Several studies reveal that conservation projects based on incentive and alternatives have many<br />
limitations and have largely failed to achieve both conservation and development objectives.<br />
• Linking conservation and communities runs the risk of misplaced priorities and confusion<br />
between means and ends.<br />
• Participation of people has been taken as a strategy rather than conservation principle<br />
• Alternative livelihoods and related social activities are primarily designed to compensate social<br />
costs – rather than to prevent them<br />
• C-C linkages have sometimes been implemented as little more than a token gesture and as a<br />
way to buy favour in order to maintain the old, strict management approach for the park<br />
Limitations<br />
• Conclusive results of such activities on biodiversity conservation have been debated .<br />
• The livelihood linkage is a necessary, but not sufficient condition to take the place of<br />
biodiversity conservation.<br />
42
• It has been cautioned not to idealize community based conservation as the panacea for the<br />
world‟s protected area challenges due to the difficulty in achieving win – win outcomes of<br />
poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation<br />
• Protected areas cannot solve the structural problems of society<br />
Understanding linkages<br />
• Linking conservation and poverty reduction means trying to achieve the best possible outcome,<br />
not necessarily a perfect outcome<br />
• The need for exploring complementarities and trade-offs rather than conflict between<br />
conservation and development<br />
• The question is not about promoting poverty reduction over conservation, but about<br />
acknowledging that both poverty reduction and conservation are important objectives and that<br />
it is often necessary to address both in order to achieve either.<br />
Linking is balancing the conservation<br />
• Reconciling the needs of people with conservation and long term<br />
objectives of conservation with immediate needs of the people<br />
• Sweet concept but hard to practice<br />
• In contrary to manage as an isolated protected zone in the past,<br />
protected areas are now seen as part of mosaic of land and natural resource uses and considered<br />
as interdependent with communities and economies.<br />
• The new paradigm of protected area management promotes building a wide range of<br />
constituencies that support protected areas, locating protected areas within the wider agenda of<br />
sustainable development, and giving greater recognition to the rights, needs and cultures of the<br />
indigenous and local communities<br />
• Conservation strategy should address the human and natural processes that influence the<br />
ecology of the wider areas.<br />
• “Ensuring benefits for people” is a principle that underlies the landscape and the ecosystem<br />
based conservation approaches<br />
Understanding linkages<br />
The major functions of protected areas deliver different benefits at different scales.<br />
43
Many stakeholders have interests in protected areas and important roles to play in their<br />
management.<br />
Level of engagement<br />
Macro level<br />
No state actors<br />
State actors<br />
Micro level<br />
44
Strategies and approaches<br />
• Meet, link, reconcile<br />
• More collaborative<br />
• Institutional restructuring -both management and governance, type and quality of governance<br />
• Address not only fairness in the present and future arrangements but also re-dressing past<br />
inequalities by sharing resource, rights and responsibilities.<br />
• Equal playing field to avoid elite capture<br />
• Empowering than employing<br />
• Adopt good governance principles - Participation, Rule of law, Transparency, Responsiveness,<br />
Consensus orientation, Equity, Accountability, Strategic vision.<br />
You may agree?<br />
• Protected areas must forge linkages with people based on equity, linked rights and<br />
responsibilities if they are to continue to be important for biodiversity conservation.<br />
• Conservation practices right to people will never be wrong to conservation.<br />
6.3 Alternative versus mass tourism<br />
Alternative tourism<br />
• An umbrella term for indigenous tourism, soft tourism, green tourism, sensitized tourism<br />
responsible tourism appropriate tourism, cottage tourism and local tourism – means almost<br />
anything to anyone!<br />
• Alternative approach to tourism should be: community centered, employ local resource,<br />
relatively easy to manage, not destructive to nature and culture, benefit both hosts and guests<br />
and even improve communication between them‟ (Jafari, 1990)<br />
Alternative not restrictive or regressive<br />
• Alternative tourism does not mean reducing tourism activities but diversifying tourism<br />
opportunities and doing them in responsible ways.<br />
• Promoting and sustaining tourism in opposite to „tourism kill tourism‟ approach of Mass<br />
Tourism.<br />
• There are more than sea, sand and sun<br />
• Amore benign alternative to conventional mass tourism<br />
• Tourism for forever<br />
Advantages of AT<br />
• Direct benefits to family or individual<br />
45
• Benefit to local community<br />
• Benefit to host country<br />
• Good for cost conscious but responsible travelers<br />
• Benefits for international by promoting international – interregional –intercultural<br />
understanding<br />
Mass tourism<br />
• Non local orientation,<br />
• Very little benefits stays at the local level<br />
• Generates little local income<br />
• Big hotels/structures – use of non local materials<br />
• Little requirements of local food products<br />
• Generally owned by outsiders<br />
• Commercialization of natural and cultural resources<br />
• Inauthentic : Not operated with the interest of local people and the resources base in mind<br />
• Enjoy, destroy and disappear<br />
Mass and alternative tourism<br />
Sustainable tourism practices<br />
Unsustainable tourism practices<br />
Mass tourism<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong><br />
Hard reality<br />
• Mass tourism does not go away due to economic and socio- philosophical reasons<br />
• Easy travel, comfort, less risk, time, language, food etc<br />
• One person‟s ecotourism dream may be another‟s touristic nightmare.<br />
• Creating alternatives and improving the mass tourism operations will be an realistic strategy to<br />
contribute to environment and local economy<br />
Principle of ecotourism<br />
• <strong>Ecotourism</strong> ecology and tourism tourism activities in ecologically sensitive areas.<br />
46
• „A responsible travel to actual areas which conserve environment and improves the welfare of<br />
local people‟ – The Eco-tourism Society.<br />
• <strong>Ecotourism</strong> more than responsible to nature but also responsible to the well being of local<br />
people and their culture<br />
• It is a responsible and purposeful travel based on mutual learning and respect.<br />
• Just an idea and promoted without an understanding of its basic principles in 1980s<br />
• International principles, guidelines etc developed throughout 1990s but still not single and<br />
globally accepted principals and standards available.<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> sustainability<br />
Requirements for ecotourism<br />
Nine characteristics.<br />
• It promotes positive environmental ethics and fosters "preferred" behaviour in its participants.<br />
• It does not degrade the resource. In other words, it does not involve consumptive erosion of<br />
the natural environment. (Hunting for sport, and fishing, may be classified as wildland (green)<br />
tourism, but they are most aptly classified as adventure tourism, rather than ecotourism.)<br />
• It concentrates on intrinsic rather than extrinsic values. Facilities and services may<br />
facilitate the encounter with the intrinsic resource, but never become attractions in their own<br />
right, and do not detract from the resource.<br />
• It is oriented around the environment in question and not around man. Ecotourists accept<br />
the environment as it is, neither expecting it to change or to be modified for their convenience.<br />
• It must benefit the wildlife and environment. The question of whether or not the<br />
environment (not just people) has received "benefits" can be measured socially, economically,<br />
scientifically, managerially, and politically. At the very least, the environment must attain a net<br />
benefit, contributing to its sustainability and ecological integrity.<br />
47
• It provides a first-hand encounter with the natural environment (and with any<br />
accompanying cultural elements found in undeveloped areas). Zoological parks do not<br />
constitute an ecotourism experience (although they may contribute to the development of a<br />
person's interest in ecotourism). Visitor centres and on-site interpretive slide shows can be<br />
considered to form part of an ecotourism activity only if they direct people to a first-hand<br />
experience.<br />
• It actively involves the local communities in the tourism process so that they may benefit<br />
from it, thereby contributing to a better valuation of the natural resources in that locality.<br />
• Its level of gratification is measured in terms of education and/or appreciation rather than<br />
in thrill-seeking or physical achievement; the latter is more characteristic of adventure tourism.<br />
• It involves considerable preparation and demands in-depth knowledge on the part of<br />
both leaders and participants. The satisfaction derived from the experience is felt and<br />
expressed strongly in emotional and inspirational ways<br />
TES’s seven basic principles of ecotourism:<br />
• It avoids negative impacts that can damage or destroy the character of the natural or cultural<br />
environments being visited.<br />
• It educates the traveller on the importance of conservation.<br />
• It directs revenues to the conservation of natural areas and the management of protected areas.<br />
• It brings economic benefits to local communities and directs revenues to local people living<br />
near the protected areas.<br />
• It emphasizes the need for planning and sustainable growth of the tourism industry and seeks<br />
to ensure that tourism development does not exceed the social and environmental “capacity.”<br />
• It retains a high percentage of revenues in the host country by stressing the use of locallyowned<br />
facilities and services.<br />
• Rely on infrastructures that are in harmony to local environment and use local resources<br />
• Conservation,community and sustainable travel<br />
48
Philosophy of sustainability and intergenerational equity<br />
• We do not inherit the earth from our parents; we borrow it from our children.‟ - an American<br />
Native<br />
• „The needs of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of future<br />
generations to meet their own needs.‟ - Bruntland Commission, 1987.<br />
• Now responsible/sustainable travel is also important in the context of climate change<br />
• Minimum ecological footprint at the local level is not enough minimum carbon foot print is<br />
equally required<br />
• Approx. 5% of the global emission. Approx. 40% from air travel.<br />
• By 2035, under a “business as usual” scenario, carbon dioxide emissions from global tourism<br />
are projected to increase by 130 per cent.<br />
The attributes of ecotourism that make it a valuable tool for conservation<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
give economic value to ecosystem services that protected areas provide;<br />
generate direct income for the conservation of protected areas;<br />
generate direct and indirect income for local stakeholders,<br />
creating incentives for conservation in local communities;<br />
build constituencies for conservation, locally, nationally and internationally;<br />
promote sustainable use of natural resources; and<br />
Reduce threats to biodiversity.<br />
Elements crucial to the ultimate success of an eecotourism initiative<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
have a low impact upon a protected area‟s natural resources;<br />
involve stakeholders (individuals, communities, eco-tourists, tour operators and<br />
government institutions) in the planning, development, implementation and monitoring<br />
phases;<br />
respect local cultures and traditions;<br />
generate sustainable and equitable income for local communities and for as many other<br />
stakeholders as possible, including private tour operators;<br />
generate income for protected area conservation; and<br />
Educate all stakeholders about their role in conservation.<br />
49
6.2 Sustainable tourism development<br />
• Like ecotourism, such terms as sustainable tourism and responsible tourism are rooted in the<br />
concept of sustainable development, or development that "meets the needs of the present<br />
without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs" (Bruntland<br />
Commission, 1987).<br />
• With this concept in mind, sustainable tourism was defined in the 1992 Agenda 21 for the<br />
Travel and Tourism Industry as tourism that "meets the needs of present tourists and host<br />
regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future."<br />
Three interfaces of sustainable tourism<br />
• Tourism has its limitations and must operate within certain constraints – environmental quality,<br />
inclusion of local people, and limit of growth<br />
• Improvement of quality of all involved<br />
• Recognization of interface of different stake groups.<br />
Approaches and strategies<br />
• Participatory planning<br />
• Efficiency<br />
• Environmental friendliness,<br />
• Slow development<br />
• High quality<br />
• Humanistic<br />
• Authenticity<br />
Stakeholders and tourism sustainability<br />
‣7- all win scenario<br />
‣4,5,6 – one or two win<br />
at the costs of other one<br />
‣All lose scenario<br />
1. Tourism<br />
2. Protected<br />
Areas<br />
5 4<br />
7<br />
6<br />
3. Local<br />
communities<br />
Requirements of sustainable nature tourism policy<br />
• Sustainable tourism is the product of partnership of different stakeholders – government,<br />
private sector, community.<br />
• National support and advance planning<br />
• Appropriate pricing and revenue policy<br />
50
• Local participation and benefits.<br />
• Sustainable tourism can only be sustainable when it is designed in the framework of<br />
sustainable development.<br />
Strategy<br />
• Tourism as a development tools must sensitive to fulfill the requirements of many stakeholder<br />
groups.<br />
• Relationship between ecotourism and indigenous people is necessary<br />
• Good partnership is necessary to ensure a high quality product is delivered and tourism<br />
experiences rely on aspects of communities.<br />
• Education at all levels in different aspects of ecotourism<br />
• Lack of capacity to link ecotourism directly with the market of developed country is the main<br />
reason of income leakage<br />
• Eco-lodge: a nature dependent tourist lodge that meets the philoshopy and principle of<br />
ecotourism<br />
Risks and limitations<br />
• Manage nature and cultural resources<br />
• Minimise energy and waste<br />
• Example of successes are few<br />
• Risk of turning ecotourism to mass tourism and local community to commercial control<br />
Core indicators of sustainable tourism<br />
• Site protection<br />
• Stress<br />
• Use intensity<br />
• Social impact<br />
• Development control<br />
• Waste management<br />
• Critical ecosystems<br />
• Consumer satisfaction<br />
• Local satisfaction<br />
• Contribution to local economy<br />
• Sustainable tourism is crucial to promote a positive park people relationship.<br />
• Sixty-one percent of Americans believe their experience is better when their destination<br />
preserves its unique natural, historic, and cultural sites<br />
• The rationale behind ecotourism is that local tourism businesses would not destroy natural<br />
resources but would instead support their protection.<br />
51
• Taking a stroll through a rainforest is not considered ecotourism unless that stroll benefits that<br />
environment and the people who live there.<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> and opportunities for PA management<br />
Potential ecotourism Opportunities<br />
Potential tourism threats<br />
A tourism business is a trap, it is a<br />
tainted honey<br />
Tourism: a key development<br />
• A key development tool since 1990s.<br />
• Tourism planning in regional scale<br />
• Community based tourism<br />
– Develop grassroots planning process<br />
– Inventory regional tourism resources<br />
– Set goal and objective in line with culture and natural resource sustainability<br />
– Establishment of management board<br />
Community based ecotourism<br />
• Community involvement<br />
• Community benefits<br />
• Community ownership<br />
• Local and community products – cultural, natural<br />
Sustainable tourism planning and management strategy<br />
• Be as culturally sensitive as possible<br />
• Work within existing institutional frameworks as opposed to creating new<br />
• Multi-sectoral planning to allow all affected stakeholders to participate in decision making<br />
52
Source: http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/UNWTO_Highlights10_en_HR.pdf<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> and its global contexts<br />
• In 2002, ecotourism became recognized around the world as a legitimate form of tourism.<br />
During this year the United Nations celebrated the“International Year of <strong>Ecotourism</strong>”<br />
• The primary focus of ecotourism should be on the conservation of the natural environment and<br />
the quality of life for the local community<br />
• Developing countries look to ecotourism as a way to earn revenue from foreign countries,<br />
especially those of the rich developed world.<br />
• Countries where ecotourism is a significant portion of gross domestic product are: CostaRica,<br />
Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya, Madagascar, Bolivia, Belize, Dominica, Mongolia, Vietnam,<br />
Cambodia, Fiji, Namibia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.<br />
• Tourism and travel is a primary source of foreign exchange earnings in 46 out of 50 of the<br />
world‟s LDC.<br />
• The share in international tourist arrivals received by emerging and developing countries has<br />
steadily risen, from 32% in 1990 to 47% in 2009.<br />
• The contribution of tourism to economic activity worldwide is estimated at some 5%.<br />
Tourism‟s contribution to employment tends to be slightly higher relatively and is estimated in<br />
the order of 6-7% of the overall number of jobs worldwide (direct and indirect).<br />
Key Trend<br />
• Rich and educated tourists<br />
• Regional demand<br />
• Increasing wealth<br />
• Attitude to experience new and unique<br />
• Clean and green economy<br />
<strong>Ecotourism</strong> has opportunity and challenges.<br />
• National capacity and awareness • Regionalization (Asia)<br />
53
• Devolution and decentralization<br />
• Conservation of culture and nature<br />
• Link to other regional attractions<br />
• Eco and unique tourism products<br />
• Development of service<br />
lines/production<br />
• Education and training to enhance<br />
capacity<br />
• Infrastructure development<br />
54