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132 Economic Analysis (2010, Vol. 43, No. 1-2, 126-133) • Clusters should be built on the basis of existing potential and avoid creating initiatives in branches which are not sufficiently developed or generally do not appear in a given location, • The presence of a large enterprise in a given branch which is seen positively as a source of new technologies, acquisition of expertise, client base and suppliers, as well as space for the development of human resources, • Adequate technical infrastructure is essential together with a developed network of transportation and telecommunication connections, as well as an accessible base of attractive real estate for investors. Institutional mechanisms are helpful here in the form of entrepreneurial incubators, scientific, technological and industrial centres, due to the conditions of mutual work in a specified physical space offered by them; • The presence of an entrepreneurial spirit, especially among employees of a scientific and research unit and large innovative enterprises which is to lead to the formation of spin-off and spin-out firms; • The possibilities of access to financial capital in the form of high risk capital (venture capital), networks of investors searching for innovative and prospering enterprises (the so-called business angels), loan funds and finally public programmes, finance programmes e.g. EU funds; • The development strategy of a cluster should be realized at an appropriate level of local government which facilitates the effective initiation, • In the initial phase of development of a cluster an analysis of the potential or existing concentration of enterprises of a given branch should be analysed making use of the existing clusters in other locations. The results of this analysis should be used for public debate with the aim of working out a wide social consensus, • The action taken should enable the increase in the specialization of cooperating enterprises and institutions with the aim of realizing economies of scale and range, division of labour, as well as development on a local scale of specialized factors of production which facilitates the strengthening of the competitive position of the cluster, • Using the benefits accruing from the geographical proximity should be promoted by the establishment of associations of sub-suppliers or other forms of mutual interaction (e.g. associations of mutual credit guarantees) stimulating diffusion of knowledge and technology, as well as the processes of mutual learning, • In the case of highly technological clusters, one of the fundamental activities should be acknowledged as stimulating and creating flexible interactions at the level of industry and the academic sector, • For the achievement of success, it is essential to build clusters on the basis of formal and informal networks of interaction within which the information flows can take place. This type of social network that emerged on the basis of a high level of trust and social capital can be stimulated by strong institutional structures divided by cultural values and common goals;
Pachura, P., Innovation Policy Based on Network Paradigm, EA (2010, Vol. 43, No. 1-2, 126-133) 133 • The market success of a cluster is conditioned by the access to the base of skills understood as the highly skilled workforce; • Mechanisms should be created that enable resignation from cluster initiatives in the case of their failure. In summing up, the results of the analysis of the conditioning of the initiated innovative policy directed at clusters, it should be first and foremost underlined that the key aim of this policy should be to strive towards the creation of a long lasting competitive advantage in the economy of the region. The way for achieving the afore-mentioned aim can become a strong innovative cluster or group of smaller innovative clusters functioning within the framework of a coherent system of innovation. The policy based on clusters should be supported by a set of other complementary actions within the framework of related policies, which leads to the gaining of synergy effects. This is therefore the policy which penetrates into other policies and in its own essence takes on a nature of horizontal activities. The concept of clusters is according to other models of development for innovative regions and should be treated in this way as a supplement for the models of the learning regions, regional systems of innovation and the innovative environment. All the afore-mentioned theories of regional development are based on the network paradigm of innovation and enable local spatial arrangements to meet the challenges of the global knowledge economy. References A Practical Guide to Cluster Development, Department of Trade and Industry, DTI, London Andersson T., et al., The Cluster Policies Whitebook, IKED, 2004 Boosting Innovation. The Cluster Approach, OECD, 1999 Brodnicki T., Szultka S., Tamowicz P., Polityka wspierania klastrów. Najlepsze praktyki. Rekomendacje dla Polski, Niebieskie Księgi, Rekomendacje (Policy of supporting clusters.Best practices. Recommendations for Poland) No. 11, IBNGR, Gdańsk 2004 Cluster Based Economic Development: A Key to Regional Competitiveness, EDA, 1997 Innovative Clusters. Drivers of National Innovation Systems, OECD, 2001 Matlovič, R., Matlovičová K., Regionálne disparity a regionálny rozvoj na Slovensku s osobitným zreteľom na Prešovský kraj. [In:] E. Rydz, A. Kowalak (eds.), Świadomość ekologiczna a rozwój regionalny w Europie Środkowo-wschodniej. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Pomorskiej, Słupsk, 2008 Porter M., Porter o konkurencji, PWE, Warszawa 2001 Ślusarczyk B., The EU Adjustments in the Sphere of Industrial Policy [in:] microCAD 2008. International <strong>Scientific</strong> Conference. Economic Challenges. Miskolc 2008 Article history: Received: 18 January 2010 Accepted: 22 April 2010
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PUBLISHER Institute of Economic Sci
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C O N T E N T S The Upsurgence of C
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Guest Editor’s Notes The current
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ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER The Upsur
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Matray, M., The Upsurgence of Clust
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