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16 Economic Analysis (2010, Vol. 43, No. 1-2, 9-24) territory which is holder of positive externalities continue to develop strategies for competition and cooperation 18 amongst themselves. These lines of thought demonstrate the interest of clusters which wisely use globalization to maximize on its own development. The cluster channels the negative effects globalization may cause (absence of identity status due to the a - territoriality; the skepticism of the exchange of strategic information via ICT, hence the interest of face to face; the fear of espionage hence the need for the pole to restore confidence and security of information) and uses the benefits globalization provides (a myriad of networks, globalization of ICT and its absence of virtual borders). Gradually the new industrial policy of clusters has proven its strength in the light of globalization and plays the role of a policy for growth to gain the required competitiveness to integrate itself in the stream of globalization. The industrial policy of a cluster The objective of this policy is twofold; internal development of the territory in which it is located and external development namely: • Disseminate innovation (F. Perroux) in the territory in which the cluster is located, develop territorial economic activity • Promote competitiveness national and worldwide renown. Thus, in order to achieve the objectives of the pole what matters, according to J. Savatier 19 , is the will for putting in place networking actors, yet this will is evolutionary, just like social networks which make up the pole. Thus, according to Edward S. et al (2004) “networks experience endogenous development related to the transformation of links, objectives and members [...] but also changes in the external environment.” To adapt to these changes and promote cooperation EI is fundamental as it maintains the renewal of information on a daily basis in order to have data updated through the process of spying being conducive to research. EI also maintains the notion of trust through the protection of storage of information heritage. As an extension to the first part, the emphasis will be on the cluster as a component of integration into the globalization process. The objectives of an industrial policy of clusters as illustrated in France Thus, in order to assimilate these economic changes associated with globalization an industrial policy focused on the territory was established by the CIACT (Interministerial Committee for Planning and Competitiveness in Territories). From 2005 to 2007, 71 clusters were officially recognized as such in France, amongst which 7 were distinguished as world clusters and 10 as potential world ones. 18 Bouchet, Y., Bertacchini, Y. and Noël, L. (2008), “Construire la confiance dans les échanges numériques, cas dans un pôle de compétitivité”, ISDM Informations, Savoirs, Décisions & Médiations, 3 rd quarter 2008. 19 Savatier, J. (2007), “ Table-ronde d’ouverture “l’innovation et l’anticipation des mutations économiques et sociales : perspectives européenne”” in “innovation et anticipation des mutations économiques et sociales”, Seminar organized by the European Commission, Diact and DGEFP, Bordeaux, 22-24 October 2007.
Matray, M., The Upsurgence of Clusters, EA (2010, Vol. 43, No, 1-2, 9-24) 17 History of the establishment of clusters; new industrial strategy of government. Figure 2. History of the establishment of clusters 2002 Implementation of a strategic committee by Jean-Pierre Raffarin CIADT of 13 December 2002. 2003 Establishment of an ʺindustrialʺ working group 2004 Datar Report – “France, an industrial power”- February Blanc Report - ʺFor an ecosystem of growthʺ - March Financial bill for 2005 presented by Nicolas Sarkozy (Art. 24) CIADT of 14 September 2004 Call for presentation of projects of ʺclustersʺ - November 2005 Closure of the call for presentation of projects - 28 February 2005 Completion of inquiry by technical experts of projects - May 9 Establishment of the Group of qualified actors - May 16 Proposal of the Interministerial Working Group to Government - end June CIADT of 12 July 2005 – Official recognition of the 67 cluster projects CIADT of 14 October 2005 - Validation of draft contracts and field of R & D. Decree of 14 October 2005 – “Interministerial Committee for Planning and development of territories” CIADT is renamed “Interministerial Committee for Planning and Competitiveness in Territories” CIACT. 2007 5 July 2007, 71 clusters are officially recognized Source: Jacquet, N. and Darmon, D. (2005), “Les pôles de compétitivité. Le modèle français”, Documentation française, coll. Etudes n°5225. Criteria of quality selected for agreement of cluster F. Leroy 20 , head of Mission, member of the working group ʺclustersʺ, Management of entreprises, MINEFI, outlines the main objectives of clusters namely: • Strengthen competitiveness of the national territory, • Boosting economic development, • Create or maintain jobs in industry, • And attracting investment and expertise at European level and globally. In view of this, in order to be recognized as a cluster, a draft project of pole must meet the specified criteria defined in November 2004 by the government. The following four criteria are decisive: • A development strategy consistent with the economic development of the territory of the pole, • A development strategy consistent with the local dynamism and performance of the economic fabric in the light of international competition, • Sufficient international recognition, both industrially &/or technologically. The projects submitted must eventually pave the way to a leading position worldwide in their specific fields. The second criterion refers to a distinction between the poles with the 20 Leroy, F. (2005), “Pôles de compétitivité : de l’appel à projets à la labellisation”. Entreprises, réseaux et territoires, 22 March 2005.
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Pachura, P., Innovation Policy Base
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Lovre, I., et al., Book Review, EA
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Author Guidelines General outline A
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