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Innovation and clinical specialities: burns References continued 34. Mann, R. and D. Heimbach, Prognosis and treatment of burns. Western Journal of Medicine, 1996. 165: p. 215-20 http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55203 35. MacMillan, B., Burn Wound Sepsis – a 10 year experience. Burns, 1975. 2(1). 36. Gallagher, J., S. Wolf, and D. Herndon, Burns, in Sabiston Textbook of General Surgery, C.e.a. Townsted, Editor. 2008. 37. Molan, P., The role of honey in the management of wounds. J Wound Care, 1999. 8: p. 415- 8. 38. Halkes, S., J. du Pont, and M.e.a. Hoekstra, The use of tannic acid in the local treatment of bum wounds: intriguing old and new perspectives. Wounds, 2001. 13(4): p. 144-58. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55206 39. Chokoto, L. and E. van Hasselt, The use of tannins in the local treatment of burn wounds. . Malawi Medical Journal, 2005. 17(1): p. 19-20. 40. Ghalambor, A., M. Pipelzadeh, and A. Khodadadi, The Amniotic Membrane: A Suitable Biological Dressing to Prevent Infection in Thermal Burns. Medical Journal of Islamic Academy of Science, 2000. 13(3): p. 115-8. 41. Ramakrishnan, K. and V. Jayaraman, Management of partial thickness burn wounds by amniotic membrane; a cost effective treatment in developing countries. Burns, 1997. 23 (Suppl 1): p. 533-6. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55207 42. Gore, M. and D. Akolekar, Evaluation of banana leaf dressing for partial thickness burn wounds. Burns, 2003. 29: p. 487-92. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55208 43. Ozumba, U. and B. Jiburum, Bacteriology of burn wounds in Enugu. Nigeria Burns, 2000. 26: p. 178-80. 44. Ugburo, An evaluation of the role of systematic antibiotic prophylaxis in the control of burn wound infection at the Lagos University Teaching hospital. Burns, 2004. 30: p. 43-8. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55209 45. Herndon, D.N. and R. Tompkins, Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. The Lancet, 2004. 363. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55210 46. Manktelow, A., Burn injury and management in Liberia. Burns, 1990. 16: p. 432-6. 47. Corwin, H., A. Gettinger, and R. Pearl, The CRIT Study: Anemia and blood transfusion in the critically ill. Current clinical practicie in the United States. Crit Care Med, 2004. 32: p. 39- 52. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55211 48. Palmieri, T., D. Caruso, and K.e.a. Foster, Effect of blood transfusion on outcome after major burn injury: a multi center sutdy. Crit Care Med, 2006. 34(6): p. 1602-7. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55213 49. James, J.e.a., The prevalence of HIV infection among burn patients in a burns unit in Malawi and its influence on outcome. Burns, 2003. 29: p. 55-60. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55214 50. Edge, J., et al., Clinical Outcome of HIV positive patients with moderate to severe burns. Burns, 2001. 27: p. 111-114. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55215 51. Prasanna, M., P. Mishra, and T. C., Delayed primary closure of the burn wounds. Burns, 2004. 30: p. 169-75. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55216 52. Stevenson, J., et al., The establishment of a burns unit in a developing country: collaborative venture in Malawi. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 1999. 52: p. 488-94. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55218 53. Bell, M. and M. Duncan, The Cutting Edge of Plastic Surgery: How to Sharpen Your Humby Knife. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery., 1998. 101(3): p. 864-5. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55219 54. Bell, M., M. Duncan, and S. Shanhrokhi Ebrahimipour, Successful Skin Grafting in Developing Countries. Tropical Doctor, 2000. 30(3): p. 149-51. 55. Bell, M. and M. Duncan, Need A Pizza Meshed Skin? A Simple Expansion Device. Tropical Doctor, 1997. 27(4): p. 229. 56. Richard, R. and R.S. Ward, Splinting Strategies and Controversies. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 2005. 26(5). http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55220 57. Serghiou, M.A., A. McLaughlin, and D.N. Herndon, Alternative Splinting Methods for the Prevention and Correction of Burn Scar Torticollis. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 2003. 24: p. 336-40. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55221 58. Manigandan, C., et al., A multi-purpose, self-adjustable aeroplane splint for the aplinting of axillary burns. Burns, 2003. 29: p. 276-9. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55222 59. Germann, G. and K. Philipp, The Burned Hand, in Green’s Operative Hand Surgery, D.e.a. Green, Editor. 2005. 60. Hashem, F.K. and Z.A. Khayal, Oral Burn Contractures in Children. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 2003. 51(5): p. 468-71. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55223 61. Hudson, D. and A. Renshaw, An algorithm for the release of burn contractures of the extremities. Burns, 2006. 32: p. 663-8. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55224 62. Wilson, I.F., et al., Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap Reconstruction of Neck and Axillary Burn Contractures. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2000. 105(27-33). http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55225 63. Lee, W. and A. Salyapongse, Thumb Reconstruction, in Green’s Operative Hand Surgery, G.e. al, Editor. 2005. 64. Gulgonen, A. and K. Ozer, The correction of post-burn contractures of the second through fourth web spaces. Journal of Hand Surgery, 2007. 32A: p. 556-564. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55226 65. Lin, T.-M., et al., Treatment of Axillary Burn Scar Contracture using opposite running Y-Vplasty. Burns, 2005. 31: p. 894-900. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55227 66. Obaidullah, H. Ullah, and M. Aslam, Figure-of-8 sling for prevention of recurrent axillary contracture after release and skin grafting. Burns, 2005. 31(283-9). http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55228 67. Hallock, G.G., A Systematic Approach to Flap Selection for the Axillary Burn Contracture. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 1993. 14: p. 343-7. 68. Esselman, P., et al., Burn Rehabilitation-State of Science. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2006. 85: p. 383-413. http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/55229 <strong>Hospital</strong> and Healthcare Innovation Book 2009/2010 67
Innovation in clinical specialities: cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular risk factor trends and options for reducing future coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America ARTICLE BY SIMON CAPEWELL Division of Public Health, University of Liverpool, England EARL S FORD Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA JANET B CROFT Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA JULIA A CRITCHLEY Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, England KURT J GREENLUND Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA DARWIN R LABARTHE Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA One of the objectives of the Healthy People 2010 initiative in the United States of America (USA) is achievement of a 20% reduction in age-adjusted coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates. We examined the potential for changes in cardiovascular risk factors to achieve that target using a previously validated, comprehensive CHD mortality model. This model integrates information on trends in all the major cardiovascular risk factors, stratified by age and sex. The potential reductions in CHD mortality within the projected population of the USA aged 25 to 84 years in 2010 (198 million) from base year 2000 were calculated for three contrasting scenarios. In the first scenario, if age-adjusted CHD mortality rates observed in 2000 remained unchanged, some 388 470 CHD deaths would occur in 2010. Continuation of recent risk factor trends should result in approximately 19 000 fewer coronary deaths (some 51 000 fewer deaths attributable to improvements in total cholesterol and men’s blood pressure, decreased smoking and increased physical activity, minus approximately 32 000 additional deaths attributable to adverse trends in obesity, diabetes and women’s blood pressure). In the second scenario, success in reaching all the Healthy People 2010 risk factor targets would achieve approximately 188 000 fewer deaths. In the third, additional reductions in risk factors to the levels already seen in the lowrisk stratum could potentially prevent approximately 372 000 deaths. Achievement of the Healthy People 2010 targets could almost halve predicted CHD deaths. Additional reductions in major risk factors could prevent or postpone substantially more CHD deaths. Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounted for over 450 000 deaths in the United States of America (USA) in 2004. 1,2 The burden of CHD is enormous, affecting more than 13 million people and generating direct health-care costs exceeding US$ 150 billion annually. 1,2 Since the late 1970s, age-adjusted CHD mortality rates have been halved in most industrialized countries including the USA. However, between 1990 and 2000 this decrease diminished, with clear flattening in younger age groups. 1,2 Many adults in the USA still demonstrate high levels of risk for cardiovascular disease. Total cholesterol levels exceed 200 mg/dl among more than 100 million adults, approximately 70 million have or are being treated for high blood pressure (a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) and over 50 million people still smoke. 2–4 The Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) initiative promoted by the government of the USA contains targets for heart disease and stroke that explicitly address risk factor prevention, detection and management, along with prevention of recurrent events. HP2010 objectives include a 20% reduction in age-adjusted CHD mortality rates (from 203 per 100 000 population in 1998 to 162 per 100 000 in 2010).3 They also include specific targets for reducing cholesterol (to 199 mg/dl), smoking (to 12%), hypertension (to 16%), diabetes (to 6%), obesity (to 15%) and inactivity (to 20%). 3 Inactivity was measured in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the proportion of adults engaging in no physical activity.5 If those targets are achieved, what reduction in CHD mortality might actually result? Large meta-analyses and cohort studies have consistently demonstrated substantial reductions in CHD deaths related to decreases in each of the major cardiovascular risk factors among individuals covered by the studies. 6–8 However, it is difficult to attribute a decline in the mortality rate for an entire population either to specific risk factor changes or to more effective medical interventions because favourable trends in both often have occurred simultaneously. 9,10 Furthermore, risk factor improvements such as lower blood pressure or cholesterol may be achieved through medications, lifestyle changes or a combination. 1,2,8–10 68 <strong>Hospital</strong> and Healthcare Innovation Book 2009/2010
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International Hospital Federation I
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Introduction Sterile Barrier System
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Contents Healthcare transformation
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International Hospital Federation H
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Introduction Introduction ERIC DE R
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Innovation and strategy 14 Creativi
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Innovation in patient care: patient
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Innovation in patient care: patient
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C M Y CM MY CY CMY K with support f
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IHF reference IHF Governing Council
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IHF reference IHF Consultants Audit
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IHF reference JAPAN JAPAN HOSPITAL
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IHF reference KENYA THE NAIROBI HOS
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IHF Corporate Member Profiles GE He
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How Can Health Organizations Get th
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