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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013 315
ISSN 2250-3153
which their discussions led to the idea of object - type or object -
standard that stood for live integration of future notions, Cubism
and Classicism (Banham:1976:225).
Likewise, Banham pointed out to the role of function and
economy in crystallizing modern types, explaining that Purism
brought into view the mechanical law of choosing which
establishes things of specified types emerging between the
idealism of utmost benefit and correspondence with economical
manufacturing requisites (Banham:1976:229).
5.b. The Root of Type in Sherban Cantacuzino’s Study
The study of Sherban Cantacuzino discussed some of the
peculiarity in the aspects of the concept of type in the period of
modernism, pointing out to the main engagement of the modern
movement, related to exploring and developing architectural
models types. It means that the architectural models types have
not been discovered before. However, in the 1920’s, search had
become more organized and related to the principle to serve the
needs of the society that had been greatly affected by WWI The
critic also confirmed that the concept of type is related to the
concepts of standardization and production as a whole
considering that, since the architects of Modernism focus on the
inclusive re-testing of the society’s new needs, design will
become a kind of prototype which can be repeated in large
quantities via manufactured production (Cantacuzino:1977:
337:338).
5.c. The Root of Type in Juan Pablo Bonta’s Study
Juan Pablo Bonta’s study pointed out to certain aspects of
the concept of type peculiarity in the presentations of modernism,
explaining that the adapted typical intellectual orientation
towards functional typologies in the early twentieth century was
of a pragmatic base that aims at helping men of the selfsame craft
solving their designing problems via the organizational patterns
and dimensional matters represented by graphic standards,
technical and dimensional information. He also points out to the
widespread of literatures on the classes of functional
architectural models’ types (residential, commercial and
industrial) in books and articles that focus on the modern patterns
among them (Bonta: 1979:126).
5.d .The Root of Type in Freserick A. Jules’s Study
Freserick A. Jules’s study defines this type from Modernism
point of view, which indicates the architectural model type, and
considering that buildings can be assembled in classes like
schools, houses and hospitals…, each type stands for a symbol of
its function in the society and having a traditional place in the
context of that society. The study also points out that, the type of
the architectural model has antecedents represented by the mental
images which symbolize the function of that architectural model
in the society (Jules:1979:245).
Jules’ presentations define the concept of prototype as
representing specific patterns based on careful research into the
optimum form for their specific use. These patterns are called
prototypes. Architects are continually looking for these optimum
ordering patterns, both in the architectural model they visit and in
the preliminary research they do for a particular object. Jules
indicates the importance of the prototypes for the designer,
considering that the starting point in many designing efforts
includes the identification of prototypes that are applicable for
the special situation (Jules: 1979:161:162).
VI. THE ROOT OF TYPE IN ARCHITECTURAL PRESENTATIONS
AT THE POST MODERNISM AGE AFTER 1960
The concept of type emerged in the presentations of this
period, as its theorists were interested in searching for hypothesis
and design methodologies to be as an alternative for the
preceding modernism architecture. In their presentations, the
theorists of this period confirm the role of typology in generating
a symbolic continual architecture(Abdul Aziz : 2007).
6.a .The Root of Type in Carlo Aymonino’s Study
Carlo Aymonino (1926 - 2010) an Italian architect and
urban planner best known for the Gallaretese housing complex in
Milan ,defined the architectural model type as the study of the
potential associations of elements to obtain a classification for
the architectural orders via types. He defined the element as
representing a part of a whole that can be separated by analysis.
He hypothesized that an element can be only be the right relative
to the whole (Aymonino:1985:49).
He further identifies two kinds of typologies according to
two kinds of elements that define them as follows: firstly,
stylistic and formal elements, and secondly the structural and
organizational elements.
Types of stylistic and formal elements in which
classification is achieved by means of formal or independent
types attempt to introduce a method for analyzing and
comparing artistic phenomena. This is also disregarding the
individual artistic evaluation and the historical presentation of the
classified works. So it aims at searching for the architecture as an
autonomous phenomenon through organized classification of
formal fundamentals (Aymonino: 1985:50).
Types of structural and organizational elements in which
classification is achieved by means of functional or applied types
aim at analyzing the phenomenon away from the judgment of the
aesthetic value, taking into consideration the historical
presentation of works. These types are applicable on architecture
as an urban phenomenon via organized classification of the
structural fundamentals (Aymonino:1985:49).
Aymonino points out that the architectural model type in
this case stands for the study of structural elements which are
industrially organized - not only architectural models, but also
walls, afforested roads, gardens…the whole structure of the
constructed city - along with the aim of classifying them with the
concern of the urban form for a specific historical period or a
specific urban form. He considers that the classification within
them stands for an organized tool of the phenomenon that
establish the relationship among different entities components
via a comparison in terms of its relationship with the urban form.
Therefore, typology represents a tool, not a class, and it is one of
the essential tools having the ability to carry out studies on the
urban phenomenon (Aymonino:1985:50).
6.b. The Root of Type in Christian Norberg-Schulz’s Studies
Christian Norberg-Schulz (1926 - 2000) the Norwegian
architect, architectural historian and theorist states that his
presentations were a reaction for Modernism disregarding the
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