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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013 715 ISSN 2250-3153 leave comprises of mainly forest cover hills and snow cover area. The vegetation of Sikkim has been distinguished into 6 forest zones based on altitudes 12 . They are: 1. Tropical Evergreen Forests (up to 900m) 2. Sub – tropical Forests (900 – 1800m) 3. Temperate Forests (1800 – 2700m) 4. Sub – alpine Forests (2700 – 3500m) 5. Alpine vegetation (3500 – 4500m) 6. Alpine deserts (>4500m) Teesta and Rangeet is the two main rivers of the state. The whole state of Sikkim is divided into four districts i.e. East, West, South and North District which is shown in fig. 1. III. METHODS Field visits for documenting the distribution of bamboo species were undertaken in four districts of Sikkim i.e. East, West, North and South Sikkim. The bamboos were put under four distribution classes i.e. tropical (0- 900m), subtropical (900 – 1800m), temperate (1800 – 2700m), sub – alpine forests (2700 – 3500m) and alpine vegetation (3500 – 4500m). The identification of bamboo was made using some manuals, taxonomical keys and later with the help of experts. The local people were interviewed for documenting the utilization of bamboos. Bamboos distribution and their status in Sikkim have been reviewed in this paper (Gamble 13 , Hooker 14 , Brandis 15 and Noltie 16 ). Following is the list of the species recorded from Sikkim (Table 1). In “Flora of British India”, Hooker 14 has mentioned 13 species of bamboo. By Gamble 13 , in “A Manual of Indian Timber”, 18 species of bamboo are recorded. In “Indian Trees” by Brandis 15 , there are 13 species of bamboo from Sikkim are recorded. In “Flora of Bhutan”, Noltie 16 has mentioned about 14 species of bamboo. Table 1. List of Species recorded from Sikkim Scientific names Vernacular names Distribution in Sikkim Altitude Sanu maling(Nepali), Phyum, North , West and East 2600-3600m 1.Arundinaria recemosa Miknu (Lepcha),& Pheong, mheem (Bhutia) district 2. Bambusa multiplex Chinese bans East district 600-1200m 3. Bambusa nutans Mala bans(Nepali), Mahlu Common up to 1600m 300 – 1600m (Lepcha) & Jiu (Bhutia) Deo bans (Nepali), Pshi, pashipo East district 350-900m 4. Bambusa Pallida (Lepcha) and Bongshing (Bhutia) 5. Bambusa tulda Sigray bans (Nepali), Paoshiding Common up to 1500m 400-1500m ying (Lepcha) 6. Bambusa vulgaris var. Telai bans East district 300-15000m vittata 7. Bambusa vulgaris var. Lota bans East district 300-1500m waminii 8. Dendrocalamus asper Sweet bamboo (English) East district 800-1800m 9. Dendrocalamus Dhungre bans (Nepali), Giant East and South district 600-1200m giganteus bamboo (Nepali) 10. Dendrocalamus Choya bans, Tama(Nepali), Pao Common up to 1500m 300-1500m hamiltonii var. hamiltonii (Lepcha), Pashing (Bhutia) 11. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii var. edulis Guliyo tama bans Common up to 1500m 300-1500m www.ijsrp.<strong>org</strong>
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013 716 ISSN 2250-3153 12. Dendrocalamus hookeri Tili bans(Nepali), Patu (Lepcha) North, South and East 900-1800m district 13. Dendrocalamus Neba bans(Nepali), Pagjiok Common between 800 – 800-1500m patellaris (Lepcha) 1500m 14. Dendrocalamus Bhalu bans(Nepali), Pagriang North , West and East 1000-1800m sikkimensis (Lepcha) district 15. Dendrocalamus strictus Latthi bans (Nepali) East district 300 – 1000m 16. Melocanna baccifera Lahure bans (Nepali) East and West district 900-1500m 17. Phyllostachys aurea Kata bans (Nepali) East and West district 600-1200m 18. Phyllostachys nigra Kalo nigalo (Nepali) East district 800-1400m 19. Schizostachyum Gobia, Gope (Nepali), Payong North, West and East 1000-2400m capitatum (Lepcha) district 20. Schizostachyum dulloa Tokre bans (Nepali), Pogslo, East district 600-1500m Puksalu (Lepcha) 21. Schizostachyum Palom(Lepcha) North district 900 – 1600m fuchsianum 22. Schizostachyum Pheling bans (Nepali), Parohoik East and North district 600-1200m polymorphum (Lepcha) 23. Schizostachyum Palom(Lepcha) North district 900-1700m sharmae 24. Sinarundinaria Parang, Singhani (Nepali), Common between 800- 800-2000m hookeriana Prong(Lepcha) 2000m 25. Sinarundinaria Titay nigalo(Nepali), East and North district 1200-3000m intermedia Parmoik(Lepcha) Malingo (Nepali), Phum All district above 1800m- 1700-3600m 26. Sinarundinaria maling (Bhutia) aand Phuem miknu (Lepcha) 3600m 27. Sinarundinaria Deonigalo (Nepali) East and West district 1800-3300m microphylla 28. Sinarundinaria Rani malingo (Nepali) East district 1800-3000m pantlingii 29. Sinarundinaria Pummon(Lepcha) North district 1000-1800m falconeri 30. Thamnocalamus aristatus Rato nigalo (Nepali) West and East district 2200-3600m IV. RESULTS A. Bamboo diversity Bamboos are distributed widely throughout Sikkim. During the field survey conducted throughout the state, 30 species of bamboo under 8 genera were recorded (Table 1). Bamboo is usually found in the moist valleys, along the streams, low hill slopes of southern part, moist deciduous forests, wet temperate forests and sub-alpine coniferous forest of the state. The main genus found in the state is Arundinaria sp, sinarundinaria sp, Phyllostachys sp, Bambusa sp, Dendrocalamus sp, and Schizostachyum sp. Arundinaria sp and Sinarundinaria sp mainly covers the northern part of Sikkim and, Phyllostachys sp, Bambusa sp, Dendrocalamus sp which occurs over extensive area are found in lower hills forest. Cultivated bamboos are also found in the agricultural land areas, roadsides private and government Khasmal areas. From the above table we see that there are 8 genera of bamboo found in Sikkim. The main species found in Sikkim are Bambusa nutans, B. tulda, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Sinarundinaria hookeriana etc. The geographical distribution of a bamboo is greatly influenced by human actions 17 .This is why probably B. nutans, B. tulda and D. hamiltoni are common to all over the state. Boontawee 18 asserted a step further that the natural distribution of bamboo in forests has been greatly altered by human intervention. Of the 30 bamboo species recorded from Sikkim, 27(90.00%) species under 6 genera are sympodial type and only three (10.00%) species under two genera are monopodial type. www.ijsrp.<strong>org</strong>
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