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INAUGURAL–DISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der ...

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II<br />

ial direction). Earlier studies in spray flows neglected evaporation or consi<strong>der</strong>ed it<br />

through a simplified model, which is addressed by implementing an advanced droplet<br />

evaporation model of Abramzon and Sirignano, whereas droplet motion and droplet<br />

coalescence are estimated through appropriate sub-models. The assumption of evaporative<br />

flux to be zero or computing it with weight ratio constraints was found to be<br />

unphysical, which is improved by estimating it using the maximum entropy formulation.<br />

The gas phase is not yet fully coupled to the DQMOM but its inlet properties are<br />

taken to compute forces acting on droplets and evaporation. The simulation results<br />

are compared with quadrature method of moments (QMOM) and with experiment at<br />

various cross sections. DQMOM shows better results than QMOM, and remarkable<br />

agreement with experiment.<br />

Next, water spray in air in two-dimensional, axisymmetric configuration is modeled<br />

by extending the one-dimensional DQMOM. The DQMOM results are compared with<br />

those of the discrete droplet model (DDM), which is an Euler – Lagrangian approach.<br />

Droplet coalescence is consi<strong>der</strong>ed in DQMOM but neglected in DDM. The simulation<br />

results are validated with new experimental data. Overall, DQMOM shows a much<br />

better performance with respect to computational effort, even with the inclusion of<br />

droplet coalescence.<br />

Before extending DQMOM to model PVP/water spray flows, a single droplet evaporation<br />

and drying model is developed, because most of the evaporation models available<br />

in the literature are valid for salts, colloids or milk pow<strong>der</strong>. The negligence of solid layer<br />

formation effects on the droplet heating and evaporation is addressed, and treatment<br />

of the liquid mixture as the ideal solution is improved by including the non-ideality<br />

effect. The PVP or mannitol in water droplet evaporation and solid layer formation<br />

are simulated, and the results are compared with new experimental data, which shows<br />

that the present model effectively captures the first three stages of evaporation and<br />

drying of a bi-component droplet.<br />

Finally, PVP/water spray flows in air are simulated using DQMOM including the<br />

developed bi-component evaporation model. Simulation results are compared with new<br />

experimental data at various cross sections and very good agreement is observed.<br />

In conclusion, water and PVP/water evaporating spray flows, and preliminary<br />

stages of PVP/water and mannitol/water spray drying, i.e., until solid layer formation,<br />

are successfully modeled and simulated, and show good agreement with experiment.<br />

Keywords: Sprays, PVP, Mannitol, DQMOM, Bi-component droplet

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