Overlooked and Undercounted - Insight Center for Community ...
Overlooked and Undercounted - Insight Center for Community ...
Overlooked and Undercounted - Insight Center for Community ...
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20 — OVERLOOKED AND UNDERCOUNTED<br />
work schedules or other characteristics that result in<br />
lower earnings. 22<br />
Because there are strong differences by gender <strong>and</strong><br />
race/ethnicity in rates of income adequacy, it might be<br />
expected that occupational segregation by gender <strong>and</strong><br />
race/ethnicity would explain a portion of differences<br />
in income adequacy. 23 That is, if gender or race-based<br />
occupational segregation was a factor in higher income<br />
inadequacy rates among these households, one would<br />
expect that women <strong>and</strong>/or non-White householders<br />
would be found in different occupations than their White<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or male counterparts. However, there is much more<br />
overlap than difference in occupational distribution by<br />
both gender <strong>and</strong> race/ethnicity.<br />
As seen in Table 10, male <strong>and</strong> female householders<br />
with incomes below the St<strong>and</strong>ard have six of their ten<br />
top occupations in common. That is, men <strong>and</strong> women<br />
householders with inadequate incomes are overall<br />
working in many of the same occupational fields, such as<br />
‘office <strong>and</strong> administrative support’ <strong>and</strong> ‘food preparation<br />
<strong>and</strong> serving’. However, female householders with incomes<br />
below the St<strong>and</strong>ard do not share a few occupations with<br />
male householders below the St<strong>and</strong>ard: 1) personal<br />
care <strong>and</strong> service, 2) education, training, <strong>and</strong> library, 3)<br />
healthcare support, <strong>and</strong> 4) healthcare practitioners <strong>and</strong><br />
technical. Likewise, the following occupational categories<br />
are only among the top ten <strong>for</strong> male householders<br />
below the St<strong>and</strong>ard: 1) construction <strong>and</strong> extraction, 2)<br />
installation, maintenance, <strong>and</strong> repair, 3) management,<br />
<strong>and</strong> 4) fishing, farming, <strong>and</strong> <strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
As seen in Table 11, there are even more occupations<br />
in common between African-American <strong>and</strong> White<br />
householders. Eight of the top ten occupations of<br />
African-American <strong>and</strong> White householders with incomes<br />
below the St<strong>and</strong>ard are shared: 1) sales, 2) office <strong>and</strong><br />
administrative support, 3) production, 4) construction<br />
<strong>and</strong> extraction, 5) food preparation <strong>and</strong> serving, 6)<br />
transportation <strong>and</strong> material moving, 7) personal care<br />
<strong>and</strong> service, <strong>and</strong> 8) building <strong>and</strong> grounds cleaning <strong>and</strong><br />
maintenance. These occupations represent nearly twothirds<br />
of the occupations held by African-American<br />
<strong>and</strong> White householders with incomes below the<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard, indicating that African-American <strong>and</strong> White<br />
householders with inadequate incomes are working<br />
primarily in the same occupational fields.<br />
However, some occupations are not shared across<br />
race/ethnicity <strong>for</strong> households with incomes below the<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard:<br />
Table 11. Top Ten Occupations 1 of Householders 2 Below the Self-Sufficiency St<strong>and</strong>ard by<br />
Race <strong>and</strong> Ethnicity: Mississippi 2007<br />
HOUSEHOLDS BELOW SELF-SUFFICIENCY STANDARD<br />
WHITE HOUSEHOLDERS<br />
BLACK OR AFRICAN-AMERICAN HOUSEHOLDERS<br />
Rank Occupation Percent Cumulative<br />
Percent<br />
Rank Occupation Percent Cumulative<br />
Percent<br />
1 Sales 13.7% 13.7% 1 Production 12.8% 12.8%<br />
2 Office <strong>and</strong> Administrative Support 10.5% 24.2% 2 Food Preparation <strong>and</strong> Serving 10.4% 23.2%<br />
3 Production 8.8% 33.0% 3 Sales <strong>and</strong> Related 10.1% 33.3%<br />
4 Construction <strong>and</strong> Extraction 8.6% 41.6% 4 Office <strong>and</strong> Administrative Support 8.7% 42.0%<br />
5 Food Preparation <strong>and</strong> Serving 6.9% 48.5% 5<br />
Building <strong>and</strong> Grounds Cleaning <strong>and</strong><br />
Maintenance<br />
8.1% 50.2%<br />
6 Transportation <strong>and</strong> Material Moving 6.1% 54.6% 6 Transportation <strong>and</strong> Material Moving 6.8% 57.0%<br />
7 Personal Care <strong>and</strong> Service 4.4% 59.0% 7 Healthcare Support 5.0% 62.0%<br />
8<br />
Building <strong>and</strong> Grounds Cleaning <strong>and</strong><br />
Maintenance<br />
4.0% 62.9% 8 Personal Care <strong>and</strong> Service 4.9% 66.9%<br />
9 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair 3.8% 66.8% 9 Education, Training, <strong>and</strong> Library 4.4% 71.3%<br />
10 Management 3.8% 70.6% 10 Construction <strong>and</strong> Extraction 2.9% 74.2%<br />
1<br />
Occupation groupings are based on the St<strong>and</strong>ard Occupational Classification (SOC). For definitions of these major groups see the Bureau of Labor<br />
Statistics St<strong>and</strong>ard Occupation Classifications at http://www.bls.gov/soc/soc_majo.htm<br />
2<br />
The householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented or, if there is no such person, the<br />
householder is any adult member, excluding roomers, boarders, or paid employees.<br />
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 American <strong>Community</strong> Survey.