Overlooked and Undercounted - Insight Center for Community ...
Overlooked and Undercounted - Insight Center for Community ...
Overlooked and Undercounted - Insight Center for Community ...
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52 — OVERLOOKED AND UNDERCOUNTED<br />
person, any adult member, excluding roomers, boarders, or paid<br />
employees.<br />
16<br />
Snyder, A.R., McLaughlin, D.K. & Findeis, J. (2006). Household<br />
composition <strong>and</strong> poverty among female-headed households with<br />
children: Differences by race <strong>and</strong> residence. Rural Sociology,<br />
71 (4): 597-624. Brown, S.L. (2004). Family structure <strong>and</strong> child<br />
well-being: The significance of parental cohabitation. Journal of<br />
Marriage <strong>and</strong> Family, 66: 351-67.<br />
17<br />
Households with children maintained by a male householder<br />
with no spouse present are referred to as single father households.<br />
Likewise, households with children maintained by a female<br />
householder with no spouse present are referred to as single<br />
mother households.<br />
18<br />
See Cauthen, N. K. <strong>and</strong> Hsien-Hen L. (2003). Living at the edge,<br />
Research Brief 1: Employment alone is not enough <strong>for</strong> America’s<br />
low-income families. New York City: Columbia University,<br />
National <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> Children in Poverty.<br />
19<br />
In the 2007 American <strong>Community</strong> Survey, part-time is defined<br />
as usually worked less than 35 hours per week <strong>and</strong> part-year is<br />
defined as worked less than 50 weeks in the past 12 months. U.S.<br />
Census Bureau. 2007 American <strong>Community</strong> Survey. 2007 Subject<br />
Definitions. Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www.census.<br />
gov/acs/www/UseData/Def.htm<br />
24<br />
Bishaw, A. & Jessica S. (2008). Income, Earnings, <strong>and</strong><br />
Poverty Data from the 2007 American <strong>Community</strong> Survey.<br />
U.S. Census Bureau, American <strong>Community</strong> Survey Reports,<br />
ACS-09. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/<br />
prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf<br />
25<br />
Note that although this definition does not include noncash<br />
assistance, many households that receive cash assistance also<br />
receive noncash assistance such as food stamps <strong>and</strong> Medicaid.<br />
U.S. Census Bureau. American <strong>Community</strong> Survey 2007 subject<br />
definitions. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://www.census.<br />
gov/acs/www/UseData/Def.htm<br />
26<br />
Mississippi Department of Human Services. Office <strong>for</strong> Children<br />
<strong>and</strong> Youth. Child care assistance. Retrieved July 2, 2009, from<br />
http://www.mdhs.state.ms.us/ocy_apply.html<br />
27<br />
National <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> Children in Poverty. Mississippi:<br />
Demographics of young, low-income children. Retrieved on<br />
Retrieved October 21, 2008, from http://www.nccp.org/profiles/<br />
state_profile.php?state=MS&id=8 <strong>and</strong> National <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong><br />
Children in Poverty. Mississippi: Demographics of low-income<br />
children. Retrieved October 21, 2008, from http://www.nccp.org/<br />
profiles/state_profile.php?state=MS&id=6<br />
20<br />
All households with two or more adults have been grouped<br />
together because there are relatively few households with three or<br />
more adults.<br />
21<br />
Note that occupations are different from industries; thus, the<br />
manufacturing industry (or sector) includes many occupations,<br />
from machinist to manager. Within occupations, there are further<br />
specifications of jobs that fall within the same occupational<br />
categories; so, <strong>for</strong> example, “teachers” include positions from<br />
preschool teachers to post-secondary teachers <strong>and</strong> specialties like<br />
special education teachers.<br />
22<br />
Income inadequacy may also be related to the skill level<br />
associated with specific types of jobs within these broader<br />
occupational categories; these characteristics, however, are not<br />
available <strong>for</strong> analysis in the ACS data analyzed here.<br />
23<br />
See Amott, T.L. & Matthaei, J.L. (1991). Race, Gender & Work.<br />
Boston: South End Press.