ecological characterization atlas of coastal alabama - Data Center

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Perdido Bay Currents in the upper portion of Perdido Bay (Pensacola quadrangle) have been studied by the U .S . Army Corps of Engineers (Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 1970) . These studies show that during ebb tides, both surface and bottom currents flow out to sea . During flood tides, the surface currents, which are made up of freshwater discharge, still flow out to sea, but the bottom currents are more complicated . Bottom currents, probably Table 52 . (concluded) ar ness as a 3 mg Bicar- Specific bonate Carbonate Chloride conductance HC03 C03 Cl Calcium, Noncar- (µmhos at (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) magnesium bonate 25 °C) pH 135 0 12 2 0 255 8 .2 26 0 6 .8 2 0 59 6 .6 ---- 0 2 .4 5 0 27 6 .5 15 0 7 .0 8 0 52 6 .1 6 0 2 .6 4 0 18 6 .0 22 0 926 390 372 3,100 6 .2 460 0 1,560 85 0 5,290 8 .2 40 0 28 29 0 159 6 .6 6 0 4 .4 4 0 28 5 .7 156 11 51 12 0 479 8 .8 8 0 8 .2 8 1 52 5 .9 16 0 6 .2 11 0 69 6 .8 56 0 9 .2 8 0 138 7 .2 96 0 80 15 0 375 7 .2 92 0 16 1 0 196 7 .3 144 0 80 5 0 467 8 .0 92 0 110 113 38 536 8 .1 128 0 650 123 18 2,320 7 .1 173
consisting of a wedge of salt water, move upstream in Perdido Bay during a flood tide . These upstream currents encounter the usual downstream currents and create counterclockwise bottom currents in the upper basin of Perdido Bay . Figures 18 and 19 show flood- and ebb-tide current patterns in Perdido B ay . The velocities of flood t-l~es in Perdido Bay have been measured by the U .S . Army Corps of Engineers to average 0 .8 m/s (2 .5 ft/s) and reach a maxium of 1 .2 m/s (4 .0 ft/s) . Ebb-tide velocities average 0 .6 m/s (2 .0 ft/s) and reach a maximum of 0 .7 m/s (2 .3 ft/s) . Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound Information on current patterns in Mob ;le Bay has been collected by several researchers, using both field observations and computer modeling . Austi n(1954 ) was the fi rst to map fl ood and ebb ti de ci rc ul ati on patterns i n Mobile Bay . Story, et al . (1974) traced circulation patterns in a portion of Mobile Bay by the use of fluorescent dye markers . Several publications by Schroeder (1976, 1977, 1979a, 1979b) discuss circulation patterns in Mobile Bay . His studies involved current data collected while anchored, drogue studies, and inferring circulation patterns from salinity patterns . Computer models of Mobile Bay have been developed by April et al . (1976), April and Raney (1979), Pitts and Farmer (1976), and Gaume et al . (1978) . The major difference between these models is how they model the openings of the bay, which are complicated by Dauphin and Little Dauphin Islands (Biloxi quadrangle) (0'Neil and Mettee 1982) . Figures 20 and 21 show flood and ebb tide current patterns in Mobile Bay as predicted by April et al . (1976) . The general circulation pattern in Mississippi Sound is induced by the tides but wind has a significant effect on the currents . Horn Island Pass (Biloxi quadrangle) is the natural dividing point for tidal currents in the Mississippi Sound . During flood tide the currents bifurcate in the Horn Island Pass area and flow westward and eastward . From Horn Island pass to Mobile Bay, currents flow in through the passes and eastward on the flood tide, then westward and out during ebb-tide (U .S . Army Corps of Engineers 1983) . Recent numerical modeling by the U .S . Corps of Engineers (1983) on current patterns in Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound indicate that wind has a significant effect on circulation patterns . East and west winds have a pronounced effect with north and south winds having minimal effects . Variance in wind velocities also exerted pronounced effects on circulation patterns (U .S . Corps of Engineers 1983) . The effect of the wind on the tidal currents is mainly to superimpose a wind induced current on the Sound that shifts the bifurcation of the currents either toward the east or west . The eastward or westward movement of the current depends upon the di rection of the wi nd and whether the ti de i s in ebb or flood . An east wind component induces a westward current in the Sound, which causes a shift in the current dividing point to the east during floodtide and to the west on the ebb-tide . Winds with a component from the west 174
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FWS/OBS-82/46 August 1984 MMS 84-00
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Library of Congress Card No . 85-60
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SUMMARY The southwest Alabama coast
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CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . .
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Page CL IMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY . .
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Number Page 14 Frequency of destruc
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Number Page 13 Charter boats and he
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Number Pa e 49 Summary of geologic
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Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce Mob
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water . Plants and animals not phys
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and white ibis (Eudocimus aTbus) .
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Grant's Island (Biloxi quadrangle)
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Table 2 . Average annual waterfowl
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(widgeongrass) is the dominant seag
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(Benson 1982) . Brown and white shr
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Table 4 . Commercial landings of se
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Table 5 . Estimated recreational ca
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offshore waters from December throu
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Unless otherwise specified, the fol
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Table 7 . Recommended State of Alab
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Table 7 . (concluded) Recommended s
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(Mount 1975 ) . Thi s speci es i s
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REFERENCES Wetland Habitats Cowardi
Page 47 and 48:
Stout, J . P ., and M . J . Lelong
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Guest, W . C ., and G . Gunter . 19
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SOURCES OF MAPPED INFORMATION Wetla
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In April and June 1978 the Gulf of
Page 55 and 56:
distribution of the species are dis
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landed, the value of the seafood la
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Service publication Alabama Coastal
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year, over 2 million individual bir
Page 63 and 64:
The Styx, Blackwater, and Perdido R
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It was estimated ( Table 9) that 2
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Table 10 . Average daily two-way tr
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while the majority in Mobile County
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mouth of Mobile Bay has tremendous
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SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS AND ONSHORE D
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Table 15 . Areas of Alabama estuari
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Cavellero House (1) 7 North Jackson
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Horst House ("Moongate") (1) 186 ;
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Spring Hill College Quadrangle (1)
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periods . Hallmarks of the Woodland
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Table 16 . Maintained navigable cha
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Mobil Oil discovered gas in a deep
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National Natural Landmarks Boschung
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May, E . B . 1976 . Holocene sedime
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U .S . Army Corps of Engineers . 19
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Intensively Used Recreation Beaches
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Man-Made Land Baxter J ., 15 Decemb
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SOILS AND LANDFORMS INTRODUCTION Th
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oad flood plains of the Mobile/Alab
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At elevations of about 30 m (100 ft
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The Troup-Benndale-Smithton soil as
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Table 19 . Potential uses and limit
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Somewhat the same situation exists
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due to limitations of Landsat cover
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decrease in sediment being transpor
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Changes in Perdido Pass are among t
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60 m (100 to 200 ft), and some of t
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REFERENCES Alabama Coastal Area Boa
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SOURCES OF MAPPED INFORMATION Soil
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Active Dunes Alabama Coastal Area B
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: EXPLANATION ERATHEM SYSTEM SERIES
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carbon component of the production
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Table 20 . Oil facilities in coasta
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Oil and gas production statistics f
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CLAY Clay is a ubiquitous mineral r
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Table 24 . Production (net tons) of
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Table 27 . Geologic strata containi
Page 139 and 140: excavation (Smith and Gilbert 1975)
Page 141 and 142: REFERENCES OIL AND GAS Alabama Coas
Page 143 and 144: SAND AND GRAVEL Alabama Coastal Are
Page 145 and 146: SOURCES OF MAPPED INFORMATION OIL A
Page 147 and 148: CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY INTRODUCT
Page 149 and 150: Table 32 . Rainfall in coastal Alab
Page 151 and 152: systems to extend into the gulf are
Page 153 and 154: These storms have the potential to
Page 155 and 156: average forward speed of hurricanes
Page 157 and 158: Table 35 . Hurricane surges in Alab
Page 159 and 160: occurs when water rises above the w
Page 161 and 162: Table 37 . Monthly mean discharges
Page 163 and 164: Alabama River C L u z O W L 0 u ~ Z
Page 165 and 166: Table 41 . Chemical analyses of wat
Page 167 and 168: ~ 0 umber (quad) tation name ate of
Page 169 and 170: Table 42 . (concluded) isso ve su s
Page 171 and 172: ~ -------- 00 ~ ~r I ~ . i I I ~ I
Page 173 and 174: Table 43 . Existing municipal sewag
Page 175 and 176: Regional Plan- Table 45 . Water qua
Page 177 and 178: Table 46 . Average and maximum-mini
Page 179 and 180: Table 46 . (concluded) -~Tater temp
Page 181 and 182: Table 47 . Water-quality trends in
Page 183 and 184: discharge from metropolitan Mobile
Page 185 and 186: Table 49 . Summary of geologic unit
Page 187 and 188: affected by the surface environment
Page 189: Longshore currents in the Gulf of M
Page 193 and 194: AI ARAMA ` FI (lRIf1A Figure 19 . E
Page 195 and 196: ~ ~ l ~ l i L j + l j* l + j* ~ + j
Page 197 and 198: REFERENCES CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOG
Page 199 and 200: Brady, D . W . 1979 . Water resourc
Page 201 and 202: Schroeder, W . W . 1976 . Physical
Page 203 and 204: This 25-page document gives detaile
Page 205 and 206: Information on the location, thickn
Page 207: H TtiF I :r ~ . ~ .~ U _ . DEPARTME
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