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10.8 CARBON EMISSION SAVED FROM THE DECREASE IN USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES The decrease in consumption of agricultural residues as fuel contributes significantly in reducing the Greenhouse gases (GHGs) as the global warming commitment (GWC) of using agricultural residues, as fuel is much higher as compared to biogas stoves. Studies have shown that a kilogram of agricultural residue, namely rice straw burned in a traditional mud stove generates 381 gram Carbon (g-C) equivalent of Carbon emission (Smith el. al., 2000). 10.9 CARBON EMISSION SAVED FROM THE DECREASE IN USE OF DUNG Dung is considered as the lowest quality fuel in the 'household energy ladder' (Smith et al 2000) with the highest global warming commitment (GWC) among the common household fuels. A study carried out by Smith et. al, (2000) has concluded that a kilogram of dung burned in a traditional mud stove generates 334 gram Carbon (g-C) equivalent of Carbon emission. 10.10 CARBON EMISSION SAVED FROM THE DECREASE IN USE OF KEROSENE CONSUMPTION A study carried out by Smith et al (2000) indicates that a kilogram of kerosene burned in a pressure stove generates 843 gram Carbon (g-C) equivalent of Carbon. REFERENCES [1] BSP (2002) An Integrated Environment Assessment, Biogas Support Programme. [2] CMS (1996) Biogas Technology: A Training Manual for Extension, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Support for Development of National Biogas Programme (FAO/TCP/Nep/4451 -T). [3] DevPart (2001) Research Study on Optimal Biogas Plant size. Daily Consumption Pattern andConventional Fuel Saving, Biogas Support Programme. April. [4] Kojima, T (1998) The Carbon Dioxide Problem: Integrating Energy and Environmental Policies forthe 21 s ' Century, Amsterdam. Gordon and Branch Science Publishers. [5] Mendis, M.S. and Van nes (1999) The Nepal Biogas Support Program: Elements for Success inRural Households Energy Supply. Policy and Best Practice Document 4, Ministry of Foreign, Affairs, The Hague. Netherlands. [6] Rijal, K. (1999) Renewable Energy Technologies-A Brighter Future, ICIMOD, Kathmandu. [7] Smith, K.R., Uma, R., Kishore, V.V.N., Zhang, J., Joshi, V. and Khalil, M.A.K. (2000) Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: An Analysis for India. In; Annual Reviews Energy Environment 25:741-763 [8] UNEP (2001) Nepal: State of the Environment 2001, United Nations Environment Programme, March 2001. [9] TERI (1996) How Global is Global and How Warm is Warming?, New Delhi. Tata Energy Research Institute. 83
CHAPTER XI ROLE OF MANAGEMENT, COMMUNICATION AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY 10 11.1 INTRODUCTION No organization can run without management. It is the nerve centre of any organization. It is the process through which human beings are mobilized, relevant materials are utilized and information source is properly tapped for a successful achievement of the desired objectives by a proper integration, which is effected primarily (a) through appropriate manpower; (b) by proven techniques; (c) in the well-managed organization; and (d) towards the targeted objectives. The development of organization depends mainly upon management, communication and professional development of the employees of the organization. 11.2 MANAGEMENT Broadly speaking, management refers to getting the job done by working with and through people by motivating and mobilizing them for achieving the desired objectives of the organization. The jobs are accomplished through planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. 11.2.1 Approach to Management In earlier times management was an exercise in trial and error. With the advent of industrial revolution, entrepreneurs felt the need for improving management. As business continued to grow in size and complexity, emphasis shifted from the firm to the activities within the firm e.g. processes, layout, location, technique, incentive system etc. At present a number of approaches (Traditional Approach; Behavioural Approach; Quantitative Approach; System Approach; and Contingency Approach) have emerged and each of them is associated with a clearly identifiable stream of management thought. 11.2.2 Traditional Approach Many managers take the traditional principles as important points of reference. This approach has a few models. a. Scientific Management Model This model is primarily concerned with specific techniques such as production planning and control, plant layout, wage incentives and personnel management all centering on efficiency and production. The emphasis is laid on planning, standardizing and improving the efficiency of work. Under this approach, scientific analyses and various specific studies and lessons from past experiences are taken as the main bases. Workers would be scientifically selected, trained and posted in work for which they were found to be best suited. Both management and labour cooperate and share equal responsibility. Greater economic rewards motivate the workers. b. Management Process Model The Management Process Model (see Figure 11.1) is primarily concerned with process involved in managing. Management is viewed as a universal process regardless of its sphere of operation: governmental, 10 This chapter is based upon the presentation of lecture made by Professor Upendra Man Malla in course of Advanced Biogas Technology Training organized by Centre for Energy Studies, Institute of Engineering, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Nepal (CES/IOE, 2001). 84
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BIOGAS As Renewable Source of Energ
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FOREWORD I have the pleasure to go
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EDITORS NOTE Since its inception fr
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IBS IEIA IOE INGO IQC IRR JBT KfW K
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TABLE CONTENTS FOREWORD EDITOR'S NO
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13.5 Long-term Government Policy 11
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2
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Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Fi
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CHAPTER I CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS
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Figure 1.1 clearly indicates that t
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CHAPTER II DESIGN CONCEPT AND RELAT
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Chinese model fixed dome biogas pla
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2.2.4 Other Designs Figure 2.4: Dee
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Anaerobic Filter: The anaerobic fil
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■ Suitable foundation condition -
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Solution: From Table 2.2: 1 cow yie
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2.6.2 Volume Calculations for Chine
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The resultant force is as follows:
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CHAPTER III MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN
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substances are solubilized into sim
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3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL ACT
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CHAPTER IV VARIOUS USES OF BIOGAS A
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Figure 4.5: Sketch of Ujeli Biogas
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The volume of water form the 5 HP p
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Page 56 and 57: . Integration of Solar Energy Integ
Page 58 and 59: 5.4.1 Biogas Reactor at Lukla/Mosi
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Page 62 and 63: CHAPTER VI BIOGAS IN RELATION TO OT
Page 64 and 65: Table 6.1: Impact of Biogas on vari
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Page 68 and 69: 7.2 NITROGEN CYCLE Bio-slurry is ri
Page 70 and 71: 7.4.2 Nutrient Content of Bio-slurr
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Page 78 and 79: 7.8.5 Philippines In the Philippine
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Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER VIII BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM
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Page 88 and 89: 8.43 Operation of Biodigester After
Page 90 and 91: 9.1.2 Raw Materials Utilized for Fe
Page 92 and 93: help design large anaerobic digeste
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Page 102 and 103: industrial, military or other organ
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Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES [1] CES/IOE (2001) Role
Page 112 and 113: . Internal rates of return (IRRS) a
Page 114 and 115: Other assumptions made while calcul
Page 116 and 117: Table 12.1: Summary of Financial Ra
Page 118 and 119: Table 12.4: Summary of Financial Ra
Page 120 and 121: Table 12.7: Financial Rates of Retu
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Page 138 and 139: utilization of bio-slurry as fertil
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27 percent of households with bioga
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Majority of biogas households (95.5
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Table 18,1: Sampling of Biogas Hous
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as the probable reasons for non-ope
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Table 18.7 shows that majority of t
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variations. Assuming that 1 hour of
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Status Table 18.15: Comparison of t
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contributes to the saving of Rs. 6.
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Table 18.22: Kerosene Replacement a
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The survey results on Carbon emissi
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CHAPTER XIX WORKLOAD OF WOMEN AND G
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Looking into the division of activi
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19.3 STUDIES OF BIOGAS USERS WITH F
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co-operative manner so that the wea
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Biogas user women perceived that bi
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20.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER XX FINANC
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portion of the construction cost of
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CHAPTER XXI CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEM
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21.6.4 Mosquito Breeding after Biog
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(FAOm:P/Nep/4451-T). [33] CMS (1996
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