download (pdf, 6MB) - SNV

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Status Table 18.15: Comparison of the Use of Agricultural Residue as Fuel Agricultural Residue Used per BGH/day (in kg) Terai Hills In Summer In Winter In Summer In Winter Before installation of BGP 9.0 9.0 2.3 2.7 After installation of BG P 6.3 6.3 0.9 3.1 Decrease after installation of BGP 2.7 2.7 1.4 Increased by 0.4 Decrease / Increase rate (%) 30.0 30.0 60.9 14.8* * Increase rate The survey results show a significant decrease in the use of agricultural residue. In Terai, there has been a decrease of agricultural residue by 2.7 kg daily per household, which is a decrease of 30 percent from the previous use pattern. However, even though there is a more pronounced decrease in the Hills during summer (60.9 %), the use of agricultural residue has slightly increased during winter. The survey data indicate that there has been an increase by 0.14 kg per day per household in the Hills during winter. From the study results it has been confirmed that the feeding deficiency is more pronounced in the Hills (see Table 18.15), which tends to deteriorate further during winter that are generally more severe in the Hills as compared to Terai. This deterioration in feeding capacity and the resulting adverse effect in gas production could be a reason people in Hills are still using agricultural residues as fuel in winters. 18.1.10 Change in Use of Dung as Fuel/Fertilizer There has been the most distinct decrease in the use of dung as fuel after the installation of biogas plants. The use of available dung in feeding the biogas plants instead of using them as fuel is the main reason of this significant decrease. The data regarding comparison of the use of dung before and after the installation of BGP are presented in Table 18.16. Table 18.16: Comparison of the Use of Dung as Fuel before and after the Installation of BGP Status Dung Used per Household/day (in litres) Tend In Summer In Winter In Summer In Winter Before installation of BGP 26.4 30.0 18.0 18.0 After installation of BG P 6.0 8.5 0.1 0.1 Decrease after installation of BGP 20.4 21.5 17.9 17.9 Decrease rate (%) 77.3 71.7 99.4 99.4 Hills The survey results illustrate that in Terai, there has been a decrease in use of dung as fuel by 20.4 litres per household per day in summer and by 21.5 litres in winter. This is a decrease of 77.3 percent and 71.7 percent in summer and in winter respectively. The decrease in the Hills is even more significant as the study indicates that there has been a decrease by 99.4 percent in both seasons, which is definitely a very noteworthy decrease. 18.1.11 Change in Use of Kerosene/LFG Like other fuel sources, the biogas stoves have been successful in reducing kerosene consumption as well. Table 18.17 shows change in use of kerosene and or LPG after introduction of biogas by the sampled households. 144
Table 18.17: Change in Use of Kerosene after the Installation of BGP Status Kerosene Used per BGH/day (in litres) Terai Hills In Summer In Winter In Summer In Winter Before installation of BGP 0.50 0.58 0.56 0.60 After installation of BGP 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.23 Decrease after installation of BGP 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.37 Decrease rate (%) 60.0 56.9 64.3 61.7 Kerosene Used per non-BGH / day (in litres) Kerosene consumption by an average non-biogas household 0.49 0.53 0.17 0.27 After the introduction of biogas plants, the consumption of kerosene has been reduced by 0.30 litres and 0.33 litres per day per household in Terai in summer and winter respectively. The decrease in kerosene consumption is even more significant in the Hills. The BGHs in the Hilts have experienced a decrease by 0.36 litres per day per household in summer and 0.37 litres in winter. The decrease in kerosene consumption by more than 50 percent in all the cases is yet another positive impact of biogas plants. The query about the kerosene consumption rate in the non-biogas households has reflected that in case of the Terai the daily consumption rates are more or less similar to those of the biogas households prior to the installation of the biogas plants. This indicates that as in case of the biogas households of Terai, even in the non-biogas households the biogas plants have a potential to replace significant consumption of kerosene. However, it is interesting to note that in case of the Hills the kerosene consumption rate in the non-biogas households is lower than the consumption rate in the biogas households. Since the kerosene consumption rates in the non-biogas households are more or less similar to (he kerosene used by the biogas households even after the installation of biogas plants, it might seem that the biogas plants do not have a potential of replacing kerosene in the Hills. But, when assessing the kerosene replaced by the biogas plants in the biogas households, which indicate even more replacement potential than in the Terai (Table 18.17), this inference proves to be false. One of the probable reason of less kerosene use in non-biogas households in the Hills could be that these households are comparatively less economically endowed than the biogas households. As kerosene can be very expensive in the Hills due to the inclusion of transportation costs, it is very possible that only a few households can afford to use it as fuel. The decrease in kerosene consumption has a twofold benefits. Firstly, kerosene is comparatively a costly fuel and its reduction can result in a significant financial saving. Since kerosene is an import commodity, its reduction also contributes in reducing the foreign exchange out-flows. Secondly, kerosene is one of the high PIC emitting fuels, hence, its reduction also contributes towards decreasing the Greenhouse commitment. Table 18.18 presents survey results about money saved in the purchase of kerosene after BGP installation. Table 18.18: Money Saved in Kerosene after Installation or Biogas Plants 10 Region Money Saved per day per Household (Rs.) In Summer In Winter Terai 5.62 6.18 Hills 6.75 6.93 From the monetary point of view, the decrease by 0.30 litres in summer and 0.33 litres in winter in case of Terai is equivalent to the daily saving of Rs. 5.62 in summer and Rs. 6.18 in winter per household. Tin's is a saving of about Rs. 177 in a month. Similarly, in case of the Hills the reduction in kerosene consumption 10 Assuming 1 litre of kerosene costs Rs. 18.74. 145
Page 2 and 3:
BIOGAS As Renewable Source of Energ
Page 4 and 5:
FOREWORD I have the pleasure to go
Page 6 and 7:
EDITORS NOTE Since its inception fr
Page 8 and 9:
IBS IEIA IOE INGO IQC IRR JBT KfW K
Page 10 and 11:
TABLE CONTENTS FOREWORD EDITOR'S NO
Page 12 and 13:
13.5 Long-term Government Policy 11
Page 14 and 15:
List of Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Fi
Page 18 and 19:
CHAPTER I CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS
Page 20 and 21:
Figure 1.1 clearly indicates that t
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER II DESIGN CONCEPT AND RELAT
Page 24 and 25:
Chinese model fixed dome biogas pla
Page 26 and 27:
2.2.4 Other Designs Figure 2.4: Dee
Page 28 and 29:
Anaerobic Filter: The anaerobic fil
Page 30 and 31:
■ Suitable foundation condition -
Page 32 and 33:
Solution: From Table 2.2: 1 cow yie
Page 34 and 35:
2.6.2 Volume Calculations for Chine
Page 36 and 37:
The resultant force is as follows:
Page 38 and 39:
CHAPTER III MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN
Page 40 and 41:
substances are solubilized into sim
Page 42 and 43:
3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL ACT
Page 44 and 45:
CHAPTER IV VARIOUS USES OF BIOGAS A
Page 46 and 47:
Figure 4.5: Sketch of Ujeli Biogas
Page 48 and 49:
The volume of water form the 5 HP p
Page 50 and 51:
. Availability of Fertilizer Cattle
Page 52 and 53:
d. Needs Match Sticks More matchsti
Page 54 and 55:
In which Q = rate of heat loss, (en
Page 56 and 57:
. Integration of Solar Energy Integ
Page 58 and 59:
5.4.1 Biogas Reactor at Lukla/Mosi
Page 60 and 61:
Figure 5.8: The Flat View of the Pi
Page 62 and 63:
CHAPTER VI BIOGAS IN RELATION TO OT
Page 64 and 65:
Table 6.1: Impact of Biogas on vari
Page 66 and 67:
Chinese experience shows that if th
Page 68 and 69:
7.2 NITROGEN CYCLE Bio-slurry is ri
Page 70 and 71:
7.4.2 Nutrient Content of Bio-slurr
Page 72 and 73:
To avoid the loss of ammonia (NH 4
Page 74 and 75:
Experiment with Bio-slurry on Maize
Page 76 and 77:
stated that cucumber yielded double
Page 78 and 79:
7.8.5 Philippines In the Philippine
Page 80 and 81:
Cross Section—B-B Figure 7.4: Mod
Page 82 and 83:
CHAPTER VIII BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM
Page 84 and 85:
■ ■ ■ Excreta available /day
Page 86 and 87:
It is to be noted that the settling
Page 88 and 89:
8.43 Operation of Biodigester After
Page 90 and 91:
9.1.2 Raw Materials Utilized for Fe
Page 92 and 93:
help design large anaerobic digeste
Page 94 and 95:
Inlet and outlet of the biodigester
Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER X IMPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS ON
Page 98 and 99:
10.43 Substitution of Agricultural
Page 100 and 101:
10.8 CARBON EMISSION SAVED FROM THE
Page 102 and 103:
industrial, military or other organ
Page 104 and 105:
apidly. The techniques that have fo
Page 106 and 107:
11.2.7 Contingency Approach The ess
Page 108 and 109:
have to deal not only with one leve
Page 110 and 111:
REFERENCES [1] CES/IOE (2001) Role
Page 112 and 113: . Internal rates of return (IRRS) a
Page 114 and 115: Other assumptions made while calcul
Page 116 and 117: Table 12.1: Summary of Financial Ra
Page 118 and 119: Table 12.4: Summary of Financial Ra
Page 120 and 121: Table 12.7: Financial Rates of Retu
Page 122 and 123: IRRs are higher when increased nutr
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER XIII BIOGAS POTENTIAL AND F
Page 126 and 127: would be available since the number
Page 128 and 129: 13.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE IN NEPAL 13
Page 130 and 131: 13.3.1 Institutional Strengthening
Page 132 and 133: ■ ■ Reducing dependency on impo
Page 134 and 135: CHAPTER XIV ROLE OF VARIOUS ACTORS
Page 136 and 137: ■ ■ ■ To construct 13,000 bio
Page 138 and 139: utilization of bio-slurry as fertil
Page 140 and 141: and NBPG. Sometimes a company may b
Page 142 and 143: CHAPTERXVI IMPACT OF BIOGAS ON USER
Page 144 and 145: of dung, On the other hand, 33 perc
Page 146 and 147: CHAPTER XVII IMPACT OF BIOGAS ON HE
Page 148 and 149: Figure 17.1: Perceived Reduction in
Page 150 and 151: 27 percent of households with bioga
Page 152 and 153: Majority of biogas households (95.5
Page 154 and 155: Table 18,1: Sampling of Biogas Hous
Page 156 and 157: as the probable reasons for non-ope
Page 158 and 159: Table 18.7 shows that majority of t
Page 160 and 161: variations. Assuming that 1 hour of
Page 164 and 165: contributes to the saving of Rs. 6.
Page 166 and 167: Table 18.22: Kerosene Replacement a
Page 168 and 169: The survey results on Carbon emissi
Page 170 and 171: CHAPTER XIX WORKLOAD OF WOMEN AND G
Page 172 and 173: Looking into the division of activi
Page 174 and 175: 19.3 STUDIES OF BIOGAS USERS WITH F
Page 176 and 177: co-operative manner so that the wea
Page 178 and 179: Biogas user women perceived that bi
Page 180 and 181: 20.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER XX FINANC
Page 182 and 183: portion of the construction cost of
Page 184 and 185: CHAPTER XXI CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEM
Page 186 and 187: 21.6.4 Mosquito Breeding after Biog
Page 188 and 189: (FAOm:P/Nep/4451-T). [33] CMS (1996
show all

download (pdf, 6MB) - SNV

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?