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stated that cucumber yielded double than control with the application of biogas slurry at the rate of 15 tons/ha, Amount higher than 15 tons/ha reduced cucumber yield. The same author mentioned that application of slurry at the rate of l0t/ha in combination with NPK (45:60:30) produced the best results. The studies conducted in Sukhadia University of Udaipur revealed that there was a notable change on NPK content in the soil following biogas slurry application as residual fertilizer value. Both N and P content of the soil increased after slurry application. The report includes the results on the effect of various fertilizers on the yield of cabbage, mustard and potato. Biogas slurry produced significantly higher yield over control and FYM (Gupta, 1991). Gupta (1991) also reports the results of 15 demonstrations launched during Kharif. Overall percentage increment in yield from crops treated with biogas slurry came around 40 percent. The application of biogas slurry manure gave best results in vegetable crops such as tomato and brinjal followed by crops like maize and pigeonpea. Percentage increases in crops like bajra, rice, groundnuts were found modest. The other crops like chillies showed no effect. Widespread demonstrations using biogas slurry were conducted over the Central, East and Northeast States of India. The increase in yields on cereals was considered substantial, as there was no extra cost for the fertilizer material used. The response was better in dry areas with low soil fertility levels. Average increase over control due to slurry application was found to be 23 percent. Average yield of Rabi crops in comparison with the Kharif crops as reported earlier is modest. Since Kharif crops are generally grown in fertile soils under irrigated condition, the response is less impressive compared to Rabi crops. It is still a substantive increment (Singh, 1990). The responses were moderate in irrigated wet areas coupled with higher doses of fertilizer application such as in the State of Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and North Bihar (Singh, 1990; Gupta, 1991). On the other hand, Singh (1991) noted that biogas slurry demonstration cannot be very scientific, and ought to be simple on-farm participatory trials in which the participating farmers could see for themselves and assess the performance in yields. In addition to some of the experimental results reviewed earlier, sun-dried slurry out-performed control, FYM and chemical fertilizer in all the three categories of plant growth i.e. root length, shoot length and dry plant weight (Gupta, 1991). Singh et al (1995) reported that the combination of chemical fertilizer and digester effluent substantially increased the yield of both rice and maize. Based upon the analysis of these results and depending upon the crops, soil types and agro-climatic conditions, 25 to 100 percent replacements of chemical fertilizers with bioslurry have been recommended in India. The same authors explain the results of study on the effect of biodigesled slurry for raising pea (Pisum sativum 1.), okra (Abelmoschestus sculentus L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in the hilly condition of Kangra district in Himanchal Pradesh (Alt: 500- 5500m amsl) similar to the Nepalese hilly region. According to Singh et al (1995), lower crop yields were obtained with 12.5 tons/ha of digested slurry probably because of non-availability of N to the crops al critical stages due to slow rate of release. He also concluded that biogas slurry was better organic manure than FYM for obtaining higher yield in pea, okra, soybean and maize. In comparison to FYM, use of biogas slurry in combination with the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer gave better crop yield. Thus, biogas slurry was concluded to be superior to FYM for raising crops. In all the crops, the yield corresponded with plant height and length of pods/cobs. 7.8.3 China The application of the residue after biogas fermentation to crops has gained considerable effect of increasing production in the context of China. A large-scale demonstration on 106 hectares of fertile fields was conducted in Dongxu village of Jinagsu province in China. Biogas slurry was applied for six successive years from 1982 to 1988 and results reported. The report did not mention the amount and form of bio-slurry used. It was reported that the grain yield doubled in sixth year compared to the yield obtained in the first year. Soil organic matter content rose to 2.7 percent in 1988 from 1.3 percent in 1982. Compared to the amount used in 1982, the amount of chemical fertilizer application, too dropped by 86 percent. The net income per hectare was reportedly four times higher than the one obtained in the neighbouring villages that did not use biogas fertilizers (Keyun et al, 1990). On an average, 10 to 20 percent increase in yield due to bio-slurry application has been reported for China. 59
A study was carried out in 16 counties of the municipalities of Sichuan Province of China in view of assessing the comparative effect of digester effluent and open-air pool manure on different crops such as rice, corn, wheat, cotton and rape (Chengdu-Seminar, 1979). The results of the study are summarized in Table 7.8. Table 7.8: Comparative Effect on Different Crops in Sixteen Counties of the Municipalities of Sichuan Province Name of Crops Yield of crops in Jin/mu Increase in yield Percentage Fertilizer Fertilizer (Digester) (Jin/mu) Increment (Open Tank) Rice 636.4 597.5 38.9 6.5 Corn 555.9 510.4 45.5 8.9 Wheat 450.0 390.5 59.5 15.2 Cotton 154.5 133.5 21.0 15.7 Rape 258.4 233.6 24.8 10.6 Table 7.8 shows mat the increment in the yield of different crops due to biodigester slurry application compared to open tank bio fertilizer ranges from 6.5 to 15.7 percent. Wheat and cotton seem more responsive than rice, com and rape. Based on these data, it had been concluded that the digested effluent was better than open-air pool manure regardless of the kinds of soils and crops. Air-dried digester sludge was also reported to have increased soil fertility and crop yield in China. The air-dried digested sludge, on an average, increased yield by approximately 10 percent over the control as compared lo about 15 percent in the case of fresh effluent. The application of fresh effluent in combination with ammonium bicarbonate [(NH4) HCO3] has increased crop yield and also ameliorated the soil structure deteriorated as a result of continuous use of large doses of mineral fertilizer in China (Chengdu-Seminar, 1979). 7.8.4 Benin An agronomical field trial was conducted at the Centre National d'Agro-pedologie (CENAP) at Godomey, 15 km North-west of Cotonou, Benin (West Africa) in order to study the influence of biodigester effluent on tomato, capsicum, lettuce and cauliflower. The response of these vegetables to the application of biofertilizer (effluent) as compared to control is shown in Table 7.9. Table 7.9: Average Yields of Vegetables with Slurry Application Yield of Vegetables in tons/ha Treatment Tomato Capsicum Lettuce Cauliflower Control 2 4 26 23 Mineral Fertilizer (80-90-90 NPK/ha) 13 6 56 36 Effluents (5 tons dry matter/ha) 22 13 130 48 The above-mentioned table clearly reveals the superiority of biodigesler effluent over control as well as mineral fertilizer (Biogas Newsletter, Number 25 November 1987). In another experiment carried out in Peru (Vargas, 1986) 4 during 1983-85 with biol 5 and biosol 6 on alfalfa and maize, it was found that biol and biosol increased yield of Ihese crops considerably as compared to the control. 4 5 6 Personal communication Biol means liquid portion of biogas slurry Biosol means solid sludge of biogas slurry 60
Page 2 and 3:
BIOGAS As Renewable Source of Energ
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FOREWORD I have the pleasure to go
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EDITORS NOTE Since its inception fr
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IBS IEIA IOE INGO IQC IRR JBT KfW K
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TABLE CONTENTS FOREWORD EDITOR'S NO
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13.5 Long-term Government Policy 11
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2
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Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Fi
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CHAPTER I CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS
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Figure 1.1 clearly indicates that t
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CHAPTER II DESIGN CONCEPT AND RELAT
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Chinese model fixed dome biogas pla
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.4 Other Designs Figure 2.4: Dee
Page 28 and 29: Anaerobic Filter: The anaerobic fil
Page 30 and 31: ■ Suitable foundation condition -
Page 32 and 33: Solution: From Table 2.2: 1 cow yie
Page 34 and 35: 2.6.2 Volume Calculations for Chine
Page 36 and 37: The resultant force is as follows:
Page 38 and 39: CHAPTER III MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN
Page 40 and 41: substances are solubilized into sim
Page 42 and 43: 3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL ACT
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER IV VARIOUS USES OF BIOGAS A
Page 46 and 47: Figure 4.5: Sketch of Ujeli Biogas
Page 48 and 49: The volume of water form the 5 HP p
Page 50 and 51: . Availability of Fertilizer Cattle
Page 52 and 53: d. Needs Match Sticks More matchsti
Page 54 and 55: In which Q = rate of heat loss, (en
Page 56 and 57: . Integration of Solar Energy Integ
Page 58 and 59: 5.4.1 Biogas Reactor at Lukla/Mosi
Page 60 and 61: Figure 5.8: The Flat View of the Pi
Page 62 and 63: CHAPTER VI BIOGAS IN RELATION TO OT
Page 64 and 65: Table 6.1: Impact of Biogas on vari
Page 66 and 67: Chinese experience shows that if th
Page 68 and 69: 7.2 NITROGEN CYCLE Bio-slurry is ri
Page 70 and 71: 7.4.2 Nutrient Content of Bio-slurr
Page 72 and 73: To avoid the loss of ammonia (NH 4
Page 74 and 75: Experiment with Bio-slurry on Maize
Page 78 and 79: 7.8.5 Philippines In the Philippine
Page 80 and 81: Cross Section—B-B Figure 7.4: Mod
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER VIII BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM
Page 84 and 85: ■ ■ ■ Excreta available /day
Page 86 and 87: It is to be noted that the settling
Page 88 and 89: 8.43 Operation of Biodigester After
Page 90 and 91: 9.1.2 Raw Materials Utilized for Fe
Page 92 and 93: help design large anaerobic digeste
Page 94 and 95: Inlet and outlet of the biodigester
Page 96 and 97: CHAPTER X IMPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS ON
Page 98 and 99: 10.43 Substitution of Agricultural
Page 100 and 101: 10.8 CARBON EMISSION SAVED FROM THE
Page 102 and 103: industrial, military or other organ
Page 104 and 105: apidly. The techniques that have fo
Page 106 and 107: 11.2.7 Contingency Approach The ess
Page 108 and 109: have to deal not only with one leve
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES [1] CES/IOE (2001) Role
Page 112 and 113: . Internal rates of return (IRRS) a
Page 114 and 115: Other assumptions made while calcul
Page 116 and 117: Table 12.1: Summary of Financial Ra
Page 118 and 119: Table 12.4: Summary of Financial Ra
Page 120 and 121: Table 12.7: Financial Rates of Retu
Page 122 and 123: IRRs are higher when increased nutr
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER XIII BIOGAS POTENTIAL AND F
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would be available since the number
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13.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE IN NEPAL 13
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13.3.1 Institutional Strengthening
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■ ■ Reducing dependency on impo
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CHAPTER XIV ROLE OF VARIOUS ACTORS
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■ ■ ■ To construct 13,000 bio
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utilization of bio-slurry as fertil
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and NBPG. Sometimes a company may b
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CHAPTERXVI IMPACT OF BIOGAS ON USER
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of dung, On the other hand, 33 perc
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CHAPTER XVII IMPACT OF BIOGAS ON HE
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Figure 17.1: Perceived Reduction in
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27 percent of households with bioga
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Majority of biogas households (95.5
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Table 18,1: Sampling of Biogas Hous
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as the probable reasons for non-ope
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Table 18.7 shows that majority of t
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variations. Assuming that 1 hour of
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Status Table 18.15: Comparison of t
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contributes to the saving of Rs. 6.
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Table 18.22: Kerosene Replacement a
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The survey results on Carbon emissi
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CHAPTER XIX WORKLOAD OF WOMEN AND G
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Looking into the division of activi
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19.3 STUDIES OF BIOGAS USERS WITH F
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co-operative manner so that the wea
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Biogas user women perceived that bi
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20.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER XX FINANC
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portion of the construction cost of
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CHAPTER XXI CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEM
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21.6.4 Mosquito Breeding after Biog
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(FAOm:P/Nep/4451-T). [33] CMS (1996
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