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EDITORS NOTE Since its inception from 1992, SNV/Biogas Support Programme (SNV/BSP) has been attaching great importance in bringing forth publications concerning various aspects of biogas technology. Until this date, the documents published by SNV/BSP exceed more than 300. The principal aim of bringing out this book titled Biogas as Renewable Source of Energy in Nepal: Theory and Development by BSP-Nepal is to consolidate and compile valuable information contained in published and non-published forms on biogas technology in Nepal and elsewhere. As will be seen, the book embraces altogether 21 chapters and is divided into two parts. The first part of this book deals with theoretical aspects of biogas technology, while the second one is consecrated on biogas development aspects particularly, in die context of Nepal. Based upon the research works carried out in Nepal and elsewhere, the authors have made an attempt to include as much information as possible in this book. Theoretical as well as practical information has been embedded in this book so as to acquaint the readers with latest development in biogas technology. However, biogas technology being so vast subject, the information provided in this book is not claimed to be exhaustive. The Editorial Board is of the opinion that this book will be useful not only to the national and international institutions and/or professionals concerned with the promotion and development of biogas technology in Nepal but also to those who want to carry out R & D activities in the field of biogas technology. Furthermore, the book can serve as a text and/or reference book to the Renewable Energy Courses offered by the colleges or universities in Nepal and elsewhere. As a matter of fact, the subject matter dealt with in this book has been derived from the work of innumerable researchers and organizations that are associated directly and indirectly with biogas programme in Nepal. Hence, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We are especially indebted to Prof. Upendra Man Malla, Dr. Mangala Shrestha and Mr. Ajoy Karki for their efforts to revise or rewrite some of the important chapters of this book. We take pride in compiling the book in this shape under the framework of BSP-Nepal. Last but not the least, we would like to invite comments and feedback from the readers and practitioners and assure them that we shall take care of their valid suggestions in the second edition of this book. Editorial Board Prof. Dr. AmritB. Karki Prof. Jagan Nath Shrestha Mr. Sundar Bajgain
ADB/N AEPC AEPDF AFPRO AIC ASS ATC ATF BCC BDC BGH BGP BNRM BOQ BPI BRTC BSP BTI BTTC BYS C/N CDM CEC CENAP CES CMS DCS DOA EIRRs ERDG FAO FGD FIRRs FS FY FYM g-C GGC GHG GI GJ GO GWC HH HMG/N HPP hr HRD HRT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Agricultural Development Bank Alternative Energy Promotion Centre Alternative Energy Promotion and Development Forum Action for Food Production Agricultural Inputs Corporation After Sale Service Agricultural Technology Centre Agricultural Tool Factory Biogas Coordination Committee Biogas Development Committee Biogas Plants Installed Households Biogas Plant Biogas and Natural Resources Management Bill of Quantities Biogas Performance Index Biogas Research and Training Centre Biogas Support Programme Butwal Technical Institute Balaju Technical Training Centre Balaju Yantra Shala Carbon-nitrogen Clean Development Mechanism Cation Exchange Capacity Centre National d'Agro-pedologie Centre for Energy Studies Consolidated Management Services Nepal (P) Ltd Development and Consulting Services Department of Agriculture Economic Rates of Return Energy Research and Development Group Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Focus Group Discussion Financial Rates of Return Faecal Sludge Fiscal Year Farm Yard Manure Gram Carbon Gobar Gas and Agricultural Equipment Development Company Greenhouse Gases Galvanized Iron Gigajoules Government Organisation Global Warming Commitment Household His Majesty's Government of Nepal High Power Phase Hour Human Resource Development Hydraulic Retention Time
Page 2 and 3: BIOGAS As Renewable Source of Energ
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD I have the pleasure to go
Page 8 and 9: IBS IEIA IOE INGO IQC IRR JBT KfW K
Page 10 and 11: TABLE CONTENTS FOREWORD EDITOR'S NO
Page 12 and 13: 13.5 Long-term Government Policy 11
Page 14 and 15: List of Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2
Page 16 and 17: Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Fi
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER I CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.1 clearly indicates that t
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER II DESIGN CONCEPT AND RELAT
Page 24 and 25: Chinese model fixed dome biogas pla
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.4 Other Designs Figure 2.4: Dee
Page 28 and 29: Anaerobic Filter: The anaerobic fil
Page 30 and 31: ■ Suitable foundation condition -
Page 32 and 33: Solution: From Table 2.2: 1 cow yie
Page 34 and 35: 2.6.2 Volume Calculations for Chine
Page 36 and 37: The resultant force is as follows:
Page 38 and 39: CHAPTER III MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN
Page 40 and 41: substances are solubilized into sim
Page 42 and 43: 3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL ACT
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER IV VARIOUS USES OF BIOGAS A
Page 46 and 47: Figure 4.5: Sketch of Ujeli Biogas
Page 48 and 49: The volume of water form the 5 HP p
Page 50 and 51: . Availability of Fertilizer Cattle
Page 52 and 53: d. Needs Match Sticks More matchsti
Page 54 and 55: In which Q = rate of heat loss, (en
Page 56 and 57:
. Integration of Solar Energy Integ
Page 58 and 59:
5.4.1 Biogas Reactor at Lukla/Mosi
Page 60 and 61:
Figure 5.8: The Flat View of the Pi
Page 62 and 63:
CHAPTER VI BIOGAS IN RELATION TO OT
Page 64 and 65:
Table 6.1: Impact of Biogas on vari
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Chinese experience shows that if th
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7.2 NITROGEN CYCLE Bio-slurry is ri
Page 70 and 71:
7.4.2 Nutrient Content of Bio-slurr
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To avoid the loss of ammonia (NH 4
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Experiment with Bio-slurry on Maize
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stated that cucumber yielded double
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7.8.5 Philippines In the Philippine
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Cross Section—B-B Figure 7.4: Mod
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CHAPTER VIII BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM
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■ ■ ■ Excreta available /day
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It is to be noted that the settling
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8.43 Operation of Biodigester After
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9.1.2 Raw Materials Utilized for Fe
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help design large anaerobic digeste
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Inlet and outlet of the biodigester
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CHAPTER X IMPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS ON
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10.43 Substitution of Agricultural
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10.8 CARBON EMISSION SAVED FROM THE
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industrial, military or other organ
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apidly. The techniques that have fo
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11.2.7 Contingency Approach The ess
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have to deal not only with one leve
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REFERENCES [1] CES/IOE (2001) Role
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. Internal rates of return (IRRS) a
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Other assumptions made while calcul
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Table 12.1: Summary of Financial Ra
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Table 12.4: Summary of Financial Ra
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Table 12.7: Financial Rates of Retu
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IRRs are higher when increased nutr
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CHAPTER XIII BIOGAS POTENTIAL AND F
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would be available since the number
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13.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE IN NEPAL 13
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13.3.1 Institutional Strengthening
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■ ■ Reducing dependency on impo
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CHAPTER XIV ROLE OF VARIOUS ACTORS
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■ ■ ■ To construct 13,000 bio
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utilization of bio-slurry as fertil
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and NBPG. Sometimes a company may b
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CHAPTERXVI IMPACT OF BIOGAS ON USER
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of dung, On the other hand, 33 perc
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CHAPTER XVII IMPACT OF BIOGAS ON HE
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Figure 17.1: Perceived Reduction in
Page 150 and 151:
27 percent of households with bioga
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Majority of biogas households (95.5
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Table 18,1: Sampling of Biogas Hous
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as the probable reasons for non-ope
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Table 18.7 shows that majority of t
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variations. Assuming that 1 hour of
Page 162 and 163:
Status Table 18.15: Comparison of t
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contributes to the saving of Rs. 6.
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Table 18.22: Kerosene Replacement a
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The survey results on Carbon emissi
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CHAPTER XIX WORKLOAD OF WOMEN AND G
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Looking into the division of activi
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19.3 STUDIES OF BIOGAS USERS WITH F
Page 176 and 177:
co-operative manner so that the wea
Page 178 and 179:
Biogas user women perceived that bi
Page 180 and 181:
20.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER XX FINANC
Page 182 and 183:
portion of the construction cost of
Page 184 and 185:
CHAPTER XXI CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEM
Page 186 and 187:
21.6.4 Mosquito Breeding after Biog
Page 188 and 189:
(FAOm:P/Nep/4451-T). [33] CMS (1996
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