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8 4. Yeasts, though unicellular eukaryotes, are not placed in the kingdom Protista. 3. Animal protozoans are included under the kingdom Protista which include unicellular plants. They show different modes of nutrition. 2. Animal protozoans are not included along with animals. Table : 1.1 Major differences among five kingdoms in the Five Kingdom System of Classification: Property Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell Mostly unicellular Mostly organization unicellular Cell wall Present in most Present in some: absent in others Nutritional Phototrophic,heterotrophic Heterotrophic Multicellular and unicellular Mostly Multicellular Mostly Multicellular Present Present absent Heterotrophic phototrophic Heterotrophic class or chemoautotrophic and phototrophic Mode of Absorptive Absorptive or Absorptive Mostly Mostly nutrition ingestive Absorptive ingestive Motility Motile or non Motile or Nonmotile Mostly Mostly Motile motile nonmotile nonmotile
Difficulties in classification Since living organisms exhibit great variety and diversity and also they have evolved through millions of <strong>year</strong>s and there are many missing links between groups, it is very difficult to have a clear cut and well defined classification. Biological classification reflects the state of our knowledge. It changes as we acquire new information. By the 1970s molecular biologists realized that prokaryotes consist of two different and unrelated groups. To accommodate this new information three microbiologists, C.Woese, O.Kandler, and M.L Wheelis introduced a new classification scheme in 1990. They proposed that all organisms be divided into three major groups called domains: the Eucarya (containing all eukaryotes), the Bacteria (containing most familiar prokaryotes), and the Archaea (originally called archaebacteria and containing prokaryotes that live mostly in extreme environments.) This scheme is currently accepted by most biologists. Classification will undoubtedly continue to change. SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the correct answer 1. The basic unit of classification is a. genus b.species c.family d.taxon 2. Unicellular plants found floating in oceans and freshwater are called a. algae b.zooplanktons c.phytoplanktons d.epiphytes 3. Carolus Linnaeus proposed the following system of classification a. Phylogenetic b. Two kingdoms c. Five Kingdoms d. Natural Fill in the blanks 1. “Systema Naturae” is written by_____________ 2. Father of Ayurveda is_______________ 3. __________ introduced the term species for the <strong>first</strong> time. 4. The author of “Species Plantarum” is ___________ 5. __________ coined the word Taxonomy. 9
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours
Page 7 and 8: 5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Tran
Page 9 and 10: III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY .............
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 2. Salient Features of
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33 and 34: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 35 and 36: Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47 and 48: organisms play an important role in
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
Page 57 and 58: The yellow, orange or red coloured
Page 59 and 60: 1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
Page 61 and 62: It is used in sound and fire proof
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
Page 65 and 66: (c) By aplanospores During unfavour
Page 67 and 68: Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
Page 69 and 70:
2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
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the dominant generation in the top
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2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
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Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
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Structure of mature archegonium Mat
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to form a diploid zygote which grow
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2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
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Ferns represent a more specialized
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2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
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The vascular cylinder is diarch and
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Each mature archegonium is differen
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2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
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5. The sporophyte bears two types o
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
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Normal roots: The long-lived primar
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lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
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The vascular bundles are arranged i
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Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
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(anemophyllous). Further developmen
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Fertilization : The fusion of male
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II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
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Table 2.1 Differences between plant
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2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
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3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
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Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
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and size of the chromosomes are the
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air and that is the reason why the
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5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
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wall is very strongly anisotropic a
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
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The rate of diffusion is directly p
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itself to the other binding site of
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Five Marks 1. List the functions of
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Smooth ER This type of ER does not
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It is formed by a stack of flattene
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Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
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Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
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Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
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In plants, active mitotic cell divi
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Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
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3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
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Consequently at each pole only half
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III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
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4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
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2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
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Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
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Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
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Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
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VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
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2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
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Simple Raceme This is a very simple
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is called involucre of bracts from
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Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
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IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
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3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
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Parts of a flower A typical flower
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coloured and highly developed, whic
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II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
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Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
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iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
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1. Axile Placentation This type of
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iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
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In these fruits either the entire p
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2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
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the flowers are sterile and seeds a
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maize grain is yellow in colour and
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Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
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IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
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this concept the progeny of a black
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2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
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1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
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Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
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Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
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characters that appear in the F 1 h
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Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
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contained as a sequence of nucleoti
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Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
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other and not the alleles. In Mirab
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Epistasis can be of the following t
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White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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