higher secondary - first year - botany - Textbooks Online
higher secondary - first year - botany - Textbooks Online
higher secondary - first year - botany - Textbooks Online
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cells. Instead the<br />
Aseptate hypha<br />
Septate hypha<br />
protoplasm is either<br />
continuous or is interrupted<br />
Nuclei<br />
Septum<br />
at intervals by cross walls (Coenocytic)<br />
Fig : 1.11. Coenocytic hypha and septate hypha<br />
called septa which divide<br />
the hyphae into<br />
compartments similar to cells. Thus hyphae may be aseptate(hyphae without<br />
cross walls) or septate (hyphae with cross walls).When aseptate they are<br />
coenocytic containing many nuclei. Each hypha has a thin rigid wall, whose chief<br />
component is chitin, a nitrogen containing polysaccharide also found in the<br />
exoskeleton of arthropods. Within the cytoplasm the usual eukaryotic organelles<br />
are found such as mitochondria, golgi-apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes<br />
and vacuoles. In the older parts, vacuoles are large and cytoplasm is confined to a<br />
thin peripheral layer.<br />
Nutrition<br />
Fungi are heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition that is they require an organic<br />
source of carbon. In addition they require a source of nitrogen, usually organic<br />
substances such as amino acids. The nutrition of fungi can be described as<br />
absorptive because they absorb nutrients directly from outside their bodies. This<br />
is in contrast to animals which normally ingest food and then digest it within their<br />
bodies before absorption takes place. With fungi, digestion is external using extracellular<br />
enzymes. Fungi obtain their nutrients as saprotrophs,parasites or symbionts.<br />
Saprotrophs<br />
A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its food from dead and decaying<br />
matter. It secretes enzymes on to the organic matter so that digestion is outside<br />
the organism. Soluble products of digestion are absorbed and assimilated within<br />
the body of the saprotroph.<br />
Saprotrophic fungi and bacteria constitute the decomposers and are essential<br />
in bringing about decay and recycling of nutrients. They produce humus from<br />
animal and plant remains. Humus, a part of soil, is a layer of decayed organic<br />
matter containing many nutrients. Some important fungi are the few species that<br />
secrete the enzyme cellulase which breaks down cellulose. Cellulose being an<br />
important structural component of plant cell walls, rotting of wood and other<br />
plant remains is achieved by these decomposers secreting cellulases.<br />
Parasites<br />
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism, the host from<br />
which it obtains its food and shelter. The host usually belongs to a different<br />
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