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Match the following Fossil records Whittaker Carolus Linnaeus John Ray Augustin de Candolle - Five kingdom System - Species - Taxonomy - Phylogenetic studies - Species Plantarum Two Marks 1. Define biodiversity. 2. What are the aims of classification? 3. Define Taxonomy. 4. Define species. 5. Write the hierarchy of the units of classification. 6. Define phylogeny. 7. Give any two reasons why phylogenetic classification is not always possible? 8. What is meant by phylogenetic classification? 9. What is meant by artificial system of classification? Give example. 10. What are Archaebacteria? 11. Name the three domains according to the modern classification proposed by C.Woese, O.Kandler and M.C.Wheelis. 12. Define systematics. Five Marks 1. List the differences between plants and animals. 2. How do you justify a separate kingdom status for fungi. 3. What are the difficulties encountered in classifying Euglena? Ten Marks 1. Discuss the Five kingdom system of classification. List it’s merits and demerits. 2. Discuss the Two kingdom system of classification. List it’s merits and demerits. 10
Introduction 2. Salient Features of Various Groups 2.1 Viruses Viruses are still biologists’ puzzle because they show both living and nonliving characters. Hence viruses are regarded as a separate entity. It is not taken into account in Whittaker’s five kingdom classification. Viruses are now defined as ultramicroscopic, disease causing intra cellular obligate parasites. Brief history of discovery Viruses were not known to biologists for a long time due to their ultramicroscopic structure though their presence was apparent by infectious diseases which were proved not due to bacteria. It attracted the attention of investigators only in the 19 th century when a virus called tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) caused severe damage to commercially important tobacco crop. Table : 1.2. Enigma of Viruses Living characteristics of virus Non-living characteristics of virus 1. Ability to multiply inside a host Inability to multiply extra cellularly plant or animal cell 2. Ability to cause diseases Absence of any metabolic activity 3. Possession of nucleic acid, Absence of protoplasm protein, enzyme, etc. 4. Ability to undergo mutation Can be crystallized. Mayer demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted just by applying the sap of infected leaf to the leaf of healthy plant. He thought that the disease was due to a bacterium. It was then the Russian biologist Iwanowsky (1892) who demonstrated that the sap of infected leaves even after passing through bacterial filter remained infective, ruling out the bacterium as the causative agent. Dutch microbiologist Beijerinck (1898) confirmed the findings of Iwanowsky and called the fluid “contagium vivum fluidum” which means contagious living fluid. This was later on called virion (poison) and the disease causing agent as virus. W.M. Stanley (1935), the American biochemist, isolated virus in crystalline form and demonstrated that even in that state it maintained the infectivity. This marked the beginning of a new branch of science called virology. General characteristics Viruses are ultramicroscopic and can cause diseases in plants and animals. They are very simple in their structure. They are composed of nucleic acid 11
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours
Page 7 and 8: 5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Tran
Page 9 and 10: III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY .............
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17 and 18: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 19: Difficulties in classification Sinc
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33 and 34: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 35 and 36: Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47 and 48: organisms play an important role in
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
Page 57 and 58: The yellow, orange or red coloured
Page 59 and 60: 1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
Page 61 and 62: It is used in sound and fire proof
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
Page 65 and 66: (c) By aplanospores During unfavour
Page 67 and 68: Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
Page 69 and 70: 2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
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the dominant generation in the top
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2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
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Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
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Structure of mature archegonium Mat
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to form a diploid zygote which grow
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2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
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Ferns represent a more specialized
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2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
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The vascular cylinder is diarch and
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Each mature archegonium is differen
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2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
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5. The sporophyte bears two types o
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
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Normal roots: The long-lived primar
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lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
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The vascular bundles are arranged i
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Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
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(anemophyllous). Further developmen
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Fertilization : The fusion of male
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II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
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Table 2.1 Differences between plant
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2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
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3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
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Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
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and size of the chromosomes are the
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air and that is the reason why the
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5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
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wall is very strongly anisotropic a
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
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The rate of diffusion is directly p
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itself to the other binding site of
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Five Marks 1. List the functions of
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Smooth ER This type of ER does not
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It is formed by a stack of flattene
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Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
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Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
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Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
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In plants, active mitotic cell divi
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Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
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3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
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Consequently at each pole only half
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III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
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4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
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2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
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Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
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Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
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Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
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VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
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2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
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Simple Raceme This is a very simple
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is called involucre of bracts from
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Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
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IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
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3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
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Parts of a flower A typical flower
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coloured and highly developed, whic
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II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
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Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
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iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
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1. Axile Placentation This type of
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iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
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In these fruits either the entire p
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2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
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the flowers are sterile and seeds a
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maize grain is yellow in colour and
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Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
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IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
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this concept the progeny of a black
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2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
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1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
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Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
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Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
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characters that appear in the F 1 h
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Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
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contained as a sequence of nucleoti
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Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
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other and not the alleles. In Mirab
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Epistasis can be of the following t
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White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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