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CONTENTS Pages I. BIODIVERSITY........................................................................... 1-98 1. Systematics .................................................................................. 1 2. Salient Features of Various Groups ............................................ 11 2.1 Viruses ........................................................................... 11 2.2 Bacteria.......................................................................... 22 2.3 Fungi .............................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Mucor ...........................................................................39 2.4 Algae.............................................................................. 45 2.4.1 Spirogyra ......................................................................53 2.5 Byrophytes ..................................................................... 59 2.5.1 Riccia ............................................................................63 2.6 Pteridophytes ................................................................. 71 2.6.1 Nephrolepsis ...............................................................75 2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms)................................... 81 2.7.1 Cycas.............................................................................86 II. CELL BIOLOGY .....................................................................99-144 1. Cell as the basic unit of life ........................................................ 99 2. Cell Theory ............................................................................... 103 3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell .............................................. 105 4. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope ............................ 110 5. Cell Wall ................................................................................... 113 6. Cell Membrane ........................................................................ 118 7. Cell Organelles ......................................................................... 126 8. Cell Division ............................................................................. 136 viii
III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY ................................................... 145-198 1. Root, Stem and Leaf ................................................................ 145 2. Inflorescence ........................................................................... 163 3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds ................................................................. 173 IV. GENETICS ............................................................................ 199-225 1. Heredity and Variations............................................................ 199 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance ................................................. 203 3. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance .......................................... 214 4. Intermediate Inheritance .......................................................... 218 5. Epistasis.................................................................................... 220 ix
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours
Page 7: 5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Tran
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17 and 18: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 19 and 20: Difficulties in classification Sinc
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 2. Salient Features of
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33 and 34: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 35 and 36: Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47 and 48: organisms play an important role in
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
Page 57 and 58: The yellow, orange or red coloured
Page 59 and 60:
1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
Page 61 and 62:
It is used in sound and fire proof
Page 63 and 64:
2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
Page 65 and 66:
(c) By aplanospores During unfavour
Page 67 and 68:
Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
Page 69 and 70:
2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
Page 71 and 72:
the dominant generation in the top
Page 73 and 74:
2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
Page 75 and 76:
Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
Page 77 and 78:
Structure of mature archegonium Mat
Page 79 and 80:
to form a diploid zygote which grow
Page 81 and 82:
2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
Page 83 and 84:
Ferns represent a more specialized
Page 85 and 86:
2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
Page 87 and 88:
The vascular cylinder is diarch and
Page 89 and 90:
Each mature archegonium is differen
Page 91 and 92:
2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
Page 93 and 94:
5. The sporophyte bears two types o
Page 95 and 96:
SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
Page 97 and 98:
Normal roots: The long-lived primar
Page 99 and 100:
lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
Page 101 and 102:
The vascular bundles are arranged i
Page 103 and 104:
Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
Page 105 and 106:
(anemophyllous). Further developmen
Page 107 and 108:
Fertilization : The fusion of male
Page 109 and 110:
II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2.1 Differences between plant
Page 113 and 114:
2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
Page 115 and 116:
3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
Page 117 and 118:
Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
Page 119 and 120:
and size of the chromosomes are the
Page 121 and 122:
air and that is the reason why the
Page 123 and 124:
5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
Page 125 and 126:
wall is very strongly anisotropic a
Page 127 and 128:
SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
Page 129 and 130:
Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
Page 131 and 132:
The rate of diffusion is directly p
Page 133 and 134:
itself to the other binding site of
Page 135 and 136:
Five Marks 1. List the functions of
Page 137 and 138:
Smooth ER This type of ER does not
Page 139 and 140:
It is formed by a stack of flattene
Page 141 and 142:
Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
Page 143 and 144:
Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
Page 145 and 146:
Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
Page 147 and 148:
In plants, active mitotic cell divi
Page 149 and 150:
Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
Page 151 and 152:
3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
Page 153 and 154:
Consequently at each pole only half
Page 155 and 156:
III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
Page 157 and 158:
4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
Page 159 and 160:
2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
Page 161 and 162:
Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
Page 163 and 164:
Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
Page 165 and 166:
Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
Page 167 and 168:
VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
Page 173 and 174:
2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
Page 175 and 176:
Simple Raceme This is a very simple
Page 177 and 178:
is called involucre of bracts from
Page 179 and 180:
Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
Page 181 and 182:
IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
Page 183 and 184:
3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
Page 185 and 186:
Parts of a flower A typical flower
Page 187 and 188:
coloured and highly developed, whic
Page 189 and 190:
II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
Page 191 and 192:
Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
Page 193 and 194:
iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
Page 195 and 196:
1. Axile Placentation This type of
Page 197 and 198:
iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
Page 199 and 200:
In these fruits either the entire p
Page 201 and 202:
2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
Page 203 and 204:
the flowers are sterile and seeds a
Page 205 and 206:
maize grain is yellow in colour and
Page 207 and 208:
Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
Page 209 and 210:
IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
Page 211 and 212:
this concept the progeny of a black
Page 213 and 214:
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
Page 215 and 216:
1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
Page 217 and 218:
Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
Page 219 and 220:
Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
Page 221 and 222:
characters that appear in the F 1 h
Page 223 and 224:
Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
Page 225 and 226:
contained as a sequence of nucleoti
Page 227 and 228:
Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
Page 229 and 230:
other and not the alleles. In Mirab
Page 231 and 232:
Epistasis can be of the following t
Page 233 and 234:
White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
Page 235 and 236:
SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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