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Unit 8 : Practical Work (30 periods) 1. Study of the following plants through specimens and slides and labelled sketches in the Botany Record Book 1.1 Spirogyra 1.2 Mucor 1.3 Riccia 1.4 Neprolepsis 1.5 Cycas 2. Study of the plant cells 2.1 Onion peel : Observe in the microscope and draw labelled sketches 2.2 Hydrilla leaves whole mount in pond water : observe and draw labelled sketches 2.3 Squash preparation of onion root tip : Observe stages of Mitosis and draw labelled sketches 3. Study of modifications of stem and root and draw labelled sketches 3.1 Undderground root modifications : Radish, Carrot, Beet-root 3.2 Aerial roots : Banyan Prop Roots - Climbiung Root of piper betel 3.3 Underground stem modifications : Potato, Ginger, Onion, Yams 4. Flower : Structure, Vertical Section, Floral Diagram and Floral Form of the following 4.1 Hibiscus 4.2 Datura vi
5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Transpiration (a) Transpiration pull (b) Ganong's Potometer 5.2 Osmosis (a) Osmometer - using semipermeable plant memabrane (b) Potato Osmometer 5.3 Root Pressure : Experiment to demonstrate root pressure in Dicots 6. Germination of Seeds 6.1 Hypogeal type 6.2 Epigeal type (students to do project work) 7. Hydrophytes & Xerophytes 7.1 To study the specimens and write to note (a) Hydrophytes : Hydrilla / Vallisneria, Eichhornia, Pistia (b) Xerophytes : Opuntia, Euphorbia tirucalli, E. antiquorum, Aloe, Nerium. vii
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 5: Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours
Page 9 and 10: III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY .............
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17 and 18: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 19 and 20: Difficulties in classification Sinc
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 2. Salient Features of
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33 and 34: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 35 and 36: Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47 and 48: organisms play an important role in
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
Page 57 and 58:
The yellow, orange or red coloured
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1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
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It is used in sound and fire proof
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2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
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(c) By aplanospores During unfavour
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Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
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2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
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the dominant generation in the top
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2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
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Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
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Structure of mature archegonium Mat
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to form a diploid zygote which grow
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2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
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Ferns represent a more specialized
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2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
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The vascular cylinder is diarch and
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Each mature archegonium is differen
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2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
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5. The sporophyte bears two types o
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
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Normal roots: The long-lived primar
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lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
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The vascular bundles are arranged i
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Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
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(anemophyllous). Further developmen
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Fertilization : The fusion of male
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II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
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Table 2.1 Differences between plant
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2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
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3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
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Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
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and size of the chromosomes are the
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air and that is the reason why the
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5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
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wall is very strongly anisotropic a
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
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The rate of diffusion is directly p
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itself to the other binding site of
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Five Marks 1. List the functions of
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Smooth ER This type of ER does not
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It is formed by a stack of flattene
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Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
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Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
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Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
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In plants, active mitotic cell divi
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Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
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3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
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Consequently at each pole only half
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III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
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4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
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2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
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Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
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Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
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Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
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VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
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2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
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Simple Raceme This is a very simple
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is called involucre of bracts from
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Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
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IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
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3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
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Parts of a flower A typical flower
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coloured and highly developed, whic
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II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
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Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
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iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
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1. Axile Placentation This type of
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iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
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In these fruits either the entire p
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2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
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the flowers are sterile and seeds a
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maize grain is yellow in colour and
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Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
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IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
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this concept the progeny of a black
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2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
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1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
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Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
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Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
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characters that appear in the F 1 h
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Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
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contained as a sequence of nucleoti
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Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
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other and not the alleles. In Mirab
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Epistasis can be of the following t
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White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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