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(Claviceps purpurea) produces hallucinations. Hence this fungus is called “ hallucinogenic fungus” and has caused greatest damage to the frustrated youth by giving an unreal, extraordinary lightness and hovering sensation. The association of fungi with several plant diseases has now come to light. The devastating disease called ‘late blight of potato’ caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans in Ireland in the <strong>year</strong> 1845 has resulted in such a disaster that about one million people died of starvation and over 1.5 million people fled to other countries since potato was the staple food of Ireland. Since then ‘Plant pathology’ a new science started which deals with diseases of plants caused not only by fungi but also by bacteria, viruses etc. SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the correct answer 1. The study of Fungi is called a. phycology b. plant pathology c. systematics d.mycology 2. The fungal cell wall is made up of a. chitin b. cellulose c. pectin d. peptidoglycan Fill in the blanks 1. The storage products of fungi are __________ and __________ 2. Haustoria are rarely produced by_________ parasites. Two Marks 1. What is a coenocytic mycelium? 2. What is meant by septate hypha? 3. Distinguish obligate parasite from facultative parasites. 4. What are haustoria? 5. What are mycorrhizae? 6. Name some fungal diseases of plants. 7. Name some edible fungi. 8. Justify the statement by Pasteur: “Without fungi even death will be incomplete” 9. Which fungus is called hallucinogenic fungus and why? Five Marks 1. Write about the symbiotic mode of nutrition as seen in fungi. 2. Give the salient features of the subdivision Ascomycotina / Basidiomycotina / Zygomycotina Ten Marks 1. Write an essay on the mode of nutrition in fungi. 2. Give a concise account on the economic importance of fungi. 38
2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub Division : Zygomycotina Class : Zygomycetes Order : Mucorales Family : Mucoraceae Genus : Mucor Occurrence : Mucor is a saprotrophic fungus. The appearance of the sporangiophores and sporangia resembles a collection of pins and hence it is commonly known as “pin mould”. As the matured sporangia are black in colour, it is also called “black bread mold”. There are more than 50 species that have been reported in this genus. It grows on dung (eg : Mucor mucedo), wet shoes, stale moist bread, rotton fruit, decaying vegetables and other stale organic media. It can be grown easily in the laboratory on a piece of moist bread or on horse dung kept under a bell jar in a warm place for three or four days. Somatic structure : The body of Mucor is composed of a mass of white, delicate, cottony threads collectively known as mycelium. It is always much branched and coenocytic i.e. aseptate and multinucleate. Each thread of the mycelium is known as hypha which is aseptate. The mycelium spreads in all directions over the substratum. Some of the hyphal branches penetrate down into the substratum to absorb water and nutrients. Reproduction : This takes place vegetatively, asexually and sexually. The asexual reproduction by formation of spores is very common in Mucor. Vegetative reproduction : Fragmentation of the mycelium results in the multiplication of the fungus by developing fresh stock of mycelia. Asexual reproduction : Asexual reproduction is by spores or chlamydospores or sometimes by oidia. Sporangiospores or spores : Mucor readily reproduces asexually by forming sporangiospores or spores (Fig.). Here the spores are produced in sporangia. Under favourable conditions of moisture and temperature, numerous slender, erect hyphae 39 Fig.1.16 Mucor - Mycelium with sporongia and spores
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours
Page 7 and 8: 5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Tran
Page 9 and 10: III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY .............
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17 and 18: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 19 and 20: Difficulties in classification Sinc
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 2. Salient Features of
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33 and 34: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 35 and 36: Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47: organisms play an important role in
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
Page 57 and 58: The yellow, orange or red coloured
Page 59 and 60: 1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
Page 61 and 62: It is used in sound and fire proof
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
Page 65 and 66: (c) By aplanospores During unfavour
Page 67 and 68: Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
Page 69 and 70: 2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
Page 71 and 72: the dominant generation in the top
Page 73 and 74: 2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
Page 75 and 76: Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
Page 77 and 78: Structure of mature archegonium Mat
Page 79 and 80: to form a diploid zygote which grow
Page 81 and 82: 2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
Page 83 and 84: Ferns represent a more specialized
Page 85 and 86: 2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
Page 87 and 88: The vascular cylinder is diarch and
Page 89 and 90: Each mature archegonium is differen
Page 91 and 92: 2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
Page 93 and 94: 5. The sporophyte bears two types o
Page 95 and 96: SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
Page 97 and 98: Normal roots: The long-lived primar
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lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
Page 101 and 102:
The vascular bundles are arranged i
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Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
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(anemophyllous). Further developmen
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Fertilization : The fusion of male
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II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
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Table 2.1 Differences between plant
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2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
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3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
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Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
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and size of the chromosomes are the
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air and that is the reason why the
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5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
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wall is very strongly anisotropic a
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
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The rate of diffusion is directly p
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itself to the other binding site of
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Five Marks 1. List the functions of
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Smooth ER This type of ER does not
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It is formed by a stack of flattene
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Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
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Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
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Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
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In plants, active mitotic cell divi
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Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
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3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
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Consequently at each pole only half
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III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
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4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
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2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
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Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
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Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
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Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
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VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
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2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
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Simple Raceme This is a very simple
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is called involucre of bracts from
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Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
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IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
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3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
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Parts of a flower A typical flower
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coloured and highly developed, whic
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II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
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Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
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iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
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1. Axile Placentation This type of
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iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
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In these fruits either the entire p
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2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
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the flowers are sterile and seeds a
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maize grain is yellow in colour and
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Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
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IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
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this concept the progeny of a black
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2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
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1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
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Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
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Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
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characters that appear in the F 1 h
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Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
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contained as a sequence of nucleoti
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Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
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other and not the alleles. In Mirab
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Epistasis can be of the following t
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White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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