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favourable chemical stimulus (usually a nutrient). Negative chemotaxis is movement away from a repellant (potentially harmful) compound. Nutrition in Bacteria Autotrophic Bacteria Some bacteria can synthesize their food and hence they are autotrophic in their mode of nutrition. They may be photo autotrophs (eg. Spirillum) or chemoautotrophs eg. Nitrosomonas or Nitrobacter. Photoautotrophic bacteria They use sunlight as their source of energy to synthesize food. But unlike photosynthetic eukaryotic cells they do not split water to obtain reducing power. So Oxygen is not evolved during bacterial photosynthesis. Depending upon the nature of the hydrogen donor these bacteria may be 1. Photolithotrops In this the hydrogen donor is an inorganic substance. In green sulphur bacteria(eg. Chlorobium) hydrogen sulphide (H 2 s) is the hydrogen donor. The chlorophyll is bacterioviridin In purple sulphur bacteria (eg. Chromatium) thiosulphate acts as hydrogen donor. The chlorophyll is bacteriochlorophyll. 2. Photo-organolithotrophs In this the hydrogen donor is an organic acid or alcohol eg. Purple non sulphur bacteria (eg. Rhodospirillum) Chemoautotrphic bacteria They do no have photosynthetic pigments and hence they cannot use sunlight energy. Instead they obtain energy in the form of ATP by oxidising inorganic or organic compounds. The energy thus obtained is used to reduce CO 2 to organic matter. Based on the type of substance oxidized they may be 1. Chemolithotrophs: Inorganic compound is oxidized to release energy. eg. Sulphur bacteria (eg. Thiobacillus) Iron bacteria (eg. Ferrobacillus), Hydrogen bacteria eg. Hyderogenomonas and Nitrifying bacteria (eg Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) 2. Chemo – organotrophs: In this type it is an organic compound that is oxidized to release energy. eg. Methane bacteria (Methanococcus). 24
Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are also examples for chemoorganotrophs. Heterotrophic Bacteria They depend upon other organisms (living/dead) for their food since they cannot synthesize their own food. They may be saprotrophic e.g (Bacillus subtilis), parasitic e.g. Plant parasite-(Xanthomonas citrii) animal parasite e.g.(Bacillus anthracis) , Human parasite e.g (Vibrio cholerae) or symbiotic in association with roots of the family Leguminosae. e.g. (Rhizobium) Respiration in Bacteria Aerobic Bacteria: These bacteria require oxygen as terminal acceptor of electrons and will not grow under anaerobic conditions(i.e in the absence of O 2 ) Some micrococcus species are obligate aerobes (i.e they must have oxygen to survive) Anaerobic bacteria : These bacteria do not use oxygen for growth and metabolism but obtain their energy from fermentation reaction. eg. Clostridium species. Capnophilic bacteria are those that require CO 2 for growth. Facultative anaerobes: Bacteria can grow either oxidatively using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor or anaerobically using fermentation reaction to obtain energy. Bacteria that are facultative anaerobes are often termed “aerobes”. When a facultative anaerobe such as E. Coli is present at a site of an infection like an abdominal abscess it can rapidly consume all available O 2 and change to anaerobic metabolism, producing an anaerobic environment and thus, allow the anaerobic bacteria that are present to grow and cause disease. Endospores are structures formed in bacillus bacteria during unfavourable conditions. Fortunately most pathogenic bacteria (except tetanus and anthrax bacteria) do not form endospores. Reproduction: Reproduction by binary fission is very common. It is the method by which many bacteria multiply very rapidly explaining the cause of spoilage of food stuffs, turning of milk into curd etc. Sexual Reproduction Typical sexual reproduction involving the formation and fusion of gametes is absent in bacteria. However, gene recombination can occur in bacteria by three different methods. They are 1. Conjugation 2. Transduction 3. Transformation 25
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours
Page 7 and 8: 5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Tran
Page 9 and 10: III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY .............
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17 and 18: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 19 and 20: Difficulties in classification Sinc
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 2. Salient Features of
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47 and 48: organisms play an important role in
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
Page 57 and 58: The yellow, orange or red coloured
Page 59 and 60: 1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
Page 61 and 62: It is used in sound and fire proof
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
Page 65 and 66: (c) By aplanospores During unfavour
Page 67 and 68: Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
Page 69 and 70: 2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
Page 71 and 72: the dominant generation in the top
Page 73 and 74: 2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
Page 75 and 76: Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
Page 77 and 78: Structure of mature archegonium Mat
Page 79 and 80: to form a diploid zygote which grow
Page 81 and 82: 2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
Page 83 and 84: Ferns represent a more specialized
Page 85 and 86:
2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
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The vascular cylinder is diarch and
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Each mature archegonium is differen
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2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
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5. The sporophyte bears two types o
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
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Normal roots: The long-lived primar
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lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
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The vascular bundles are arranged i
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Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
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(anemophyllous). Further developmen
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Fertilization : The fusion of male
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II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
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Table 2.1 Differences between plant
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2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
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3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
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Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
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and size of the chromosomes are the
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air and that is the reason why the
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5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
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wall is very strongly anisotropic a
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
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The rate of diffusion is directly p
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itself to the other binding site of
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Five Marks 1. List the functions of
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Smooth ER This type of ER does not
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It is formed by a stack of flattene
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Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
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Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
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Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
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In plants, active mitotic cell divi
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Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
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3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
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Consequently at each pole only half
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III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
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4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
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2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
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Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
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Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
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Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
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VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
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2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
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Simple Raceme This is a very simple
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is called involucre of bracts from
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Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
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IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
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3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
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Parts of a flower A typical flower
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coloured and highly developed, whic
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II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
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Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
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iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
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1. Axile Placentation This type of
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iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
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In these fruits either the entire p
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2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
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the flowers are sterile and seeds a
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maize grain is yellow in colour and
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Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
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IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
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this concept the progeny of a black
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2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
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1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
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Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
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Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
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characters that appear in the F 1 h
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Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
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contained as a sequence of nucleoti
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Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
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other and not the alleles. In Mirab
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Epistasis can be of the following t
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White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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