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SYLLABUS : HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR - BOTANY Unit 1 : Biodiversity (20 hours) Systematics : Two Kingdom and Five Kingdom Systems - Salient features of various Plant Groups (Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms) - Viruses - Bacteria - Algae : Spirogyra - Fungi : Mucor - Bryophyta : Riccia - Pteridophyta : Nephrolepsis - Gymnosperms : Cycas. Unit 2 : Cell Biology (20 hours) Cells as the basic Unit of Life - Cell Theory - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (Plant Cell) - Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) - Ultra Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells - Cell Wall - Cell Membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model) Membrane Transport Model - Cell Organelles : Nucleus, Mitochondria, Plastid, Ribosomes - Cell Divisions : Amitosis, Mitosis and Meiosis and their significance. Unit 3 : Plant Morphology (10 hours) Structure and modifications of Root, Stem and Leaf - Structure and types of Inflorescences - Structure and types of flowers, fruits and seeds Unit 4 : Genetics (10 hours) Concept of Heredity and Variations - Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Chromosomal basis of Inheritance - Intermediate Inheritance (incomplete Dominance) - Epistasis iv
Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours) Cell as physiological unit - Properties of Protoplasm - Water relations - Absorption and movement - Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis - Theories of Water Transport - Root pressure - Transpiration pull - Factors affecting rate of Transpiration - Mechanism of Stomatal opening and closing - Potassium ion theory - Factors affecting Stomatal movement - Functions of Minerals - Essential major elements and trace elements - Deficiency symptoms of elements - Theories of Translocation - Translocation of Solutes - Nitrogen Metabolism and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Movements - Geotropism - Phototropism - Turgor Growth Movements - Tropic - Nastic & Nutation. Unit 6 : Reproduction Biology (30 hours) Modes of Reproduction in Angiosperms - Vegetative propagation (natural and artificial) - Micropropagation - Sexual Reproduction - Pollination : types - Double fertilization - Development of male and female gametophytes - Development of Dicot Embryo - Parthenogenesis and Parthenocarpy - Germination of Seeds - Parts of Seed - Types of Germination - Abscission & Senescence. Unit 7 : Environmental Biology (20 hours) Organisms and environment as factors : Air, Water, Soil, Temperature, Light and Biota - Hydrophytes, Mesophytes, Xerophytes and their adaptations - Natural Resources Types, use and misuse - Conservation of water (RWH) - Ecosystems: (a) Structure & Function, (b) Energy flow, (c) Decomposition, (d) Nutrient Cycling, (e) Major Biomes, Forests - Grasslands, Deserts - Ecological Succession : Mechanism & Types (Hydrosere & Xerosere). v
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEA
Page 3: PREFACE We are passing through an "
Page 7 and 8: 5. Physiology Experiments 5..1 Tran
Page 9 and 10: III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY .............
Page 11 and 12: Diversity in living organisms I. BI
Page 13 and 14: the fossil records which form the b
Page 15 and 16: Other colorless forms ingest small
Page 17 and 18: 2. Their mode of nutrition is heter
Page 19 and 20: Difficulties in classification Sinc
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 2. Salient Features of
Page 23 and 24: Structure of a virus A virus is com
Page 25 and 26: 4. Bacteriophages Virus that infect
Page 27 and 28: the Diptheria bacillus which is det
Page 29 and 30: It has created panic among the peop
Page 31 and 32: Two Marks 1. Justify: Viruses are b
Page 33 and 34: C. Tetracocci: Cells divide in two
Page 35 and 36: Acetobacteria and Lactobacillus are
Page 37 and 38: 2. Transduction : Donor DNA is carr
Page 39 and 40: 2. Vinegar Vinegar (Acetic acid) is
Page 41 and 42: 2.3 Fungi Conventionally Fungi have
Page 43 and 44: species and suffers harm from the p
Page 45 and 46: Mucor Rhizopus Sporangium Spores Sp
Page 47 and 48: organisms play an important role in
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.1 Mucor Division : Eumycota Sub
Page 51 and 52: As a consequence, the sporangium bu
Page 53 and 54: Fig.1.20 Life-Cycle of Mucor SELF E
Page 55 and 56:
2.4 Algae Salient Features Algae ar
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The yellow, orange or red coloured
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1. Pigmentation 2. Reserve food 3.
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It is used in sound and fire proof
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2.4.1 Spirogyra Class : Chlorophyce
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(c) By aplanospores During unfavour
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Fig.1.28 Schematic representation o
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2.5 Bryophytes There are fossil rec
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the dominant generation in the top
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2.5.1 Riccia Class : Hepaticae Orde
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Chlorophyllous tissue The dorsal re
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Structure of mature archegonium Mat
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to form a diploid zygote which grow
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2.6. Pteridophytes This division in
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Ferns represent a more specialized
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2.6.1 Nephrolepsis Division : Trach
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The vascular cylinder is diarch and
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Each mature archegonium is differen
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2.7 Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms) Th
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5. The sporophyte bears two types o
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Fill in th
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Normal roots: The long-lived primar
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lignified and pitted cell walls. Th
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The vascular bundles are arranged i
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Reproduction : Cycas reproduces by
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(anemophyllous). Further developmen
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Fertilization : The fusion of male
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II. CELL BIOLOGY 1. The Cell - Basi
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Table 2.1 Differences between plant
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2. Cell Theory In the year (1839) S
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3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
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Surrounding the DNA in the darker r
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and size of the chromosomes are the
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air and that is the reason why the
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5.Cell Wall The cells of all plants
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wall is very strongly anisotropic a
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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Lipids The lipid molecules form a c
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The rate of diffusion is directly p
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itself to the other binding site of
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Five Marks 1. List the functions of
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Smooth ER This type of ER does not
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It is formed by a stack of flattene
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Mitochondria A Mitochondrion is als
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Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, c
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Self Evaluation One Mark Choose the
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In plants, active mitotic cell divi
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Cytokinesis The division of the cyt
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3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I Propha
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Consequently at each pole only half
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III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1. Root, Stem
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4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
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2. Respiratory or breathing roots I
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Vanda Tinospora Leaf Photosynthetic
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Phylloclade: These are green, flatt
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Scale leaf Ginger Bud Potato Eye sp
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VENATION Reticulate Parallel Pinnat
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1.Unipinnate: In Digitate - Bombax
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5. Pitcher In the pitcher plant (Ne
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2. Inflorescence The reproductive o
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Simple Raceme This is a very simple
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is called involucre of bracts from
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Simple Cyme The stem or the axil of
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IV. Special Type of Inflorescence T
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3. Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Struct
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Parts of a flower A typical flower
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coloured and highly developed, whic
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II. Filmbriate: Petals fringed with
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Valvate Twisted Descendingly Imbric
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iii. Gynandrous: Stamens adhere to
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1. Axile Placentation This type of
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iii. Asymmetric: A flower which can
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In these fruits either the entire p
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2. Cremocarp: Fruit is produced fro
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the flowers are sterile and seeds a
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maize grain is yellow in colour and
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Fill in the blanks 1. A special lea
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IV. GENETICS 1. Concept of Heredity
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this concept the progeny of a black
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2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Int
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1. It is a naturally self-fertilizi
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Monohybrid Cross (Experiments with
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Dihybrid Cross (Cross involving two
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characters that appear in the F 1 h
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Fill in the blanks 1. The pairs of
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contained as a sequence of nucleoti
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Physical and Chemical Basis of Here
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other and not the alleles. In Mirab
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Epistasis can be of the following t
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White Green P WWYY X wwyy Gametes W
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SELF EVALUATION One Mark Choose the
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