THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 2004 - Unicef

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Regional summaries Regional averages given at the end of each table are calculated using data from the countries and territories as grouped below. Sub-Saharan Africa Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; Congo, Democratic Republic of the; Côte d’Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea- Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe Middle East and North Africa Algeria; Bahrain; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Morocco; Occupied Palestinian Territory; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen South Asia Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka East Asia and Pacific Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Cook Islands; Fiji; Indonesia; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Micronesia, Federated States of; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nauru; Niue; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam Latin America and Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Venezuela CEE/CIS and Baltic States Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Republic; Estonia; Georgia; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova, Republic of; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia and Montenegro; Slovakia; Tajikistan; the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan Industrialized countries Andorra; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Holy See; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Monaco; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; San Marino; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States Developing countries Afghanistan; Algeria; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Chile; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, Democratic Republic of the; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Côte d’Ivoire; Cuba; Cyprus; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Fiji; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana; Grenada; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Jamaica; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Marshall Islands; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of; Mongolia; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru; Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Occupied Palestinian Territory; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Qatar; Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent/Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Swaziland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Tuvalu; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe Least developed countries Afghanistan; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo, Democratic Republic of the; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Kiribati; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Rwanda; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Tuvalu; Uganda; Vanuatu; Yemen; Zambia 136 STATISTICAL TABLES
Measuring human development An introduction to table 10 If development is to assume a more human face, then there arises a corresponding need for a means of measuring human as well as economic progress. From UNICEF’s point of view, in particular, there is a need for an agreed method of measuring the level of child well-being and its rate of change. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is used in table 10 (next page) as the principal indicator of such progress. The U5MR has several advantages. First, it measures an end result of the development process rather than an ‘input’ such as school enrolment level, per capita calorie availability, or the number of doctors per thousand population – all of which are means to an end. Second, the U5MR is known to be the result of a wide variety of inputs: the nutritional health and the health knowledge of mothers; the level of immunization and ORT use; the availability of maternal and child health services (including prenatal care); income and food availability in the family; the availability of clean water and safe sanitation; and the overall safety of the child’s environment. Third, the U5MR is less susceptible than, say, per capita GNI to the fallacy of the average. This is because the natural scale does not allow the children of the rich to be one thousand times as likely to survive, even if the man-made scale does permit them to have one thousand times as much income. In other words, it is much more difficult for a wealthy minority to affect a nation’s U5MR, and it therefore presents a more accurate, if far from perfect, picture of the health status of the majority of children (and of society as a whole). For these reasons, the U5MR is chosen by UNICEF as its single most important indicator of the state of a nation’s children. That is why the tables rank the nations of the world not in ascending order of their per capita GNI but in descending order of their under-five mortality rates. The speed of progress in reducing the U5MR can be measured by calculating its average annual reduction rate (AARR). Unlike the comparison of absolute changes, the AARR reflects the fact that the lower limits to U5MR are approached only with increasing difficulty. As lower levels of under-five mortality are reached, for example, the same absolute reduction obviously represents a greater percentage of reduction. The AARR therefore shows a higher rate of progress for, say, a 10-point reduction if that reduction happens at a lower level of under-five mortality. (A fall in U5MR of 10 points from 100 to 90 represents a reduction of 10 per cent, whereas the same 10-point fall from 20 to 10 represents a reduction of 50 per cent). When used in conjunction with GDP growth rates, the U5MR and its reduction rate can therefore give a picture of the progress being made by any country or region, and over any period of time, towards the satisfaction of some of the most essential of human needs. As table 10 shows, there is no fixed relationship between the annual reduction rate of the U5MR and the annual rate of growth in per capita GDP. Such comparisons help to throw the emphasis on to the policies, priorities, and other factors which determine the ratio between economic and social progress. Finally, the table gives the total fertility rate for each country and territory and the average annual rate of reduction. It will be seen that many of the nations that have achieved significant reductions in their U5MR have also achieved significant reductions in fertility. THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2004 137
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THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN
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4 THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT OF EDUCATIN
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FOREWORD Within a family, there are
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In the Millennium Declaration of Se
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The most urgent goal of all More im
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global and country levels 6 (see Pa
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children out of school). At any mom
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Parents often do not realize that g
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that is needed to overcome the obst
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have acknowledged that education is
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Education is everybody’s human ri
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The multiplier effect. Education ha
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This view of growth as central to d
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ment that was born of it, recognize
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gling with the decision as to wheth
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le jeopardy: because of their gende
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What is the scale of the problem th
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mostly report on averages and thus
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learning achievement. In many cases
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that have achieved gender parity is
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FIGURE 9 CHILDREN’S OPINIONS ON G
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There are recent, tentatively hopef
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The benefits of educating girls are
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that such programmes establish the
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in Zambia fell by almost half among
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HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. Som
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Tree Initiative in several other co
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if the extra income is channelled t
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Making schools and education system
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having boys look after family cattl
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as boys achieved better results in
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graduated have gained significant s
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In Brazil, too, boys’ problems wi
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Girls’ education is a dream inves
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go to school was overwhelming. UNIC
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the outcome would be better for all
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BOX 6 BUDGETS AND HUMAN RIGHTS A hu
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An unfinished piece of 20th century
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While one cannot assume that all wo
Page 94 and 95: Enabling young mothers to return to
Page 96 and 97: community meeting, where women disc
Page 99 and 100: ANNEX B THE HUMAN RIGHTS- BASED APP
Page 101 and 102: In addition, it is essential that 1
Page 103 and 104: 27. Spogárd, René and Meril James
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Page 108 and 109: General note on the data The data p
Page 110 and 111: TABLE 1. BASIC INDICATORS Countries
Page 112 and 113: TABLE 1. BASIC INDICATORS Under-5 m
Page 114 and 115: TABLE 2. NUTRITION Countries and te
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 2. NUTRITION % of infants wit
Page 118 and 119: TABLE 3. HEALTH Countries and terri
Page 120 and 121: TABLE 3. HEALTH % of population usi
Page 122 and 123: TABLE 4. HIV/AIDS Countries and ter
Page 124 and 125: TABLE 4. HIV/AIDS Adult prevalence
Page 126 and 127: TABLE 5. EDUCATION Countries and te
Page 128 and 129: TABLE 5. EDUCATION Countries and te
Page 130 and 131: TABLE 6. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS Cou
Page 132 and 133: TABLE 6. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS Pop
Page 134 and 135: TABLE 7. ECONOMIC INDICATORS Countr
Page 136 and 137: TABLE 7. ECONOMIC INDICATORS GNI pe
Page 138 and 139: TABLE 8. WOMEN Countries and territ
Page 140 and 141: TABLE 8. WOMEN Life expectancy: fem
Page 142 and 143: TABLE 9. CHILD PROTECTION Child lab
Page 146 and 147: TABLE 10. THE RATE OF PROGRESS Coun
Page 148 and 149: TABLE 10. THE RATE OF PROGRESS Unde
Page 150 and 151: INDEX Afghanistan, 4, 73-75 Africa,
Page 152 and 153: and budgets, 77 and economic develo
Page 154 and 155: United Nations Development Assistan
Page 156: UNICEF Offices UNICEF Headquarters
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