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Giesel Verlag GmbH · Postfach 120158 · D-30907 Isernhagen – PVST H 13410 – Dt. Post AG – Entgelt bezahlt<br />
Alcoa image - used with permission<br />
Volume 83 · January / February 2007<br />
International Journal for Industry, Research and Application<br />
Special 2007<br />
The international<br />
smelting industry<br />
Positive mood in the<br />
German aluminium<br />
industry<br />
Strapping technology<br />
with PET high performance<br />
strip<br />
1/2
llets ready for shipment.<br />
Continuous<br />
Homogenizing Plant<br />
ntinuous Homogenizing Plant.<br />
There are many benefits in one-stop shopping –<br />
even for industrial goods. Reliable, co-operative<br />
planning, specifications, which meet exactly your<br />
<strong>de</strong>mands and individual service-packages to operate<br />
on first-class level throughout the whole lifetime of<br />
the plant – this can be realized by one of the most<br />
experienced suppliers: Hertwich Engineering.<br />
Major benefits<br />
Hertwich Engineering is <strong>de</strong>dicated to leading technology<br />
in the aluminium casthouse. We add value<br />
by <strong>de</strong>signing integrated turn-key solutions. From<br />
melting and remelting to testing and packing. The<br />
results are convincing: highest quality of products<br />
at lowest cost-of-ownership. This has been proven<br />
by numerous plants all over the world.<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GMBH<br />
Weinbergerstrasse 6<br />
5280 Braunau, Austria<br />
Leading technology in the aluminium casthouse.<br />
Phone: +43 (0) 7722 806-0<br />
Fax: +43 (0) 7722 806-122<br />
Continuous Homogenizing Plant.<br />
Continuous Homogenizing Plant<br />
Reliable, maximum homogenizing quality,<br />
uniform for all billets<br />
Lowest labour costs, full automation<br />
Best log straightness, no <strong>de</strong>ep surface marks<br />
Extremly reliable operation, little down-time,<br />
low repair costs<br />
Lowest energy consumption, low power ratings<br />
Flexibility of plant layout<br />
More than 80 plants in operation<br />
E-mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
MEETING your EXPECTATIONS
Volker Karow<br />
Chefredakteur<br />
Editor in Chief<br />
pro domo:<br />
Kontinuität im<br />
Wan<strong>de</strong>l<br />
pro domo:<br />
Change with<br />
continuity<br />
Die erste Ausgabe <strong>de</strong>r ALUMINIUM<br />
unter neuer redaktioneller Leitung<br />
und dann gleich in einem neuen<br />
„Look“: Das könnte schnell auch als<br />
inhaltlicher Bruch mit <strong>de</strong>r bisherigen<br />
Tradition <strong>de</strong>r Zeitschrift interpretiert<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n, doch wäre dies ein Missverständnis.<br />
Der langjährige Chefredakteur<br />
Dr.-Ing. Peter Johne hat die ALUMI-<br />
NIUM in <strong>de</strong>n vergangenen mehr als<br />
zehn Jahren zu einer international<br />
renommierten Fachzeitschrift entwickelt,<br />
die sich durch fundierte und gut<br />
recherchierte Berichte aus Industrie,<br />
Forschung und Praxis auszeichnet.<br />
Diese Prägung, das ist <strong>de</strong>r Anspruch,<br />
soll natürlich fortgesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Dabei<br />
liegt es in <strong>de</strong>r Natur <strong>de</strong>r Sache,<br />
dass ein gelernter Volkswirt einen<br />
etwas an<strong>de</strong>ren Blickwinkel als ein<br />
Ingenieur hat. Das mag hier und da<br />
mit einer leichten inhaltlichen Akzentverschiebung<br />
einhergehen, doch<br />
bleiben technische und wissenschaftliche<br />
Beiträge auch künftig zentrale<br />
Bausteine <strong>de</strong>r ALUMINIUM. Die neue<br />
Chefredaktion weiß sich dabei glücklich,<br />
auf die Expertise <strong>de</strong>s geschätzten<br />
Kollegen zurückgreifen zu können.<br />
Dr. Johne wird dieser Zeitschrift weiterhin<br />
zur Verfügung stehen: als Autor<br />
und auch als Herausgeber.<br />
Was nun die Überarbeitung <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Layouts betrifft: Der Leser wird beim<br />
Durchblättern <strong>de</strong>r neuen Ausgabe<br />
feststellen, dass <strong>de</strong>r Anteil <strong>de</strong>r farbigen<br />
Seiten erweitert wur<strong>de</strong>. Bei genauerem<br />
Hinsehen wird erkennbar,<br />
dass Struktur und Glie<strong>de</strong>rung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
ALUMINIUM mit Blick auf Übersichtlichkeit<br />
und Leserführung überarbeitet<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n. Auch hinsichtlich <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Zweisprachigkeit von Artikeln waren<br />
Herausgeber und Redaktion bestrebt,<br />
aus Lesersicht Optimierungen vorzunehmen.<br />
Zu guter Letzt ging es auch<br />
darum, die Zeitschrift layouttechnisch<br />
abwechslungsreicher zu gestalten.<br />
Wir hoffen, dies ist uns gelungen<br />
und <strong>de</strong>r geneigte Leser sieht in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Überarbeitung einen Gewinn.<br />
Jenseits gestalterischer Neuerungen<br />
bleibt die ALUMINIUM auch<br />
künftig eine die Branchenwelt abbil<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong><br />
Fachzeitschrift und <strong>de</strong>n sich<br />
daraus ergeben<strong>de</strong>n Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
verpflichtet.<br />
EDITORIAL<br />
One of the first things that will be<br />
noticed about this first issue of ALU-<br />
MINIUM un<strong>de</strong>r its new editorial management,<br />
is a “new look”. That might at<br />
first sight also lead to the expectation<br />
of a break from the previous tradition<br />
of the journal in terms of content, but<br />
this would be a misun<strong>de</strong>rstanding.<br />
Dr.-Ing. Peter Johne, Editor in<br />
Chief of ALUMINIUM for very many<br />
years, <strong>de</strong>veloped it over much more<br />
than a <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong> into an internationally<br />
renowned technical journal distinguished<br />
for its authoritative and<br />
well-researched reports on industry,<br />
research and practical applications.<br />
Naturally, we aim to maintain that<br />
reputation and image. It is only to be<br />
expected, however, that a trained political<br />
economist will see matters from<br />
a viewpoint somewhat different from<br />
that of an engineer. Here and there this<br />
may result in a slight shift of emphasis<br />
in the content, but technical and<br />
scientific contributions will as always<br />
remain cornerstones of ALUMINIUM<br />
in the future as well. The new Chief<br />
Editor is only too happy to make the<br />
most of the expertise of his esteemed<br />
colleague Dr. Johne, who will still lend<br />
his services to this journal, both as an<br />
author and as publisher.<br />
As regards the re<strong>de</strong>signed layout:<br />
rea<strong>de</strong>rs leafing through the new issue<br />
will note that the proportion of<br />
coloured pages has been increased.<br />
Careful observation will show that the<br />
structure and organisation of ALU-<br />
MINIUM have been modified with<br />
a view to greater clarity and rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />
guidance. In relation to the bilingual<br />
presentation of articles as well, the<br />
publisher and editor have striven to<br />
achieve optimisations from the rea<strong>de</strong>r’s<br />
standpoint. Last but not least, some<br />
further changes have had to be ma<strong>de</strong><br />
in or<strong>de</strong>r to provi<strong>de</strong> greater variety in<br />
the technical layout of the journal.<br />
We hope that we have managed this<br />
successfully and that sympathetically<br />
inclined rea<strong>de</strong>rs will find the changes<br />
beneficial. Notwithstanding its new<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign features, ALUMINIUM will in<br />
the future too remain a journal that<br />
faithfully portrays the world of the<br />
aluminium branch and does all that<br />
is necessary to fulfil the responsibility<br />
of doing so.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 3
INHALT<br />
Neue Redaktionsanschrift<br />
New editorial office<br />
Volker Karow<br />
Franz-Meyers-Straße 16<br />
D-53340 Meckenheim<br />
Tel: +49(0)2225/8359643<br />
Fax: +49(0)2225/18458<br />
E-Mail: vkarow@online.<strong>de</strong><br />
4<br />
16<br />
30<br />
0<br />
EDITORIAL<br />
pro domo: Kontinuität im Wan<strong>de</strong>l ...........................................3<br />
AKTUELLES<br />
Personen, Unternehmen, Märkte ............................................6<br />
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumpreise .............................................................. 12<br />
Produktionsdaten <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie .................. 14<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utschen Hüttenbetriebe: technisch effizient, umweltpolitisch<br />
vorbildlich und ein wichtiges Glied in <strong>de</strong>r Wertschöpfungskette ..... 16<br />
European Coil Coating Kongress: Marktentwicklung, Technologietrends,<br />
Gesetzgebung .................................................................20<br />
<strong>SPECIAL</strong> 2007: DIE INTERNATIONALE<br />
ALUMINIUM-HÜTTENINDUSTRIE .......................... 30<br />
INTERNATIONALE BRANCHENNEWS .............62<br />
MARKT UND TECHNIK<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong>: Umreifungstechnik mit PET-Hochleistungsband .............. 70<br />
Alcutec Engineering rüstet russische Umschmelzhütte aus ............ 75<br />
Deutsche <strong>Alu</strong>miniumkonjunktur läuft <strong>de</strong>rzeit rund ...................... 78<br />
Audi für innovatives Karosseriekonzept ausgezeichnet ................ 84<br />
Kolbenschmidt Pierburg setzt auf AGR-Kühler aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium........ 86<br />
MARKTBERICHT: ALUMINIUM IM BAUWESEN<br />
Energieeffizientes Bauen im Fokus von Politik und Wirtschaft ........ 88<br />
Übergeordnete Trends im Fenster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbau .................. 89<br />
Europäischer Architektur-Wettbewerb von Corus Bausysteme .........90<br />
Fenstermarkt im Plus ......................................................... 91<br />
Größtes <strong>de</strong>utsches Büroprojekt mit Wicona-Fassa<strong>de</strong>n ....................91<br />
RECYCLINGINDUSTRIE<br />
Vorbericht: 9. Internationaler <strong>Alu</strong>minium Recycling Kongress <strong>de</strong>r OEA 92<br />
Hydro vollen<strong>de</strong>t Metallkreislauf in Neuss ................................. 93<br />
FORSCHUNG<br />
Rührreibschweißen von artungleichen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumknet-<br />
und -druckgusslegierungen ................................................. 98<br />
VERANSTALTUNGEN<br />
22 nd ASK Metal Forming, Termine ........................................102<br />
Fortbildung ....................................................................103<br />
BDI-Umweltpreiswettbewerb 2007/08 ...................................104<br />
DOKUMENTATION<br />
Neue Bücher .......................................................................... 105<br />
Firmenschriften ...............................................................106<br />
Literaturhinweise .................................................................... 107<br />
Patente ................................................................................... 109<br />
Impressum ....................................................................129<br />
Vorschau ................................................................................ 130<br />
BEZUGSQUELLENVERZEICHNIS ........................... 111<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
EDITORIAL<br />
pro domo: Change with continuity ..........................................3<br />
NEWS IN BRIEF<br />
People, companies, markets ..................................................7<br />
ECONOMICS<br />
European Coil Coating Congress: market <strong>de</strong>velopment,<br />
technology trends, legislation .............................................. 20<br />
The Russians are coming: example Rusal ................................. 24<br />
Hydro maintains speed in aluminium repositioning ..................... 26<br />
Global roll-out of breakthrough Novelis Fusion technology .......... 27<br />
Alcoa joint venture with Sapa group ...................................... 28<br />
<strong>SPECIAL</strong> 2007: THE INTERNATIONAL<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Almeq electric preheater for catho<strong>de</strong> blocks .................................30<br />
Alprg: a software tool for aluminium smelting ..............................32<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora honoured by ECS ...............................................36<br />
Aumund cooling conveyor for hot bath material ............................38<br />
Advances in gas suspension calcination technology ........................40<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong> rod repair and manufacture ..............................................42<br />
Integrated continuous billet processing .........................................44<br />
De Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong>: further <strong>de</strong>velopments ......................48<br />
Boron nitri<strong>de</strong> plus bin<strong>de</strong>r – a synonym for higher productivity ....... 53<br />
Thyristor rectifiers for aluminium plants with advanced<br />
free-wheeling control ........................................................ 56<br />
Moeller direct pot feeding technology .................................... 59<br />
COMPANY NEWS WORLDWIDE<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium smelting industry ............................................... 62<br />
Bauxite and alumina activities .............................................. 64<br />
Secondary aluminium smelting and recycling activities ................ 66<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium semis, Suppliers ................................................. 67<br />
On the move................................................................... 68<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong>: strapping technology with PET high-performance strip .... 70<br />
Alcutec: German know-how for Russian recycling complex ........... 74<br />
Positive mood in the German aluminium industry ...................... 78<br />
GDA participation at UN conference on sustainability .................. 80<br />
EAA launches new sustainability <strong>de</strong>velopment indicator results ...... 81<br />
Russia’s packaging market: aluminium processing technology at<br />
the forefront ................................................................... 82<br />
Audi takes award for innovative TT body concept ...................... 84<br />
Kolbenschmidt Pierburg successfully marketing its EGR system ...... 86<br />
Recent advances in coil coating technology .............................. 94<br />
RECYCLING INDUSTRY<br />
Preview of the 9 th International <strong>Alu</strong>minium Recycling<br />
Congress of the OEA ......................................................... 92<br />
EVENTS<br />
Dates, 22 nd ASK Metal Forming: “Forming the Future” ...............102<br />
DOCUMENTATION<br />
New books ............................................................................. 105<br />
company brochures .................................................................. 106<br />
Literature service .............................................................107<br />
Imprint .........................................................................129<br />
Preview ........................................................................130<br />
SOURCE OF SUPPLY LISTING .............................. 111<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Inserenten<br />
dieser Ausgabe<br />
List of advertisers<br />
CONTENTS<br />
88<br />
ABB AG, Schweiz 51<br />
Alcutec Engineering GmbH 93<br />
Böhler E<strong>de</strong>lstahl GmbH, Österreich 23<br />
Buss ChemTech AG, Schweiz 65<br />
BWG Bergwerk- und Walzwerk-<br />
Maschinenbau GmbH 13<br />
Coiltec Maschinenvertriebs GmbH 27<br />
Drache Umwelttechnik GmbH 81<br />
Dovebid, USA 63<br />
Edimet SpA, Italien 11<br />
Glama Maschinenbau GmbH 15<br />
Hartmann För<strong>de</strong>ranlagen GmbH 57<br />
Hertwich Engineering GmbH, Österreich 02<br />
High Performance Industrie-Technik GmbH,<br />
Österreich 17<br />
Innovatherm Prof. Dr. Leisenberg<br />
GmbH + Co. KG 37<br />
Inotherm Industrieofen- und<br />
Wärmetechnik GmbH 22, 78<br />
Moeller Materials Handling GmbH 61<br />
Moltech Sytems Ltd., Schweiz 132<br />
Pa<strong>de</strong>lttherm GmbH 55<br />
Precimeter Control AB, Schwe<strong>de</strong>n 19<br />
Bruno Presezzi Officine Meccaniche, Italien 59<br />
SMS Demag AG 131<br />
5
GDA<br />
WVM<br />
AKTUELLES<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumbranche vor großen Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
Bun<strong>de</strong>swirtschaftsminister Michael Glos<br />
trifft Vertreter <strong>de</strong>r NE-Metallbranche<br />
Bun<strong>de</strong>swirtschaftsminister Michael<br />
Glos hat gegenüber Vertretern <strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>de</strong>utschen und europäischen NE-<br />
Metallindustrie auf die Be<strong>de</strong>utung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Leicht- und Buntmetalle für <strong>de</strong>n<br />
technologischen Fortschritt und <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Exporterfolg <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen Wirtschaft<br />
hingewiesen. Deutschland und<br />
die EU brauchen nach Ansicht <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Ministers auch in Zukunft „eine geschlossene<br />
Wertschöpfungskette“ bei<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Erzeugung und Verarbeitung von<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium, Kupfer, Zink und <strong>de</strong>n an<strong>de</strong>ren<br />
NE-Metallen. Beson<strong>de</strong>rs für die<br />
Autoindustrie und die Luftfahrt seien<br />
sie von steigen<strong>de</strong>r Be<strong>de</strong>utung.<br />
Energiepolitik ist nach Aussage<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Ministers ein wichtiger Bau-<br />
v.l.n.r.: Guy Thiran, Geschäftsführer Eurometaux; Martin<br />
Kneer, Hauptgeschäftsführer WVM; Bun<strong>de</strong>sminister für<br />
Wirtschaft und Technologie, Michael Glos; Ulrich Grillo,<br />
Vorstandsvorsitzen<strong>de</strong>r Grillo-Werke AG; Javier Targhetta,<br />
Geschäftsführer Atlantic Copper S.A.<br />
GDA-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt Gerhard Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum<br />
(Foto) auf <strong>de</strong>r Jahrespressekonferenz<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Gesamtverban<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie im November<br />
2006: „Die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie ist<br />
heute, mehr noch als viele an<strong>de</strong>re<br />
Branchen, ein internationales, globales<br />
Geschäft. Rohstoffe, Hüttenstandorte,<br />
Verarbeitungsstandorte und<br />
Verbrauch sind breit gestreut und zunehmend<br />
eng miteinan<strong>de</strong>r vernetzt.<br />
Unsere Branche steht vor hohen<br />
Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen. Dass man auch<br />
in Deutschland produzieren kann,<br />
beweist die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie seit<br />
Jahren, allerdings insbeson<strong>de</strong>re bei<br />
Produkten mit hoher Wertschöpfung.<br />
stein, um Deutschland international<br />
wettbewerbsfähig zu halten. Er unterstrich<br />
die Be<strong>de</strong>utung international<br />
wettbewerbsfähiger Strompreise<br />
und funktionieren<strong>de</strong>r nationaler und<br />
europäischer Märkte für die energieintensive<br />
Industrie. Über die angespannte<br />
Lage auf <strong>de</strong>n internationalen<br />
Rohstoffmärkten müsse man im Rahmen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Rohstoff- und Han<strong>de</strong>lspolitik<br />
intensiv sprechen, so Glos. Es gehe<br />
darum, Han<strong>de</strong>lshemmnisse zu beseitigen<br />
und alle politischen Instrumente<br />
zu nutzen, um zu einem zu gleichen<br />
Bedingungen funktionieren<strong>de</strong>n Rohstoffmarkt<br />
zu kommen.<br />
WVM-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt Ulrich Grillo<br />
ver<strong>de</strong>utlichte zusammen mit nationalen<br />
und internationalen<br />
Vertretern <strong>de</strong>r NE-Metallindustrie<br />
die zentralen<br />
Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen <strong>de</strong>r<br />
im globalen Wettbewerb<br />
stehen<strong>de</strong>n Branchenunternehmen.<br />
Neben <strong>de</strong>r Energie-<br />
und Rohstoffpolitik<br />
gehöre hierzu ein Umweltund<br />
Klimaschutz, <strong>de</strong>r das<br />
industrielle Engagement<br />
und die internationale<br />
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit berücksichtige.<br />
Die Industrie<br />
stehe zu <strong>de</strong>n Verpflich-<br />
Dem Wettbewerbsdruck <strong>de</strong>r Niedriglohnlän<strong>de</strong>r<br />
setzen unsere Unternehmen<br />
ein hohes Qualitätsniveau,<br />
absolute Zuverlässigkeit und große<br />
Flexibilität entgegen. Die europäische<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie wird sich nur<br />
durch ihre eigene Innovationskraft<br />
langfristig an <strong>de</strong>n Märkten behaupten.<br />
Nur wenn sich die Branche auf<br />
die Herstellung von Produkten konzentriert,<br />
die Marktnähe brauchen,<br />
eine hohe Wertschöpfung aufweisen<br />
und viel Know-how und gut ausgebil<strong>de</strong>tes<br />
Personal verbun<strong>de</strong>n mit hohen<br />
Serviceleistungen benötigen, hat<br />
Europa als Produktionsstandort eine<br />
Zukunft.“ (s. S. 78f)<br />
tungen <strong>de</strong>r Nachhaltigkeit, erwarte<br />
aber zugleich bei allem politischen<br />
Han<strong>de</strong>ln die Gleichrangigkeit von<br />
Ökonomie, Ökologie und Sozialem.<br />
Trimet<br />
M. Rosenbaum neuer<br />
Automotive-Vorstand<br />
Matthias Rosenbaum ist neuer Vorstand<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Geschäftsbereichs Automotive<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Trimet <strong>Alu</strong>minium AG.<br />
Er übernimmt die Verantwortung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Werke in Harzgero<strong>de</strong> (Sachsen-Anhalt)<br />
und Sömmerda (Thüringen) und<br />
folgt damit auf Uwe Pränger, <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Geschäftsbereich sechs Jahre geleitet<br />
hat.<br />
Rosenbaum, geboren in Recklinghausen,<br />
studierte an <strong>de</strong>r RWTH Aachen<br />
Elektrotechnik. Bevor er im<br />
Herbst 2006 zur Trimet wechselte,<br />
war er unter an<strong>de</strong>rem für die Motorola<br />
AIEG (Automotive and Industrial<br />
Electronics Group), als Sprecher <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Geschäftsführung <strong>de</strong>r KS Kolbenschmidt<br />
GmbH und als European<br />
Sales Manager bei General Motors<br />
Delco Remy tätig. Matthias Rosenbaum<br />
ist 52 Jahre alt.<br />
6 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Alcoa appoints Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of Flexible Packaging<br />
Alcoa has named Jeff Kellar Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of its Alcoa Flexible Packaging business,<br />
succeeding Bimal Kalvani. Kellar<br />
joins Richmond, Virginia-based<br />
Alcoa Flexible Packaging from Tetra<br />
Pak of Chicago, where he was Vice<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of strategic <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
and marketing.<br />
Shell Lubricants have opened a<br />
state-of-the-art rolling oils production<br />
facility in Dortmund, Germany<br />
to <strong>de</strong>velop and produce rolling oils,<br />
thus incorporating proven Controlled<br />
Particle Size (CPS) technology to<br />
meet the increasing <strong>de</strong>mands of the<br />
metals industry. This new facility will<br />
enable Shell lubricants companies<br />
to provi<strong>de</strong> a one-stop-shop for the<br />
metals industry, offering high quality<br />
factory plant maintenance lubricants,<br />
speciality greases and rolling oils, on<br />
a global basis.<br />
Following the acquisition of Croda<br />
Chemicals International’s (CCI) rolling<br />
fluid and production engineering<br />
business in January 2006, Shell<br />
Lubricants have now successfully<br />
integrated CCI’s range of rolling oils<br />
into their metals product portfolio. As<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
V. <strong>de</strong> Nora<br />
honoured by ECS<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora has been honoured as<br />
the recipient of The Electrochemical<br />
Society (ECS) 2006 Edward Goodrich<br />
Acheson Award. The award was established<br />
in 1928 to recognise distinguished<br />
contributions which advance<br />
objects, purposes or activities of ECS.<br />
De Nora has <strong>de</strong>dicated his career to<br />
scientific research in the field of elec-<br />
Aston Martin trochemistry, including<br />
in particular<br />
the fields of<br />
chlorine-alkali<br />
and aluminium<br />
production. His<br />
research achievements<br />
centre on<br />
his efforts to find<br />
a feasible inert ano<strong>de</strong>.<br />
More about<br />
<strong>de</strong> Nora’s career<br />
on page 36 of this<br />
issue.<br />
The Aston Martin V8 Vantage Roadster was revealed at the 2006 Los Angeles Auto<br />
Show end of November. The Roadster shares the unique-to-Aston Martin bon<strong>de</strong>d<br />
aluminium VH (Vertical Horizontal) architecture – the backbone to all mo<strong>de</strong>rn Aston<br />
Martins. Adding to this structure sophisticated materials such as lightweight alloys,<br />
magnesium and advanced composites are used for the body, further contributing to<br />
the car‘s low weight and high rigidity. Body specification: <strong>Alu</strong>minium alloy, steel, composite,<br />
and magnesium alloy body. Extru<strong>de</strong>d aluminium si<strong>de</strong> impact bars and integral<br />
rollover bars. Suspension: In<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt double aluminium wishbones, coil over aluminium<br />
monotube dampers and anti-roll bar.<br />
NEWS IN BRIEF<br />
Shell Lubricants with new rolling oils production facility<br />
well as producing Croda specification<br />
rolling oils, the new facility will house<br />
a product <strong>de</strong>velopment team that will<br />
continue to upgra<strong>de</strong> and extend the<br />
rolling oils portfolio.<br />
The production of rolling oils at the<br />
new facility is proof of Shell’s commitment<br />
to the metals industry. In the<br />
last 12 months, Shell Lubricants have<br />
introduced a number of products<br />
aimed at helping metals operators<br />
to increase productivity and reduce<br />
downtime. “In addition to the onestop-shop<br />
range of lubricants, metals<br />
operators will in future be able to benefit<br />
from having access to Shell lubricants<br />
experts at a local level to assist<br />
in reducing downtime and increasing<br />
productivity, said Roger Moulding,<br />
Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Specialities for Shell<br />
Lubricants .”<br />
Norsk Hydro top focus<br />
on aluminium<br />
Hydro will focus on aluminium following<br />
the US$ 30 billion takeover of<br />
its oil and gas assets by Statoil. Following<br />
the completion of the recommen<strong>de</strong>d<br />
merger, Hydro will be the<br />
world’s third-largest listed aluminium<br />
company and is expected to be<br />
the fourth-largest company listed on<br />
the Oslo Stock Exchange in terms of<br />
market capitalisation. The company<br />
will continue to focus on its high performing<br />
primary production system<br />
and well-<strong>de</strong>veloped casthouse and<br />
remelter system in Europe and the<br />
United States. It will also pursue new<br />
alumina and metal growth opportunities<br />
in attractive areas.<br />
Novelis with new CEO<br />
Novelis has named Edward A. Blechschmidt,<br />
a member of its Board of<br />
Directors, to become Acting Chief<br />
Executive Officer, effective January<br />
2, 2007. Mr. Blechschmidt succeeds<br />
Board Chairman William T. Monahan,<br />
who has been Interim CEO since<br />
August 2006. Mr. Monahan remains<br />
Chairman of the Novelis Board. Novelis<br />
will continue its search for a permanent<br />
CEO.<br />
Roger Moulding (left) and Peter Rommerskirchen<br />
from Shell Lubricants inaugurating<br />
production of rolling oils in Dortmund,<br />
Germany<br />
Shell Lubricants<br />
7
Max-Planck-Institut<br />
AKTUELLES<br />
Mikrochip-Forschung<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium lässt Nanodrähte wachsen<br />
Eingefärbte Aufnahme von<br />
Silizium-Nanodrähten (Ø 40 nm).<br />
Silizium-Nanodrähte können helfen,<br />
Mikrochips weiter zu verkleinern.<br />
Wissenschaftler <strong>de</strong>s Max-Planck-Instituts<br />
für Mikrostrukturphysik in<br />
Halle haben nun erstmals einkristalline<br />
Silizium-Nanodrähte gezüchtet,<br />
die wichtige Voraussetzungen dafür<br />
erfüllen: Sie haben <strong>Alu</strong>minium als<br />
Katalysator verwen<strong>de</strong>t, um die Nanodrähte<br />
wachsen zu lassen. Bislang<br />
setzten Wissenschaftler zu diesem<br />
Zweck vor allem Gold ein. Doch<br />
schon Spuren <strong>de</strong>s E<strong>de</strong>lmetalls beeinträchtigen<br />
die Funktion von Halbleiterbauteilen<br />
drastisch.<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium dagegen beeinträchtigt<br />
die Chipeigenschaften nicht und lässt<br />
im Gegensatz zu an<strong>de</strong>ren Metallen<br />
schon bei relativ niedriger Temperatur<br />
von rund 450 °C Silizium-Nanodrähte<br />
von beson<strong>de</strong>rs hoher Qualität<br />
sprießen - eine Voraussetzung, um<br />
die Kosten <strong>de</strong>s Prozesses zu begrenzen.<br />
„Das neue Verfahren erfüllt die<br />
wichtigsten Bedingungen, um Silizium-Nanodrähte<br />
industriell einsetzen<br />
zu können“, erläuterte Stephan Senz,<br />
einer <strong>de</strong>r beteiligten Wissenschaftler.<br />
Um <strong>Alu</strong>minium in so kleine Partikel<br />
zu zerlegen, dass sich an ihm<br />
die feinen Drähte bil<strong>de</strong>n, erhitzen die<br />
Forscher eine dünne Schicht davon<br />
auf einer Silizium-Unterlage. Die Folie<br />
zerreißt dann in lauter winzige Teilchen.<br />
Anschließend gehen die Wissenschaftler<br />
wie in schon bekannten<br />
Verfahren vor: Sie dampfen Silan, ein<br />
siliziumhaltiges Gas, auf die Oberfläche,<br />
das sich am Katalysatorpartikel<br />
in elementares Silizium umwan<strong>de</strong>lt.<br />
Das Silizium löst sich daraufhin in<br />
<strong>de</strong>m <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Teilchen. Wenn<br />
dieses kein weiteres Silizium aufnehmen<br />
kann, kristallisiert es an <strong>de</strong>r Unterseite<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Partikels wie<strong>de</strong>r aus. So<br />
wächst ein einkristalliner Silizium-<br />
Nanodraht von etwa 40 Nanometern<br />
Durchmesser heran, <strong>de</strong>r an <strong>de</strong>r Spitze<br />
ein Katalysatorteilchen trägt.<br />
Die viel versprechen<strong>de</strong> Forschung<br />
an Halbleiter-Nanodrähten bewegt<br />
sich an <strong>de</strong>r Schnittstelle von Grundlagenforschung<br />
und technischer Anwendung.<br />
„Neben ihrem <strong>de</strong>nkbaren<br />
Einsatz in <strong>de</strong>r Halbleiterindustrie<br />
sind die Nanodrähte sehr interessant<br />
für die physikalische Grundlagenforschung,<br />
da über ihre Eigenschaften<br />
und ihr Wachstum noch nicht viel<br />
bekannt ist“, so Senz.<br />
Um die Kerosin- und Wartungskosten<br />
zu reduzieren, wird <strong>de</strong>r Flugzeugrumpf<br />
<strong>de</strong>s neuen Airbus A350<br />
XWB erstmals mit kohlefaserverstärkten<br />
Kunststoffen anstelle von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
ausgestattet. Die Flugzeugzelle<br />
Bun<strong>de</strong>sumweltministerium för<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
innovative Recyclinganlage<br />
Bun<strong>de</strong>sumweltminister Sigmar Gabriel<br />
unterstützt die Errichtung eines innovativen<br />
Schmelzofens zur Herstellung von Kupfer in<br />
Osnabrück. Die KM Europa Metal AG plant,<br />
einen bisher nur in <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
eingesetzten kippbaren Drehtrommelofen<br />
zu modifizieren und zum energieeffizienten<br />
Schmelzen und Raffinieren von Kupfer<br />
einzusetzen. Das Vorhaben wird vom<br />
Bun<strong>de</strong>sumweltministerium mit rund 1,3<br />
Millionen Euro aus <strong>de</strong>m Umweltinnovationsprogramm<br />
geför<strong>de</strong>rt.<br />
„Fortschritte bei <strong>de</strong>r Energieeffizienz<br />
in energieintensiven Industrien tragen<br />
in beson<strong>de</strong>rem Maße zum Erreichen <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Emissionsmin<strong>de</strong>rungsziele bei <strong>de</strong>n Treibhausgasen<br />
bei“, so Gabriel. Die Durchführung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Vorhabens sei jedoch nicht nur<br />
Leserreise zur<br />
„Expo <strong>Alu</strong>minio<br />
Eine Leserreise <strong>de</strong>r Extraklasse: Der<br />
Giesel Verlag, Isernhagen, organisiert in<br />
Zusammenarbeit mit Reed Exhibition in<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Zeit vom 20. bis 25. Mai 2007 einen<br />
Besuch <strong>de</strong>r „Expo <strong>Alu</strong>minio“ in Sao Paulo<br />
(22. bis 24. Mai). Auf <strong>de</strong>m „Business“-<br />
Programm stehen <strong>de</strong>r Messebesuch sowie<br />
Besuche bei brasilianischen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumunternehmen.<br />
Eine gute Gelegenheit,<br />
Kontakte zu wichtigen Firmen und Behör<strong>de</strong>n<br />
zu knüpfen. Ein Flug nach Rio <strong>de</strong><br />
Janeiro mit Stadtrundfahrt und Besuch<br />
von Zuckerhut o<strong>de</strong>r Christusstatue auf<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Corcovado run<strong>de</strong>n das Programm<br />
ab. Neugierig gewor<strong>de</strong>n? Detailfragen<br />
beantwortet Jutta Illhardt, Tel: 0511 /<br />
7304-126, Fax: 0511 / 7304-157, E-Mail:<br />
Illhardt@giesel.<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Neuer Airbus A350 mit CFK-Außenhaut<br />
wird zu über 60 Prozent aus neu<br />
entwickelten Werkstoffen bestehen.<br />
Die Aufnahme <strong>de</strong>s Flugbetriebs <strong>de</strong>s<br />
neuen A350 XWB ist für das Jahr 2013<br />
vorgesehen.<br />
gut für die Umwelt, son<strong>de</strong>rn aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Energieeinsparung auch aus wirtschaftlicher<br />
Sicht attraktiv.<br />
Im Rahmen <strong>de</strong>s Vorhabens soll erstmals<br />
ein kippbarer Drehtrommelofen aus <strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie zum Schmelzen und<br />
Raffinieren von Sekundärkupfer eingesetzt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n. Der neue Ofen verfügt im Gegensatz<br />
zu <strong>de</strong>n bisher in <strong>de</strong>r Kupferindustrie<br />
eingesetzten Drehtrommelöfen über nur<br />
eine Öffnung. Dadurch können Abgase optimal<br />
erfasst und diffuse Emissionen auf ein<br />
Minimum reduziert wer<strong>de</strong>n. Zu<strong>de</strong>m wird<br />
eine verbesserte Energieausnutzung gegenüber<br />
beidseitig offenen Drehtrommelöfen<br />
erreicht. Im Vergleich zu <strong>de</strong>n bisherigen<br />
Verfahren wer<strong>de</strong>n 10 bis 20 Prozent Energie<br />
eingespart.<br />
8 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Raw material prices remain high<br />
According to the branch report of IKB<br />
Deutsche Industriebank, the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
of international raw material<br />
prices has now excee<strong>de</strong>d its all-time<br />
high. Decisive for further price <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
will be above all the future<br />
tra<strong>de</strong> environment. Owing to the relatively<br />
stable boundary conditions of<br />
the world economy it is unlikely that<br />
in the medium term there will be any<br />
appreciable downturn in the <strong>de</strong>mand<br />
for raw materials.<br />
The increasing access of <strong>de</strong>veloping<br />
countries, above all China, to raw<br />
material reserves will further boost<br />
worldwi<strong>de</strong> needs and therefore also<br />
maintain prices at a relatively high<br />
level. This applies to steel and NF<br />
metals such as aluminium as much as<br />
to oil and natural gas. All in all, it can<br />
be assumed that for metallic and also<br />
energy raw materials the low prices<br />
of the mid-1990s and the beginning<br />
of the present <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong> will for the time<br />
being not recur. As regards the price<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
level of aluminium, IKB’s Research Department<br />
expects a medium-term <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
within the range between<br />
2,000 and 2,500 US$/t. In the medium<br />
term the worldwi<strong>de</strong> enlargement of<br />
electrolysis capacities will relieve the<br />
situation. IKB also assumes that speculative<br />
<strong>de</strong>mand for aluminium by hedging<br />
funds will not increase further.<br />
Assuming a slight slowdown of<br />
the world economy, IKB in any event<br />
expects a si<strong>de</strong>ways movement of aluminium<br />
<strong>de</strong>mand. There is unlikely to<br />
be an appreciable fall in consumption<br />
in the future. The worldwi<strong>de</strong> trend towards<br />
lightweight construction in the<br />
transport sector (automotive, aviation),<br />
the growing need for packaging and the<br />
recovery of the building economy in<br />
Europe will be major driving forces.<br />
In the automotive industry aluminium<br />
and plastics are seen as the most<br />
important materials for reducing energy<br />
consumption and for meeting the<br />
objectives of the Kyoto protocol.<br />
NEWS IN BRIEF<br />
New Airbus A350<br />
With CFRP panelled<br />
fuselage skin<br />
Giesel Verlag übernimmt „APT International“<br />
und „APT News“<br />
Der Giesel Verlag aus Isernhagen bei<br />
Hannover, Verlagsheimat dieser Zeitschrift,<br />
hat zum 1. Januar 2007 die<br />
bei<strong>de</strong>n Publikationen „APT International“<br />
und „APT News“ übernommen.<br />
„Durch die Akquisition wird die vorhan<strong>de</strong>ne<br />
umfassen<strong>de</strong> Zeitschriftenreihe<br />
im Werkstoffbereich erweitert“,<br />
so Dietrich Taubert, Geschäftsführer<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Giesel Verlags. Gleichzeitig entsteht<br />
durch die Bün<strong>de</strong>lung <strong>de</strong>r Kräfte<br />
ein Verlag mit sehr großem Potenzial<br />
im <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbereich. Taubert: „Mit<br />
unserem Angebot an hochwertigen<br />
Publikationen können wir die Marktbedürfnisse<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbranche<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>n internationalen Märkten bedienen.“<br />
Der Giesel Verlag gibt mit <strong>de</strong>n bestehen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Zeitschriften „ALUMINI-<br />
UM International Journal“, „<strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Praxis“, „METALL International<br />
Journal“ sowie „Composite Materials“<br />
und „Automotive Materials“ europaweit<br />
führen<strong>de</strong> Werkstoff-Fachpublikationen<br />
heraus. „Durch die Integration<br />
<strong>de</strong>r bei<strong>de</strong>n APT-Zeitschriften sind<br />
wir weltweit optimal aufgestellt und<br />
können global agieren<strong>de</strong>n Kun<strong>de</strong>n die<br />
passen<strong>de</strong> redaktionelle und Werbe-<br />
Plattform bieten“, sagte Taubert.<br />
John Travis wird weiterhin als<br />
Chefredakteur<br />
<strong>de</strong>r APT-Medien<br />
tätig sein. Der<br />
Giesel Verlag<br />
verantwortet Vertrieb,Anzeigenakquisition<br />
und<br />
Produktion. „Die<br />
Fokussierung auf<br />
die redaktionelle<br />
Tätigkeit und die<br />
Integration in die<br />
Strukturen eines<br />
führen<strong>de</strong>n Fachverlags<br />
sind wichtige<br />
Schritte bei<br />
<strong>de</strong>r konsequentenWeiterentwicklung<br />
dieser<br />
Zeitschriften“,<br />
To set new standards in fuel-efficiency<br />
and maintainability the new Airbus<br />
A350 XWB will feature the latest innovations<br />
in terms of advanced technologies.<br />
Amongst those is the use of<br />
all-new, easy to maintain and much<br />
lighter Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic<br />
panelled fuselage skins instead of<br />
aluminium.<br />
This innovation in manufacturing<br />
permits easier maintainability and<br />
reparability of individual airframe<br />
parts, while also allowing the structure<br />
of the panels to be much better<br />
optimized in terms of <strong>de</strong>sign to the<br />
stress and load requirements of each<br />
individual airframe part. Over 60 per<br />
cent of the airframe will be ma<strong>de</strong> of<br />
new materials.<br />
Entry into service of the first A350<br />
XWB is planned for 2013.<br />
erläuterte Travis. Über eine Vernetzung<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>n bisherigen Titeln <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Giesel Verlags ergeben sich für Leser<br />
und Anzeigenkun<strong>de</strong>n spürbare Symbiosen<br />
hinsichtlich Inhalt und Marketingmöglichkeiten.<br />
John Travis (l.) und Dietrich Taubert<br />
9
AKTUELLES<br />
Seit <strong>de</strong>m Jahr 2000 haben sich die Industriestrompreise mehr als verdoppelt<br />
Deckelung <strong>de</strong>r Energiekosten beschlossen<br />
Stromintensive Unternehmen wie <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n 2007 erneut<br />
bei ihren Energiekosten entlastet. Begünstigt<br />
sind laut Bun<strong>de</strong>sumweltministerium<br />
rund 330 Firmen <strong>de</strong>s produzieren<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Gewerbes, die um rund<br />
345 Mio. Euro entlastet wer<strong>de</strong>n. Im<br />
Auftrag <strong>de</strong>s Bun<strong>de</strong>sumweltministeriums<br />
hat das Bun<strong>de</strong>samt für Wirtschaft<br />
und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA) En<strong>de</strong><br />
Dezember 2006 über die Anträge<br />
nach <strong>de</strong>r beson<strong>de</strong>ren Ausgleichsregelung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Erneuerbaren-Energien-<br />
Gesetzes (EEG) entschie<strong>de</strong>n und zum<br />
Jahreswechsel die entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Beschei<strong>de</strong> versandt. Durch eine zum<br />
1. Dezember 2006 in Kraft getretene<br />
Stromvertrag für Hamburger<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte perfekt<br />
Die Trimet <strong>Alu</strong>minium AG und <strong>de</strong>r Stromversorger<br />
RWE haben sich auf einen neuen<br />
Stromliefervertrag für die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte<br />
in Hamburg (ehemals HAW) geeinigt.<br />
Der Vertrag hat ein Volumen von 2 TWh<br />
pro Jahr und gilt von 2008 bis min<strong>de</strong>stens<br />
2010. Trimet plant die schrittweise<br />
Wie<strong>de</strong>rinbetriebnahme ab April 2007. Die<br />
Produktion soll 2008 wie<strong>de</strong>r in vollem<br />
Umfang laufen. Der Anfahrbetrieb im Jahr<br />
2007 wird über flexible, kurzfristige Stromkontrakte<br />
sichergestellt. Der Liefervertrag<br />
nutzt alle Möglichkeiten <strong>de</strong>r liberalisierten<br />
Großhan<strong>de</strong>lsmärkte und kombiniert<br />
Än<strong>de</strong>rung <strong>de</strong>s EEG fällt die Entlastung<br />
<strong>de</strong>utlich höher als bisher aus. So beträgt<br />
die so genannte EEG-Umlage <strong>de</strong>r<br />
beson<strong>de</strong>rs stromintensiven Unternehmen<br />
künftig nur noch 0,05 ct/kWh.<br />
Die rückwirken<strong>de</strong> Anwendung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Neuregelung ab <strong>de</strong>m 1. Januar 2006<br />
hat für die begünstigten Unternehmen<br />
zusätzlich einen Wert von etwa<br />
80 Mio. Euro. Im Antragsverfahren für<br />
2007 hat BAFA eine zu privilegieren<strong>de</strong><br />
Strommenge von insgesamt 72.040<br />
GWh ermittelt, die nicht mit vollem,<br />
son<strong>de</strong>rn begrenztem EEG-Anteil abzunehmen<br />
ist. Hiervon entfallen etwa<br />
94 % (67.826 GWh) auf Unternehmen<br />
<strong>de</strong>s produzieren<strong>de</strong>n Gewerbes.<br />
verschie<strong>de</strong>ne innovative Stromprodukte.<br />
So kommt das aus <strong>de</strong>r Finanzwirtschaft<br />
bekannte Optionsprodukt „Multi Period<br />
Extendible“ auch in <strong>de</strong>r Energiewirtschaft<br />
zur Anwendung. Es gewährt <strong>de</strong>m Kun<strong>de</strong>n<br />
<strong>de</strong>utliche Preisvorteile in <strong>de</strong>n frühen Lieferphasen,<br />
während <strong>de</strong>r Energieversorger<br />
gegen Preisverfall in <strong>de</strong>n späten Lieferphasen<br />
abgesichert ist. Außer<strong>de</strong>m ist <strong>de</strong>r<br />
von Trimet zu zahlen<strong>de</strong> Strompreis an <strong>de</strong>n<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumpreis gekoppelt. Des Weiteren<br />
besteht die Möglichkeit, kurzfristig Lastabschaltungen<br />
vorzunehmen, die <strong>de</strong>m Stromversorger<br />
zusätzliche Flexibilität bieten.<br />
82m cans recycled<br />
The U.S. Conference of Mayors, Keep<br />
America Beautiful, Inc. and Novelis<br />
Inc. announced the winners in the<br />
2006 Cans for Cash: City Recycling<br />
Challenge on America Recycles Day.<br />
For the third year, the program challenged<br />
like-sized cities to compete<br />
against each other in aluminum can<br />
collection for monetary awards and<br />
to encourage recycling. During two<br />
weeks in September 2006, more than<br />
30 cities collected over 2.4 million<br />
pounds of aluminum cans which<br />
equates to over 82 million used beverage<br />
cans. The aluminum can is the<br />
country‘s most recycled beverage<br />
container and has been for more than<br />
20 years. In 2005, more than 100 billion<br />
aluminum beverage cans were<br />
produced in the United States and<br />
52% of them were recycled (a 1.0% increase<br />
over the previous year). Nearly<br />
the same amount - close to 50 billion<br />
cans or roughly US$ 1.5 billion worth<br />
of aluminum - was lost to landfill.<br />
Coperion übernimmt<br />
Hartmann För<strong>de</strong>ranlagen<br />
Mit Wirkung zum 1. Januar 2007 hat<br />
die Coperion Waeschle Beteiligungs<br />
GmbH die Geschäftsaktivitäten <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Hartmann För<strong>de</strong>ranlagen GmbH,<br />
Offenbach, übernommen. Das Unternehmen,<br />
ein führen<strong>de</strong>r Anbieter<br />
im Schüttguthandling von Toner<strong>de</strong>,<br />
wird innerhalb <strong>de</strong>r Coperion-Gruppe<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n Geschäftsbereich Materials<br />
Handling eingeglie<strong>de</strong>rt und künftig<br />
als Coperion Hartmann firmieren.<br />
Der Sitz <strong>de</strong>r Gesellschaft und die Arbeitsplätze<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Mitarbeiter bleiben<br />
erhalten. Eigentümer <strong>de</strong>r Coperion<br />
Gruppe ist die britische Private Equity<br />
Gesellschaft Lyceum Capital. Coperion<br />
Waeschle liefert für die Kunststoffherstellung<br />
die gesamte Prozesskette<br />
vom Reaktor bis zur Logistik. Erklärtes<br />
strategisches Ziel von Coperion ist es,<br />
auch in <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumherstellung<br />
die komplette Prozesskette – von <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Rohmaterialannahme über das Lagern<br />
und Transportieren bis zur Beschickung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Elektrolysezellen – mit<br />
Systemlösungen abzu<strong>de</strong>cken.<br />
10 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
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WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Quelle:<br />
Trimet AG, Düsseldorf<br />
Trimet <strong>Alu</strong>minium AG<br />
12 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
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WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Produktionsdaten <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
Primäraluminium Sekundäraluminium Walzprodukte > 0,2 mm Press- & Ziehprodukte**<br />
Produktion<br />
(in 1.000 t)<br />
+/in<br />
% *<br />
Produktion<br />
(in 1.000 t)<br />
+/in<br />
% *<br />
Produktion<br />
(in 1.000 t)<br />
+/in<br />
% *<br />
Produktion<br />
(in 1.000 t)<br />
+/in<br />
% *<br />
Okt 05 53,4 -6,0 61,2 5,9 153,1 9,4 43,2 0,9<br />
Nov 51,1 -7,1 65,3 6,7 150,7 -0,9 47,3 9,2<br />
Dez 47,6 -16,5 54,6 6,6 122,6 2,6 31,4 13,4<br />
Jan 06 42,9 -24,8 65,4 16,2 136,2 -4,2 45,4 10,7<br />
Feb 38,7 -25,5 65,1 9,6 145,5 5,8 46,0 8,6<br />
Mrz 43,1 -24,8 78,9 27,1 160,1 6,1 51,9 22,0<br />
Apr 42,4 -23,8 62,5 2,8 133,3 -12,9 42,8 -3,8<br />
Mai 43,4 -24,0 68,0 22,1 154,4 5,2 49,7 21,8<br />
Jun 43,2 -20,7 65,7 3,3 146,4 -2,4 47,8 0,1<br />
Jul 45,1 -17,9 64,0 4,6 148,8 -5,2 48,5 9,3<br />
Aug 45,2 -16,7 59,6 7,2 149,8 -6,0 48,1 9,1<br />
Sep 42,8 -19,4 66,9 6,9 144,2 -8,8 51,1 9,2<br />
Okt 44,1 -17,4 65,0 6,1 153,2 0,0 52,2 21,1<br />
* gegenüber <strong>de</strong>m Vorjahresmonat, ** Stangen, Profile, Rohre; Mitteilung <strong>de</strong>s Gesamtverban<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie GDA, Düsseldorf<br />
Primäraluminium Sekundäraluminium<br />
Walzprodukte > 0,2 mm<br />
Press- und Ziehprodukte<br />
14 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
Technisch hoch effizient, umweltpolitisch vorbildlich<br />
und ein wichtiges Glied in <strong>de</strong>r Wertschöpfungskette<br />
Christian Wellner, Jörg H. Schäfer, Düsseldorf<br />
Die Konjunktur in Deutschland<br />
entwickelte sich 2006 mit einer<br />
Dynamik, wie sie lange nicht<br />
mehr gesehen war. Selbst aus <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Arbeitsmarkt kamen positive Meldungen.<br />
Kurzfristig stellt sich die<br />
Frage, inwieweit die jüngste Erhöhung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Mehrwertsteuer zu einem<br />
konjunkturellen Dämpfer führen<br />
wird. Langfristig kann selbst die<br />
gute Konjunktur <strong>de</strong>s vergangenen<br />
Jahres nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen,<br />
dass seit Anfang <strong>de</strong>r 1990er<br />
Jahre zwei Millionen industrielle<br />
Arbeitsplätze in Deutschland verloren<br />
gegangen sind. Nach wie vor<br />
wan<strong>de</strong>rn zahlreiche Unternehmen<br />
mit Teilen ihrer Produktion ins<br />
Ausland, weil die wirtschaftlichen<br />
Rahmenbedingungen in unserem<br />
Land erhebliche Wettbewerbsnachteile<br />
generieren. Doch ohne eine<br />
breite industrielle Basis, auch von<br />
energieintensiven Branchen, wird<br />
das strukturelle Beschäftigungsproblem<br />
hierzulan<strong>de</strong> nicht zu lösen<br />
sein. Umso wichtiger ist es, <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Exodus von Industrien zu stoppen.<br />
Das schließt die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
ein.<br />
Noch Anfang 2006 sah es so aus, als<br />
hätte das Hüttensterben in Deutschland<br />
beschleunigte Fahrt aufgenommen.<br />
Die Schließung <strong>de</strong>s Hamburger<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Werks HAW En<strong>de</strong> 2005<br />
und das angekündigte Aus fürs Elbewerk<br />
in Sta<strong>de</strong> zum Jahresen<strong>de</strong><br />
2006 warfen die Frage auf, wann es<br />
schließlich die verbleiben<strong>de</strong>n Hüttenbetriebe<br />
treffen wür<strong>de</strong>. Dass HAW<br />
nun von <strong>de</strong>r Trimet <strong>Alu</strong>minium AG in<br />
Essen erworben wur<strong>de</strong> und die Elektrolyseöfen<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n nächsten Monaten<br />
wie<strong>de</strong>r hochgefahren wer<strong>de</strong>n, könnte<br />
als Indiz gewertet wer<strong>de</strong>n, dass sich<br />
die standortpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen<br />
in Deutschland zum Besseren<br />
gewen<strong>de</strong>t haben und es nun<br />
wie<strong>de</strong>r aufwärts geht mit <strong>de</strong>m Wirtschaftsstandort<br />
Deutschland.<br />
GDA<br />
Bei aller Euphorie kann jedoch nicht<br />
übersehen wer<strong>de</strong>n, dass die Zukunft<br />
für energieintensive Unternehmen in<br />
Deutschland nebelverhangen bleibt.<br />
Generell gilt dagegen: Die Energie-<br />
und insbeson<strong>de</strong>re die Strompreise<br />
sind im internationalen Maßstab nach<br />
wie vor sehr hoch. Auch die politisch<br />
bedingten Energiekosten belasten<br />
trotz regierungsseitig beschlossener<br />
Erleichterungen weiterhin.<br />
GDA-Geschäftsführer Christian Wellner:<br />
„Alle Bestrebungen zur Optimierung <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Elektrolysebetriebes zielen auf ...<br />
Planungssicherheit über Zeiträume,<br />
die sich in Jahrzehnten statt Jahren<br />
bemessen, gibt es somit nach wie vor<br />
nicht. Das belastet die Hüttenbetreiber<br />
mit erheblichen Risiken, wenn sie<br />
nötige Investitionen in ihre Anlagen<br />
planen – o<strong>de</strong>r sie wagen es gar nicht,<br />
was ein allmähliches En<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>s Betriebs<br />
zur Konsequenz hat.<br />
Und all dies vor <strong>de</strong>m Hintergrund,<br />
dass die <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
heute technologisch und mit Blick auf<br />
die Umweltstandards international auf<br />
Augenhöhe produzieren, ja vorbildlich<br />
sind. All dies auch vor <strong>de</strong>m Hintergrund,<br />
dass wir es in <strong>de</strong>r Branche<br />
keineswegs mit einem Verdrängungswettbewerb<br />
in einem schrumpfen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Markt zu tun haben. Im Gegenteil: Die<br />
Produktion von Primäraluminium<br />
stieg zwischen 2000 und 2005 welt-<br />
weit um rund 38 Prozent auf knapp<br />
34 Mio. jato und die Nachfrage nach<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium wird in <strong>de</strong>n kommen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Jahren weiter steigen.<br />
Die Entwicklung <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Hüttenstandorts Deutschland<br />
Es ist eine Ironie <strong>de</strong>r Geschichte, dass<br />
die Standortprobleme in einem Land<br />
auftreten, das zu <strong>de</strong>n ältesten Hüttenstandorten<br />
für <strong>Alu</strong>minium zählt. Der<br />
erste Elektrolysebetrieb in Deutschland<br />
wur<strong>de</strong> schon 1898 in Rheinfel<strong>de</strong>n<br />
an <strong>de</strong>r Grenze zur Schweiz<br />
errichtet, wo dank <strong>de</strong>r Rheinfälle <strong>de</strong>r<br />
erfor<strong>de</strong>rliche Strom zur <strong>Alu</strong>miniumproduktion<br />
kostengünstig bereitgestellt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n konnte.<br />
Niedrige Strompreise sind für die<br />
Primärhütten seit jeher unabdingbar.<br />
Deshalb entstan<strong>de</strong>n ab 1917 große<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerke am Nie<strong>de</strong>rrhein<br />
(Erftwerk) und in <strong>de</strong>r Lausitz (Lautawerk),<br />
bei<strong>de</strong> bezogen ihren Strom auf<br />
Basis günstiger Braunkohle. Mitte <strong>de</strong>r<br />
1920er Jahre wur<strong>de</strong> das Innwerk in<br />
Töging und in <strong>de</strong>n 1930er Jahren das<br />
Lippewerk in Lünen gebaut. Anfang<br />
<strong>de</strong>r 1960er Jahre wur<strong>de</strong> das Rheinwerk<br />
bei Neuss errichtet. Weitere<br />
Kapazitäten wur<strong>de</strong>n schließlich in<br />
Essen, Ludwigshafen, Voer<strong>de</strong>, Sta<strong>de</strong><br />
und Hamburg geschaffen.<br />
Die größte Anlagenkapazität in<br />
Deutschland gab es 1985/86 mit<br />
790.000 jato, als insgesamt neun <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
produzierten. Heute<br />
wird nur noch an wenigen <strong>de</strong>r<br />
genannten Standorte Primärmetall<br />
erzeugt. Das Erftwerk schloss seine<br />
Elektrolyse bereits 1978, die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte<br />
in Ludwigshafen 1987, das<br />
Lippewerk 1989, die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte<br />
in Rheinfel<strong>de</strong>n 1991 und das Innwerk<br />
1996. Das Elbewerk in Sta<strong>de</strong> hat seine<br />
Tore vor wenigen Wochen (70.000<br />
jato) geschlossen.<br />
War es früher eher eine zu geringe<br />
Betriebsgröße bzw. ineffiziente Produktion,<br />
die zum Aus für eine Hütte<br />
16 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
führte, haben sich seit <strong>de</strong>r Jahrtausendwen<strong>de</strong><br />
vor allem die erheblich gestiegenen<br />
Energiekosten zum Existenz<br />
bedrohen<strong>de</strong>n Kriterium verschlimmert.<br />
Dies wirft die Frage auf, wie<br />
lange die heute in Deutschland noch<br />
produzieren<strong>de</strong>n Elektrolysen betrieben<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n können. Stromverträge<br />
zwischen <strong>de</strong>n Energieversorgern und<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Hütten wer<strong>de</strong>n nur noch kurzfristig<br />
für einige Jahre abgeschlossen,<br />
so dass das Damoklesschwert einer<br />
Betriebsschließung permanent über<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Unternehmen und ihren Beschäftigten<br />
hängt – obwohl, wie erwähnt,<br />
die <strong>de</strong>utschen Anlagen hoch effizient<br />
produzieren und technisch international<br />
wettbewerbsfähig sind.<br />
Elektrolyseprozess <strong>de</strong>utlich<br />
effizienter<br />
Das Prinzip <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumgewinnung<br />
ist in <strong>de</strong>n vergangenen 100<br />
Jahren zwar weitgehend unverän<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
geblieben, doch wur<strong>de</strong>n in <strong>de</strong>n vergangenen<br />
Jahrzehnten Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisierungen<br />
durchgeführt, die die heutige<br />
Produktion wesentlich effizienter<br />
macht als früher. Alle Bestrebungen<br />
zur Optimierung <strong>de</strong>s Elektrolysebetriebes<br />
zielen auf eine hohe Stromausbeute,<br />
einen niedrigen spezifischen<br />
Energieverbrauch <strong>de</strong>r Zellen und einen<br />
geringen Ano<strong>de</strong>nverbrauch. Auf<br />
diese Weise konnten die Produktivität<br />
enorm gesteigert und schädliche Umweltwirkungen<br />
minimiert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Die im Laufe <strong>de</strong>r vergangenen<br />
Jahrzehnte getroffenen Maßnahmen<br />
dazu sind vielfältig: Alle Öfen in<br />
Deutschland sind seit Jahrzehnten<br />
komplett gekapselt und bleiben auch<br />
während <strong>de</strong>r Oxidzufuhr geschlossen.<br />
Die Ent<strong>de</strong>ckung, dass <strong>de</strong>r spezifische<br />
Elektrolytwi<strong>de</strong>rstand mit <strong>de</strong>m Oxidgehalt<br />
korreliert, war zwar schon<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
länger bekannt. Dennoch hat es erst<br />
die Entwicklung einer Technologie<br />
zur präzisen Dosierung von Toner<strong>de</strong><br />
durch Prozesskontrollrechner, die sogenannte<br />
Point-Fee<strong>de</strong>r-Metho<strong>de</strong>, ermöglicht,<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>neffekte weitgehend<br />
zu vermei<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Die Betriebsführung mit hohen<br />
Stromstärken sowie durch computergestützte<br />
Steuerungssysteme und<br />
Dosiereinrichtungen machen die<br />
Schmelzflusselektrolyse hoch effizient<br />
und umweltverträglich. Der Reinheitsgehalt<br />
<strong>de</strong>s <strong>Alu</strong>miniums liegt bei<br />
99,7 Prozent. Die Stromausbeute beträgt<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>n mo<strong>de</strong>rnen Hochstrom-<br />
Elektrolysezellen rund 95 Prozent.<br />
Der spezifische Strombedarf liegt in<br />
<strong>de</strong>utschen Hütten um die 14 kWh/kg<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium – ein erheblicher Fortschritt<br />
gegenüber 50 kWh/kg zu Beginn<br />
<strong>de</strong>r industriellen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumerzeugung<br />
um 1900 und 20 kWh/kg<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n 1970er Jahren. Mit <strong>de</strong>n Prozessoptimierungen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r vergangenen<br />
Jahre zeichnet sich zugleich ab, dass<br />
das technische Potenzial zu weiteren<br />
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
... eine hohe Stromausbeute, einen niedrigen spezifischen Energieverbrauch <strong>de</strong>r Zellen ...<br />
Verbrauchsabsenkungen weitgehend<br />
ausgeschöpft ist.<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>rne Techniken <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Luftreinhaltung<br />
Corus <strong>Alu</strong>minium Voer<strong>de</strong>, Fotograf Thea Weires<br />
Die Maßnahmen zur Prozessverbesserung<br />
umfassten stets auch die Techniken<br />
zur Luftreinhaltung. Als Emissionen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Elektrolyse, die gereinigt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n müssen, treten vor allem die<br />
Komponenten Staub und Fluorwasserstoff<br />
auf. Vor wenigen Jahrzehnten<br />
war die beste Metho<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Staubabscheidung<br />
noch die Abtrennung mit<br />
Zyklonen, für die Fluoridabscheidung<br />
war es die Abgaswäsche mit Kalkmilch<br />
und anschließen<strong>de</strong>r Fällung und Abtrennung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s gebil<strong>de</strong>ten Calciumfluorids.<br />
Dieser Feststoff musste abfiltriert<br />
und <strong>de</strong>poniert wer<strong>de</strong>n. Allein für die<br />
Luftreinhaltung einer Elektrolyse von<br />
rund 78.000 jato be<strong>de</strong>utete dies einen<br />
Wassereinsatz von circa 100.000 m3 pro Jahr und ein Abfallaufkommen<br />
von rund 6.000 Tonnen Calciumfluoridschlamm.<br />
�<br />
17
Corus <strong>Alu</strong>minium Voer<strong>de</strong>, Fotograf Thea Weires<br />
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Mitte <strong>de</strong>r 1980er Jahre kam eine innovative<br />
Technik auf <strong>de</strong>n Markt, die<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>r TA Luft 1986 schnell in die<br />
Hütten integriert wur<strong>de</strong>. Diese neue<br />
Technik nutzt aus, dass Toner<strong>de</strong> in<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Lage ist, gasförmige Stoffe zu absorbieren,<br />
also an ihrer Oberfläche<br />
anzulagern. Der Staub, <strong>de</strong>r durch die<br />
Zugabe von Toner<strong>de</strong> zur Absorption<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Fluorwasserstoffe im Rohgas entsteht,<br />
lässt sich mit einem Ge<strong>web</strong>efilter<br />
unproblematisch abreinigen. Die<br />
mit Fluori<strong>de</strong>n angereicherte Toner<strong>de</strong><br />
wird in die Elektrolyse zurückgeführt,<br />
was <strong>de</strong>n erfor<strong>de</strong>rlichen Einsatz von<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumfluorid weiter reduziert.<br />
Insgesamt können die Fluori<strong>de</strong> mit<br />
einem Wirkungsgrad von über 99 Prozent<br />
aus <strong>de</strong>m Abgas entfernt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Die Vorteile dieses Verfahrens<br />
sind offensichtlich: Der hohe Abschei<strong>de</strong>grad<br />
von Fluorid entlastet die<br />
Umwelt, es wer<strong>de</strong>n wertvolle Einsatzstoffe<br />
zurückgewonnen, außer<strong>de</strong>m<br />
... und einen geringen Ano<strong>de</strong>nverbrauch.“<br />
wird Wasser eingespart und das Abfallaufkommen<br />
reduziert. Die damit<br />
verbun<strong>de</strong>nen Vorteile für die Umwelt<br />
gehen mit Kosteneinsparungen<br />
einher – eine i<strong>de</strong>ale Situation, in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
sich ökologische und ökonomische<br />
Vorteile gleichermaßen ergeben.<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>neffekte minimiert<br />
Weitere umweltorientierte Maßnahmen<br />
zielten darauf, <strong>de</strong>n sogenannten<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>neffekt zu minimieren. Er<br />
ist durch einen raschen Anstieg <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Spannung in <strong>de</strong>n Elektrolysezellen<br />
gekennzeichnet, die kurzfristig auf das<br />
6-fache ansteigen kann. Dabei kommt<br />
es infolge einer lokalen Verarmung<br />
an <strong>Alu</strong>miniumoxid zu einer Zersetzung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Kryoliths und zur Bildung<br />
von Tetrafluormethan (CF 4 ) und Hexafluorethan<br />
(C 2 F 6 ). Die Ursache für<br />
das Entstehen eines Ano<strong>de</strong>neffektes<br />
kann eine abnehmen<strong>de</strong> Toner<strong>de</strong>konzentration<br />
im Schmelzbad o<strong>de</strong>r das<br />
Überschreiten <strong>de</strong>r kritischen Stromdichte<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Elektrolysezelle sein:<br />
zum Beispiel verstopfte Point-Fee<strong>de</strong>r,<br />
das Wechseln <strong>de</strong>r Toner<strong>de</strong>sorte und<br />
damit verbun<strong>de</strong>ne Löslichkeitsprobleme,<br />
ein Ano<strong>de</strong>nwechsel o<strong>de</strong>r das<br />
Absaugen von Metall.<br />
CF 4 und C 2 F 6 sind nicht toxisch und<br />
für Menschen und Tiere unschädlich,<br />
gelten jedoch als Klimagase. Sie entstehen<br />
nur kurzfristig während <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>neffektes und treten in relativ<br />
geringen Mengen auf.<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utschen Primärhütten haben<br />
seit 1990 eine Menge getan, um<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Ano<strong>de</strong>neffekt und das Entste-<br />
hen dieser Gase zu unterbin<strong>de</strong>n. So<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n 2005 in <strong>de</strong>n damals produzieren<strong>de</strong>n<br />
fünf <strong>de</strong>utschen Hütten<br />
insgesamt 270 Tonnen weniger CF 4<br />
emittiert als 1990. Die spezifischen<br />
Emissionen lagen durchschnittlich<br />
bei knapp 0,07 kg/t <strong>Alu</strong>minium. Die<br />
gegenüber <strong>de</strong>r Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung abgegebene<br />
Selbstverpflichtung <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen<br />
Primäraluminiumhütten, die<br />
CF 4 /C 2 F 6 -Emissionen zwischen 1990<br />
und 2005 absolut und auch spezifisch<br />
um die Hälfte zu vermin<strong>de</strong>rn, wur<strong>de</strong><br />
damit <strong>de</strong>utlich übererfüllt.<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
bewegen sich im weltweiten Vergleich<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>n CF 4 -Emissionen in einem ab-<br />
soluten Spitzenfeld. Sie liegen mit<br />
<strong>de</strong>n erwähnten 0,07 kg/t auch um fast<br />
zwei Drittel unter <strong>de</strong>m vom International<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Institute (IAI) für das<br />
Jahr 2000 ermittelten internationalen<br />
Referenzwert von 0,22 kg/t CF 4 . Sogar<br />
<strong>de</strong>r IAI-Durchschnittswert speziell<br />
für Point-Fee<strong>de</strong>r-Anlagen von 0,11<br />
kg/t wird von <strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>utschen Anlagen<br />
klar unterschritten. Bei diesem statistischen<br />
Vergleich ist wichtig anzumerken,<br />
dass technisch rückständige<br />
chinesischen und russischen Anlagen<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n IAI-Zahlen nicht einbezogen<br />
sind. Inzwischen ist das Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisierungspotenzial<br />
durch eine weiter verbesserte<br />
Ofensteuerung hierzulan<strong>de</strong><br />
technisch weitgehend ausgereizt. Da<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Treibhauseffekt eine globale Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rung<br />
ist, kommt es künftig<br />
verstärkt darauf an, dass die großen<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumproduzenten Russland<br />
und China ihre veraltete Anlagentechnik<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rnisieren. Mit Maßnahmen,<br />
wie sie in <strong>de</strong>n vergangenen Jahren in<br />
Deutschland umgesetzt wur<strong>de</strong>n, ließe<br />
sich ein enormes Potenzial zur Emissionsmin<strong>de</strong>rung<br />
erschließen.<br />
Energie- und standortpolitische<br />
Son<strong>de</strong>rlasten<br />
Die Errichtung neuer Hütten erfolgt<br />
heute außerhalb Europas an Standorten,<br />
die über preiswerte Energie verfügen,<br />
wie dies zum Beispiel in Katar<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Fall ist. Dort wird bis 2009 eine<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte mit einer Anfangskapazität<br />
von 570.000 Jahrestonnen<br />
errichtet, die über ein eigenes Kraftwerk<br />
verfügen wird.<br />
Dies ist keine Perspektive hierzulan<strong>de</strong>,<br />
doch sind Politik und Gesellschaft<br />
gefor<strong>de</strong>rt, die industriellen<br />
Rahmenbedingungen <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen<br />
Volkswirtschaft so zu verbessern,<br />
dass die schleichen<strong>de</strong> Deindustrialisierung<br />
gestoppt wird und Wirtschaftswachstum<br />
und Beschäftigung<br />
<strong>de</strong>utlich gestärkt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Daher<br />
ist es unverzichtbar, je<strong>de</strong> Stufe <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Wertschöpfungskette durch eine<br />
Wirtschaftspolitik zu halten, die <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Standort Deutschland stärkt und <strong>de</strong>n<br />
fairen Wettbewerb mit <strong>de</strong>m Ausland<br />
ermöglicht.<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utsche Energiepolitik muss<br />
dazu ebenfalls einen Beitrag leisten,<br />
orientiert sich aber seit Jahren fast<br />
18 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
ausschließlich an Klimazielen. Statt<br />
sich auf die wahren Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
zu konzentrieren, die sich aus<br />
<strong>de</strong>r langfristigen Entwicklung auf <strong>de</strong>n<br />
internationalen Energiemärkten ergeben,<br />
leistet sich die <strong>de</strong>utsche Energiepolitik<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Ausstieg aus <strong>de</strong>r Kernenergie<br />
ohne klares Bekenntnis zur<br />
Steinkohle als Ersatzenergie, gepaart<br />
mit einer massiven Subventionierung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r erneuerbaren Energien durch immer<br />
höhere Ökoabgaben und ergänzt<br />
um eine CO 2 -Zertifikatepolitik, die<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Stromkonzernen riesige Windfall<br />
Profits einbringt, die von Haushalts-<br />
und Industriekun<strong>de</strong>n gleichermaßen<br />
finanziert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Rechnet man die CF 4 -Reduktion<br />
(2005: 270 t) um, die die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
durch erhebliche Investitionen<br />
an CO 2 -Menge eingespart haben, ergibt<br />
dies – gemessen an <strong>de</strong>n aktuellen<br />
Marktpreisen für Emissionszertifikate<br />
– eine Son<strong>de</strong>rleistung im Wert von<br />
mehreren Millionen Euro, mit <strong>de</strong>nen<br />
die <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten zum<br />
<strong>de</strong>utschen Klimaschutz für die Welt<br />
beigetragen haben.<br />
Wertschöpfungsglie<strong>de</strong>r eng<br />
verzahnt<br />
Die kostenlose Zuweisung von Emissionszertifikaten<br />
nach <strong>de</strong>m Nationalen<br />
Allokationsplan II wird die<br />
Strompreise weiter in die Höhe treiben,<br />
obwohl <strong>de</strong>r übergroße Teil <strong>de</strong>s<br />
produzierten Stroms vom Zertifikatepreis<br />
gar nicht beeinflusst wird. Für<br />
eine <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte, in <strong>de</strong>r über ein<br />
Drittel <strong>de</strong>r Produktionskosten vom<br />
Strompreis diktiert wird, ist eine solche<br />
Entwicklung katastrophal. Doch<br />
auch die weiterverarbeiten<strong>de</strong>n <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbetriebe<br />
sind auf kostengünstige<br />
Energie angewiesen und müssen<br />
fürchten, dass ihr Innovationsvorteil<br />
gegenüber wachsen<strong>de</strong>r globaler Konkurrenz<br />
durch weiter steigen<strong>de</strong> Mehrkosten<br />
aufgefressen wird, bis auch sie<br />
nicht mehr im Wettbewerb bestehen<br />
können.<br />
Wer heute meint, die energieintensive<br />
Grundstoffindustrie sei verzichtbar,<br />
muss sich morgen nicht wun<strong>de</strong>rn,<br />
wenn die verarbeiten<strong>de</strong>n Betriebe in<br />
dieser Wertschöpfungskette in <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Sog <strong>de</strong>r Produktionsverlagerung geraten.<br />
Und übermorgen die Forschungs-<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
und Entwicklungszentren <strong>de</strong>r Unternehmen<br />
folgen, was am En<strong>de</strong> negative<br />
Rückwirkungen bis hin zum Dienstleistungssektor<br />
hätte.<br />
Die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie ist durch<br />
eine enge Verzahnung <strong>de</strong>r einzelnen<br />
Glie<strong>de</strong>r in <strong>de</strong>r Wertschöpfungskette<br />
Metallerzeugung, Halbzeugfertigung,<br />
Endprodukt geprägt. Dabei zeigt sich,<br />
dass optimale Produktlösungen sich<br />
gera<strong>de</strong> dann erzielen lassen, wenn<br />
zwischen <strong>de</strong>n einzelnen Wertschöpfungsglie<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
eine enge Zusammenarbeit<br />
besteht, in <strong>de</strong>r das gesamte<br />
Know-how und die Erfahrung aller<br />
Beteiligten zum Tragen kommen:<br />
von <strong>de</strong>r Werkstoff-, Fertigungs- und<br />
Entwicklungskompetenz bis hin zur<br />
Qualitätssicherung, Logistik und <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Service.<br />
In diesem Kompetenzverbund<br />
könnte die räumliche Nähe zwischen<br />
<strong>de</strong>n einzelnen Fertigungsstufen, kurze<br />
Kommunikations- und Logistikwege<br />
zwischen Kun<strong>de</strong> und Lieferant<br />
im internationalen Wettbewerb ein<br />
Standortvorteil sein, wenn die wirtschaftlichen<br />
Rahmenbedingungen einen<br />
fairen Wettbewerb mit <strong>de</strong>m Ausland<br />
zuließen. <strong>Alu</strong>minium ist eben<br />
längst kein 08/15-Produkt mehr. Viele<br />
Walz- und Strangpresswerke, Formgießereien<br />
und weitere Verarbeiter<br />
benötigen für ihre hochwertigen<br />
Produkte <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>finierten Qualitäten. Eine<br />
Lithoplatte für <strong>de</strong>n Offsetdruck, ein<br />
Fahrwerksteil für Pkw, ein Außenhautblech<br />
für Flugzeuge und zahlreiche<br />
an<strong>de</strong>re Produkte stellen jeweils<br />
spezifische Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen an<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Werkstoff – an seine Zugfestigkeit,<br />
an sein Umformvermögen, an<br />
seine Gefügeeigenschaften –, die<br />
oft in jahrzehntelang gewachsenen<br />
Kun<strong>de</strong>n-Lieferanten-Beziehungen<br />
zwischen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumproduzent und<br />
Verarbeiter gelöst wor<strong>de</strong>n sind. Diese<br />
Technologiepartnerschaft zwischen<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Wertschöpfungsglie<strong>de</strong>rn ist vielfach<br />
für die hohe Produktqualität und<br />
<strong>de</strong>n viel beschworenen Exporterfolg,<br />
auch von Unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbranche,<br />
mitverantwortlich.<br />
In einer solchen Technologiepartnerschaft<br />
kommt <strong>de</strong>n Hütten als<br />
Basis <strong>de</strong>s Geschäfts eine wichtige<br />
ökonomische Funktion zu. In einer<br />
globalisierten Welt, in <strong>de</strong>r sogar mittelständische<br />
Unternehmen Produktionsstandorte<br />
in Osteuropa, Asien<br />
und Lateinamerika errichten, ist die<br />
Gefahr eines Domino-Effektes – „Erst<br />
gehen die Hütten, dann die Verarbeitung“<br />
– konkreter <strong>de</strong>nn je. Wenn<br />
logistische Vorteile, etwa durch die<br />
Versorgungsnähe zu <strong>de</strong>n Hüttenproduzenten,<br />
wegfallen und sich die<br />
Waage dadurch weiter zuungunsten<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Standorts Deutschland neigt, wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
die Verarbeitungsbetriebe ihre<br />
Kosten-Nutzen-Rechnung neu aufstellen.<br />
Autoren<br />
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Christian Wellner ist Geschäftsführer <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Gesamtverban<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
(GDA), Düsseldorf.<br />
Jörg H. Schäfer ist Referent für Nachhaltigkeit<br />
beim GDA und leitet dort <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Fachbereich Metallpulver.<br />
World lea<strong>de</strong>r in<br />
molten metal level control<br />
PreciMeter Control AB, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
phone +46 31 764 55 20 fax +46 31 764 55 29<br />
sales@precimeter.se www.precimeter.com<br />
19
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Herbstkongress <strong>de</strong>r European Coil Coating Association<br />
Marktentwicklung, Technologietrends,<br />
Gesetzgebung<br />
Unter <strong>de</strong>m Motto „Reviewing the<br />
advantages of coil coating against<br />
competitive materials” bot die<br />
ECCA auf ihrem Herbst-Kongress<br />
in Brüssel En<strong>de</strong> 2006 einen Überblick<br />
über die Marktentwicklung,<br />
über neue Technologien bei <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Bandbeschichtung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
und Stahl sowie über die Weiterverarbeitung<br />
und Anwendung vorlackierter<br />
Bän<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
Die Ablieferungen an beschichteten<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium- und Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>rn durch<br />
die ECCA-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r hatten 2004<br />
mit einer Gesamtmenge von über 1,4<br />
Mio. m 2 <strong>de</strong>n bisherigen Höchststand<br />
erreicht.<br />
Marktentwicklung<br />
Nach<strong>de</strong>m das Jahr 2005 leicht rückläufig<br />
war, kann für das erste Halbjahr<br />
2006 von einer Erholung auf<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Niveau von 2004 ausgegangen<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n. Vergleichbare Zahlen aus <strong>de</strong>r<br />
European Coil Coating Association<br />
Die ECCA existiert seit 1967 als Vereinigung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r europäischen Coil Coating<br />
Industrie. Die <strong>de</strong>rzeit rund 200 Mitgliedsfirmen<br />
sind vor allem europäische, teils<br />
aber auch außereuropäische Bandhersteller<br />
und -veredler sowie Lackhersteller,<br />
Anlagenbauer, Zulieferer und Han<strong>de</strong>lsunternehmen.<br />
Ziel <strong>de</strong>r ECCA ist es, die Verwendung<br />
von vorlackierten Bän<strong>de</strong>rn und<br />
Blechen aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium und Stahl als<br />
umweltverträgliche, kosteneffiziente und<br />
qualitativ wertvolle Metho<strong>de</strong> zur Erzeugung<br />
von Fertigerzeugnissen zu för<strong>de</strong>rn.<br />
Dabei widmet sich <strong>de</strong>r Verband neben<br />
<strong>de</strong>m politischen Lobbying <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung<br />
von Qualitätsstandards (verbun<strong>de</strong>n<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung von Testmetho<strong>de</strong>n).<br />
Darüber hinaus führt er Trainingskurse<br />
durch, um die Verwendung vorlackierter<br />
Metalle bei Designern und Herstellern<br />
bekannt zu machen.<br />
nordamerikanischen und asiatischen<br />
Region liegen noch nicht vor. In Nordamerika<br />
ist jedoch davon auszugehen,<br />
dass <strong>de</strong>r rückläufige Trend weiter anhält.<br />
Ganz an<strong>de</strong>rs die Entwicklung in<br />
Asien, allen voran China und Indien.<br />
Dort sind neue Coil-Coating-Linien in<br />
Betrieb gegangen, die diesen Län<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
nicht nur eine partielle Unabhängigkeit<br />
von Importen ermöglichen. Bei<strong>de</strong><br />
Län<strong>de</strong>r haben zu<strong>de</strong>m bewiesen, dass<br />
sie, wenngleich noch mit geringen<br />
Mengen, durchaus zu Exporten in<br />
europäische Regionen wie Italien und<br />
Spanien fähig sind.<br />
Hauptanwen<strong>de</strong>r von Produkten<br />
aus organisch beschichteten <strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />
und Stahlblechen und -bän<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
bleibt das Bauwesen mit zahlreichen<br />
Anwendungen im Außen- und Innenbau.<br />
Bei beschichteten <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbän<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
waren das rund 70 Prozent,<br />
bei Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>rn 67 Prozent <strong>de</strong>r 2005<br />
erzeugten 224 Mio. bzw. 1.141 Mio.<br />
m 2 .<br />
Die auf <strong>de</strong>m Kongress gezeigten<br />
Beispiele ästhetisch gelungener Anwendungen<br />
bei öffentlichen und Bürogebäu<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
aber auch zunehmend<br />
im privaten Hausbau spiegelten die<br />
unzähligen Variationsmöglichkeiten<br />
aus Form und Farbe wi<strong>de</strong>r. Im Segment<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong>ntechnik wird weiteres<br />
Marktwachstum innerhalb bautechnischer<br />
Anwendungen erwartet. Dies<br />
gilt sowohl für Neubauten als auch für<br />
die Sanierung vorhan<strong>de</strong>ner Bausubstanz.<br />
Hierbei sollen Profilelemente<br />
und Sandwichplatten zunehmend<br />
konventionelle Werkstoffe wie Beton,<br />
Backstein, Holz und Glas ersetzen.<br />
Gepunktet wird dabei mit <strong>de</strong>n langfristigen<br />
Kostenvorteilen dank Wartungsfreiheit<br />
und mit Kriterien wie<br />
Umweltverträglichkeit, Brandschutz<br />
und mo<strong>de</strong>rnes Design bandbeschichteter<br />
Substrate. Ein weiterer Trend ist,<br />
dass immer mehr Architekten neben<br />
Form und Funktion die Wirkung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Farbe ent<strong>de</strong>cken.<br />
Weitere wichtige Einsatzgebiete für<br />
bandbeschichtetes <strong>Alu</strong>minium und<br />
Autumn congress of the ECCA<br />
Market <strong>de</strong>velopment,<br />
technology trends,<br />
legislation<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>r the heading “Reviewing the<br />
advantages of coil coating against<br />
competitive materials”, at its autumn<br />
congress in Brussels at the<br />
end of 2006 the ECCA presented<br />
a review of market <strong>de</strong>velopments,<br />
new technologies for the coil coating<br />
of aluminium and steel, and<br />
the further processing and uses of<br />
pre-painted strip.<br />
In 2004 <strong>de</strong>liveries of coated aluminium<br />
and steel strips by ECCA members<br />
amounted to 1.4 million m 2 , more that<br />
ever before.<br />
Market <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
Following a slight downturn in 2005,<br />
it is expected that there was a recovery<br />
in the first half-year of 2006 to<br />
the level of 2004. Comparable figures<br />
from the North American and Asiatic<br />
regions are not yet available, but it can<br />
be assumed that in North America the<br />
recessionary trend is still persisting.<br />
The <strong>de</strong>velopment in Asia is quite the<br />
opposite, most of all in China and India<br />
where new coil-coating lines have<br />
come into operation, which have ma<strong>de</strong><br />
those countries more than partially in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of imports. Both countries<br />
have indicated that, although still in<br />
small quantities, they are fully capable<br />
of exporting to European countries<br />
such as Italy and Spain.<br />
The largest user of products ma<strong>de</strong><br />
from organically coated aluminium<br />
and steel sheets and strips is still the<br />
building industry, with numerous outdoor<br />
and indoor applications. In the<br />
case of coated aluminium strips these<br />
accounted for some 70 per cent, and<br />
in the case of steel strips 67 per cent<br />
of the respective total productions of<br />
224 million and 1,141 million m 2 in<br />
2005.<br />
The examples exhibited at the<br />
congress, showing aesthetically successful<br />
applications in public and<br />
office buildings but to an increasing<br />
extent also in the building of private<br />
20 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
esi<strong>de</strong>nces, reflected the countless<br />
possible variations of shape and colour.<br />
In the sector of faça<strong>de</strong> technology<br />
further market growth in the field of<br />
building applications is anticipated.<br />
This applies both to new buildings<br />
and in the refurbishment of existing<br />
structures. Section elements and<br />
sandwich plates will increasingly replace<br />
conventional materials such<br />
as concrete, brick, wood and glass.<br />
This is encouraged by long-term cost<br />
benefits thanks to low maintenance<br />
requirements, and by criteria such as<br />
environment-friendliness, fire protection<br />
and the mo<strong>de</strong>rn <strong>de</strong>signs that can<br />
be produced from strip-coated substrates.<br />
A further trend is that more<br />
and more architects are discovering<br />
the effects of colour in addition to<br />
shape and functionality.<br />
Other important fields of use for<br />
strip-coated aluminium and steel,<br />
which come next although with respective<br />
shares of less than 10%, are<br />
vehicle engineering and the household<br />
appliances industry. Whereas<br />
finish-painted strips have been used<br />
as standard for years in the appliances<br />
industry, automobile engineers still<br />
restrict themselves to the use of sheets<br />
with functional coatings, including<br />
chemical treatments to improve adhesion<br />
and lubricants for <strong>de</strong>formation<br />
processes. The use of finish-painted<br />
steel or aluminium for auto bodies is<br />
still held back by many problems, for<br />
example the cut edge corrosion protection<br />
or joining methods compatible<br />
with the paint and which are suitable<br />
for use in automobiles. As a result,<br />
in the future too automobiles will be<br />
given their final paint treatment only<br />
after assembly of the body shell.<br />
Technology trends<br />
Technological <strong>de</strong>velopment, both for<br />
coating and for the further processing<br />
of coated strips and sheets, is continually<br />
being taken further by both<br />
manufacturers and users. The core<br />
theme of a series of presentations<br />
was the <strong>de</strong>velopment of new coating<br />
products. Improved property profiles<br />
of products and processes are orientated<br />
towards economy, environment<br />
protection, technology and aesthetics.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Stahl, die mit Anteilen von unter zehn<br />
Prozent folgen, sind <strong>de</strong>r Fahrzeugbau<br />
und die Hausgeräteindustrie. Während<br />
bei Hausgeräten fertig lackierte<br />
Bän<strong>de</strong>r seit Jahren als Stand <strong>de</strong>r Technik<br />
verwen<strong>de</strong>t wer<strong>de</strong>n, beschränken<br />
sich die Automobilhersteller nach wie<br />
vor auf <strong>de</strong>n Einsatz funktionsbeschichteter<br />
Bleche. Hier spielen chemische<br />
Behandlungen zur Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Haftvermittlung und Schmierstoffe<br />
für die Umformung eine Rolle. Der<br />
Einsatz von fertig lackiertem Stahl<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>minium in <strong>de</strong>r Karosserie<br />
scheitert bislang noch an vielerlei<br />
Problemen: zum Beispiel am Korrosionsschutz<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Schnittkanten o<strong>de</strong>r an<br />
einer lackverträglichen, automobilgerechten<br />
Fügetechnik. Dies hat zur<br />
Folge, dass Autos auch in Zukunft<br />
ihre Endlackierung erst an <strong>de</strong>r zusammengebauten<br />
Karosserie erhalten<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Technologie-Trends<br />
Die technologische Entwicklung sowohl<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Beschichtung als auch<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Weiterverarbeitung beschichteter<br />
Bän<strong>de</strong>r und Bleche wird von<br />
Herstellern und Anwen<strong>de</strong>rn stetig<br />
vorangetrieben. Kernthemen <strong>de</strong>r Vortragsreihe<br />
galten <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung<br />
neuer Produkte für die Beschichtung.<br />
Verbesserte Eigenschaftsprofile von<br />
Produkten und Prozessen sind auf<br />
Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltschutz,<br />
Technologie und Ästhetik ausgerichtet.<br />
Seitens <strong>de</strong>r Beschichter gehen die<br />
For<strong>de</strong>rungen in Richtung Automatisierung,<br />
Einführung schnellerer Verfahren<br />
und verbesserte Prozessstabilität.<br />
Die Entwicklung neuer Lacke für<br />
bautechnische Anwendungen, die zur<br />
Abstrahlung <strong>de</strong>r Sonnenenergie konzipiert<br />
sind, zielen darauf, <strong>de</strong>n Energieverbrauch<br />
zur Gebäu<strong>de</strong>kühlung<br />
<strong>de</strong>utlich zu reduzieren. Für die Entwicklung<br />
solcher Lacke wird von <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Herstellern eine spezielle Software<br />
eingesetzt, welche die Umgebungseinflüsse<br />
unterschiedlicher Orte simuliert.<br />
Nach wie vor bleiben chromfreie<br />
Vorbehandlungen und Lacke ein<br />
Schwerpunkt <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung. Die<br />
mittlerweile verfügbaren Produkte<br />
entsprechen hinsichtlich Korrosionsbeständigkeit<br />
und Lackhaftung <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Fata Hunter<br />
ECONOMICS<br />
Fata Hunter: Eine von zwei nach China<br />
gelieferten Bandbeschichtungslinien<br />
Fata Hunter: One of two parallel coil<br />
coating lines supplied to China<br />
Eigenschaften bisher verwen<strong>de</strong>ter<br />
chrombasierter Erzeugnisse.<br />
Weitere Entwicklungsziele gelten<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Korrosionsschutz <strong>de</strong>r Schnittkanten<br />
ohne Primereinsatz. Der Einsatz<br />
von Antikorrosionslacken auf<br />
unbeschichtete Substrate wird noch<br />
einige Jahre auf sich warten lassen.<br />
Die Adphos AG berichtete über<br />
ihre Weiterentwicklungen bei <strong>de</strong>r<br />
NIR-Aushärtung von organischen<br />
Beschichtungen. NIR steht für „Near<br />
Infra Red“ und beschreibt ein Verfahren,<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m im nahen Infrarotbereich<br />
mittels speziellen Hochleistungsstrahlern,<br />
die eine Energiedichte von bis zu<br />
3.000 kW pro Quadratmeter besitzen,<br />
eine sehr schnelle direkte Aufheizung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r organischen Beschichtung erreicht<br />
wird. Die Folge sind sehr kurze<br />
Prozesszeiten in <strong>de</strong>r Größenordnung<br />
von ein bis drei Sekun<strong>de</strong>n, verglichen<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>n 15 bis 25 Sekun<strong>de</strong>n bei konventionellen<br />
Öfen. Dank <strong>de</strong>r unmittelbaren<br />
Trocknung und Aushärtung<br />
durch NIR wird ein sehr schneller<br />
und nahezu schrotten<strong>de</strong>nfreier Farb-<br />
� �<br />
21
Siemens VAI<br />
WIRTSCHAFT<br />
Siemens VAI: Eingangsbereich einer Bandbeschichtungsanlage in Polen<br />
Siemens VAI: Entry section of a coil coating line in Poland<br />
wechsel bei Coil-Coating-Linien,<br />
aber auch bei kombinierten Verzinkungs-<br />
und Beschichtungslinien erreicht.<br />
Die NIR-Technik ermöglicht<br />
eine wirtschaftliche und flexible Verarbeitung<br />
auch kleinster Losgrößen<br />
und kommt damit <strong>de</strong>m kun<strong>de</strong>norientierten<br />
Trend zu immer enger gestuften<br />
Farbnuancen entgegen. Bei <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung vorhan<strong>de</strong>ner Anlagen<br />
gestattet die kurze Bauweise <strong>de</strong>r<br />
NIR-Trockner <strong>de</strong>n Einbau weiterer<br />
Coater für einen mehrschichtigen<br />
Lackauftrag in einem Banddurchlauf.<br />
Bauteile aus fertig lackierten Bän<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
und Blechen wer<strong>de</strong>n durch unterschiedliche<br />
mechanische Bearbeitungsvorgänge<br />
wie Stanzen, Biegen,<br />
Tiefziehen o<strong>de</strong>r Walzprofilieren in<br />
ihre endgültige Form gebracht. Viele<br />
dieser Bearbeitungen erfor<strong>de</strong>rn vom<br />
Beschichter das Aufbringen von Folien<br />
zum Schutz <strong>de</strong>r lackierten Oberflächen<br />
während <strong>de</strong>r Bearbeitung.<br />
Die holländische Firma Wemo stellte<br />
Werkzeuge vor, mit <strong>de</strong>nen auch ungeschützte<br />
Lackflächen ohne Beschädigung<br />
bearbeitet wer<strong>de</strong>n können. Die<br />
so genannte „swivel bending technology“<br />
verwen<strong>de</strong>t gelenkig betätigte<br />
Balken, die mit einer Relativbewegung<br />
und damit kratzerfrei mit ge-<br />
ringen Radien abkanten. Neben <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Umformen widmet sich das Unternehmen<br />
auch Metho<strong>de</strong>n zum Fügen<br />
bandbeschichteter Bleche: je nach<br />
Blechdicke und Verwendungszweck<br />
durch Wi<strong>de</strong>rstands-Buckelschweißen<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r punktuelles Durchsetzfügen.<br />
Gesetzgebung<br />
Mehr For<strong>de</strong>rungen als <strong>de</strong>rzeit bekannte<br />
konkrete Umsetzungen enthielt<br />
die Information über die europäische<br />
REACH-Verordnung (Registration,<br />
Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals).<br />
Klar ist, dass auf die Hersteller,<br />
Importeure und Anwen<strong>de</strong>r von chemischen<br />
Substanzen und damit auf<br />
die gesamte mit <strong>de</strong>m Coil Coating befasste<br />
Industrie neue Verordnungen<br />
zukommen. Derzeit am konkretesten<br />
ist <strong>de</strong>r Zeitplan für die stufenweise<br />
Einführung: Auf erste Schritte zur<br />
Einführung ab April 2007 folgt von<br />
April 2008 bis April 2010 eine Erfassungsperio<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Weitere Meilensteine<br />
im Hinblick auf die mengenmäßige<br />
Relevanz sind <strong>de</strong>r April 2010 und <strong>de</strong>r<br />
April 2013 bis zur vollen Wirksamwerdung<br />
ab April 2018.<br />
Was be<strong>de</strong>utet das für Produzenten<br />
und Anwen<strong>de</strong>r? Neue Vorschriften<br />
für <strong>de</strong>n Umgang mit Gefahrenstoffen<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n zur Substitution von Stoffen<br />
führen. Dies wird die unternehmerische<br />
Tätigkeit stark berühren. Die<br />
Empfehlung an die Unternehmen<br />
lautet, frühzeitig einen vorausschauen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Ansatz für organisatorische<br />
Anpassungen zu verfolgen, um so <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Ersatz von Substanzen und mögliche<br />
Än<strong>de</strong>rungen <strong>de</strong>r gesamten Prozesskette<br />
möglichst reibungslos zu bewirken<br />
– zumal die Umsetzungsphase<br />
relativ kurz ist.<br />
B. Rieth<br />
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22 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
From the coater’s standpoint what is<br />
nee<strong>de</strong>d is more automation, the introduction<br />
of more rapid processes,<br />
and improved process stability. The<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment of new paints for building<br />
applications, which are <strong>de</strong>signed<br />
to reflect back solar energy, aim to<br />
reduce consi<strong>de</strong>rably the energy consumed<br />
for the cooling of buildings.<br />
For the <strong>de</strong>velopment of such paints<br />
manufacturers use special software<br />
which simulates the influence of the<br />
surroundings at a variety of locations.<br />
As before, chromium-free pretreatments<br />
and paints are at the focus of<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment. The products that have<br />
meanwhile become available match<br />
the properties of the previously used,<br />
chromium-based products in relation<br />
to corrosion resistance and paint adhesion.<br />
A further <strong>de</strong>velopment objective is<br />
cut edge corrosion protection without<br />
the use of a primer. The use of anticorrosion<br />
paints on uncoated substrates<br />
is still a few years off. Adphos<br />
AG reported its further <strong>de</strong>velopments<br />
in the NIR har<strong>de</strong>ning of organic coatings.<br />
NIR stands for “Near Infra Red”<br />
and <strong>de</strong>scribes a process in which highpowered<br />
radiators operating with an<br />
energy <strong>de</strong>nsity of up to 3,000 kW/m 2<br />
in the near infra-red range are used<br />
for the very rapid direct heating of the<br />
organic coating. This results in very<br />
short process times of the or<strong>de</strong>r of 1<br />
to 3 seconds, instead of the 15 to 25<br />
second in conventional ovens. Thanks<br />
to the direct drying and har<strong>de</strong>ning by<br />
NIR very rapid colour modification almost<br />
without scrap offcuts is achieved<br />
on coil-coating lines, but also on combined<br />
galvanising and coating lines.<br />
The NIR technique enables economical<br />
and flexible processing even of<br />
very small batch sizes, and is there-<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
fore well suited to satisfy the increasing<br />
<strong>de</strong>mand by customers for ever<br />
more subtle colour nuances. When<br />
existing plants are being mo<strong>de</strong>rnised,<br />
the compact structure of NIR driers<br />
enables further coaters to be fitted in<br />
for multi-layer paint application during<br />
a single pass of the strip.<br />
Articles ma<strong>de</strong> of finish-painted<br />
strips and sheets are given their final<br />
shape by a variety of mechanical<br />
processes such as stamping, bending,<br />
<strong>de</strong>ep-drawing or roll-profiling. Many<br />
of these methods require the coater to<br />
apply foils in or<strong>de</strong>r to protect the pain<br />
surface during processing. The Dutch<br />
company Wemo <strong>de</strong>scribed tools with<br />
which even unprotected painted surfaces<br />
can be worked without damage.<br />
The so-termed “swivel bending<br />
technology” uses articulated beams<br />
that can bend through tight radii with<br />
a relative movement and therefore<br />
without scratching. Besi<strong>de</strong>s shaping<br />
methods, the company also focuses<br />
on methods for joining strip-coated<br />
sheets: <strong>de</strong>pending on the sheet thickness<br />
and the inten<strong>de</strong>d use, by resistance<br />
stud welding or point to point<br />
penetration welding.<br />
Legislation<br />
The report concerning the European<br />
REACH (Registration, Evaluation and<br />
Authorisation of Chemicals) Directive<br />
gave notice of more requirements<br />
than there are at present known and<br />
concrete conversion provisions. What<br />
is clear, is that there are new directives<br />
to come, which will affect the<br />
manufacturers, importers and users of<br />
chemical substances and therefore the<br />
entire range of industry that has to do<br />
with coil coating. The most concrete<br />
aspect at present is the timetable for<br />
ECONOMICS<br />
European Coil Coating Association<br />
The ECCA has existed since 1967 as the<br />
Association for the European coil coating<br />
industry. Its 200 members are mainly European<br />
companies but also inclu<strong>de</strong> from<br />
outsi<strong>de</strong> Europe a number of strip producers<br />
and finishers as well as paint manufacturers,<br />
plant engineering companies,<br />
suppliers and trading companies. ECCA is<br />
to promote the use of pre-painted strips<br />
and sheets of aluminium and steel, as<br />
environmentally safe, cost-effective and<br />
qualitatively high-gra<strong>de</strong> means for the<br />
production of finished goods. For this,<br />
the ECCA engages in political lobbying<br />
and in the <strong>de</strong>velopment of quality<br />
standards (combined with the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
of test methods). Furthermore, it<br />
organises training courses to familiarise<br />
<strong>de</strong>signers and manufacturers with the<br />
uses of pre-painted metals.<br />
gradual implementation: after the first<br />
introduction step from April 2007 onward,<br />
between April 2008 and April<br />
2010 there will be a period of adaptation.<br />
Other milestones of quantitative<br />
relevance are April 2010 and April<br />
2013, until the Directive comes fully<br />
into effect from April 2018.<br />
What does this mean for producers<br />
and users? New prescriptions for<br />
operating with hazardous substances<br />
will lead to substance substitutions.<br />
This will greatly affect company activities.<br />
The recommendation for<br />
companies is to be prompt in planning<br />
anticipatory action for organisational<br />
adaptations, so as to implement<br />
substance replacements and possible<br />
modifications of the entire process<br />
chain with as few problems as possible<br />
– especially since the conversion<br />
phase is relatively short. B. Rieth<br />
23
ECONOMICS<br />
The Russians are coming: example Rusal<br />
R. P. Pawlek, Sierre<br />
Russian companies have hit the<br />
headlines recently, surprising the<br />
established business world with<br />
their sud<strong>de</strong>n emergence as major<br />
global players. From steelmaker<br />
Severstal, to aluminium producer<br />
Rusal and energy giants Lukoil<br />
and Gazprom, these emerging<br />
Russian multinationals are building<br />
on successful acquisition<br />
sprees, at home and abroad, to<br />
stake a claim for global market<br />
lea<strong>de</strong>rship.<br />
Western companies need to take a<br />
fresh look at these rapidly changing,<br />
emerging multinationals and recognise<br />
that they are primarily driven<br />
by commercial logic and competitive<br />
advantage. Equally, the emerging<br />
Russian giants need to focus on improving<br />
their image by systematically<br />
institutionalising international best<br />
practice standards in key areas such<br />
as transparency, corporate governance,<br />
accounting and environmental<br />
standards.<br />
The emergence of new multinationals<br />
in Russia is part of a broa<strong>de</strong>r<br />
global phenomenon. In<strong>de</strong>ed, Russia is<br />
now the third biggest foreign investor<br />
among emerging markets. Emerging<br />
Russian multinationals span the<br />
entire spectrum from state-owned<br />
giant to privately owned conglomerates<br />
holding former state assets and<br />
to newly established companies with<br />
international sharehol<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />
Russian global corporate expansion<br />
is still largely limited to a handful<br />
of companies in the oil and gas, metals<br />
and mining, and telecommunications<br />
sectors. Most Russian multinationals<br />
still have a regional bias, but are now<br />
looking to invest more heavily in the<br />
mature markets of Europe, the US and<br />
Australia. The expansion drive began<br />
in the CIS and Eastern Europe, and is<br />
now moving rapidly into Africa.<br />
Russian investors have generally<br />
been welcomed in the CIS and Africa,<br />
while facing a strong <strong>de</strong>gree of suspicion<br />
in most parts of Eastern Europe<br />
and in the <strong>de</strong>veloped world. The rapid<br />
pick-up in Russian investment abroad<br />
is driven by a wi<strong>de</strong> range of factors:<br />
gaining critical mass to survive consolidation;<br />
getting access to new<br />
markets, raw materials, technology<br />
transfer and management know-how;<br />
coping with excess liquidity and lack<br />
of expansion opportunities at home.<br />
Globalising Russian companies<br />
enjoy a number of significant competitive<br />
advantages over established<br />
global players. In particular they have<br />
emerging markets know-how as well<br />
as a powerful but flexible corporate<br />
structure, together with liquidity and<br />
enormous ambition. But many Russian<br />
companies also have a number<br />
of substantial weaknesses, including<br />
complicated ownership structures,<br />
a lack of transparency in corporate<br />
culture, shallow management capacities<br />
and a poor un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of mo<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
environmental, health and safety<br />
standards.<br />
Governance weaknesses, in particular,<br />
have sullied the international<br />
image of Russian companies, adding<br />
to an already murky reputational legacy<br />
from the 1990s and remnants of<br />
post-Soviet cold war prejudice. Tackling<br />
these weaknesses must become<br />
a priority task for Russia’s emerging<br />
multinationals.<br />
Russia’s largest aluminium producer<br />
Rusal has assets in 13 countries<br />
in the CIS, Eastern Europe, Africa,<br />
Latin America and Australia and has<br />
raised US$ 2 billion in a syndicated<br />
loan in 2006 to finance further investments.<br />
Following the current merger<br />
with its Russian rival Sual and Swiss<br />
commodities group Glencore, due to<br />
be finalised by April 2007, the new<br />
Rusal will be self-sufficient in raw materials.<br />
Its aim: to become the world’s<br />
largest diversified energy and metals<br />
corporation.<br />
Russia is rapidly becoming one of<br />
the leading foreign investors among<br />
emerging countries although they<br />
tend to keep a low profile about this.<br />
First, most Russian companies are<br />
privately owned and disclose little<br />
information. Secondly, a high pro-<br />
portion of investment is carried out<br />
indirectly through offshore vehicles<br />
and registered in host countries as<br />
investment from Cyprus, the British<br />
Virgin Islands and Luxembourg.<br />
Until recently, the bulk of Russia’s<br />
outward foreign investment went to<br />
the CIS. As a result, Russian companies<br />
now by far dominate foreign<br />
investment in these difficult markets.<br />
Rusal, for example, resuscitated Armenia’s<br />
massive aluminium company,<br />
now known as Armenal, which had<br />
been forced to stop production following<br />
the collapse of the Soviet Union.<br />
Rusal invested over US$ 100 million<br />
to mo<strong>de</strong>rnize the plant, guaranteeing<br />
a supply of raw materials, and introducing<br />
new standards of labour.<br />
If the CIS is the near-abroad for<br />
Russian companies, Central and<br />
South-Eastern Europe are also familiar<br />
territory, but one with a far more<br />
ambivalent attitu<strong>de</strong> towards Russian<br />
investors. Russia’s leading metal companies,<br />
like Evraz, Rusal and Sevestal,<br />
are far less politicised than Gazprom,<br />
but they are products of the oligarch<br />
era, when well-connected entrepreneurs<br />
were able to buy up state assets<br />
cheaply and then consolidate them to<br />
forge huge corporate empires. While<br />
these owners still play a key role in<br />
strategic direction, the businesses they<br />
own are changing rapidly, absorbing<br />
international business practices as<br />
they expand and acquire listing on<br />
international exchanges. If Russian<br />
investors frequently face suspicion in<br />
24 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
arms in Africa. <strong>Alu</strong>minium producer<br />
Rusal, for example, is constantly looking<br />
for opportunities to strengthen its<br />
raw material base, aiming to become<br />
self-sufficient by 2013. One of its first<br />
moves was to move into Guinea, taking<br />
over the management of the Compagnie<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Bauxites <strong>de</strong> Kindia (CBK)<br />
for a 25-year period. Guinea holds<br />
two-thirds of the world’s bauxite reserves<br />
and the company was already<br />
a traditional supplier of bauxite to the<br />
Nikolaev <strong>Alu</strong>mina Refinery in Ukraine,<br />
which Rusal bought in 2000.<br />
With a long history of economic<br />
ties between Russia and Guinea, Rusal<br />
soon expan<strong>de</strong>d its operations there,<br />
taking over the management of the<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>mina Company of Guinea, one of<br />
the largest employers in the country,<br />
which it is buying as the company is<br />
privatised. Rusal has a good reputation<br />
for doing more than just extracting resources.<br />
Rusal is now implementing<br />
a US$ 300 milion mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation programme<br />
to double the alumina company’s<br />
refining capacity over the next<br />
three years and to improve the transport,<br />
water and energy infrastructure<br />
for both the refinery and the town.<br />
With the Guinean authorities looking<br />
for value-ad<strong>de</strong>d processing to remain<br />
in-country, Rusal is also consi<strong>de</strong>ring<br />
the construction of a new bauxite<br />
and alumina complex, including an<br />
aluminium smelter.<br />
When Rusal bought into Australia’s<br />
Queensland <strong>Alu</strong>mina from the<br />
financially distressed Houston-based<br />
Kaiser Group, its value to the Australian<br />
company was three-fold: Rusal<br />
was a major customer for alumina,<br />
Rusal Europe, they are welcomed with open<br />
Primary aluminium production at Rusal<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
it brought new competition into the<br />
alumina market and it wiped out Kaiser’s<br />
US$ 60 million <strong>de</strong>bt, in addition<br />
to paying US$ 401 million for a 20%<br />
stake. With Australia holding up to<br />
30% of global alumina production and<br />
bauxite reserves, Rusal is now in talks<br />
with the government to <strong>de</strong>velop power-generating<br />
capacities and to build a<br />
new aluminium smelter in the country.<br />
Rusal’s investment had to obtain<br />
approval from the country’s Foreign<br />
Investment Review Board as well as<br />
from two existing sharehol<strong>de</strong>rs, rival<br />
aluminium giants Alcan and Comalco.<br />
It took 18 months to finalise the <strong>de</strong>al<br />
after Rusal’s bid won in 2004.<br />
The rapid rise in Russia’s outward<br />
investment is driven in part by global<br />
consolidation pressures, which are especially<br />
strong in the natural resource<br />
industries and the telecommunication<br />
sector. The globalisation process<br />
can only be un<strong>de</strong>rstood in the context<br />
of Russia’s unique path of transition.<br />
During the Soviet era, Russia’s huge<br />
state-owned enterprises acted much<br />
like vertically integrated multinationals,<br />
enjoying almost complete control<br />
of the supply chain across the network<br />
of satellite states. This structure<br />
was pulled apart by the disintegration<br />
of the Comecon tra<strong>de</strong> agreement and<br />
the Soviet Union. As a result, one of<br />
the major challenges facing Russian<br />
companies ever since transition began<br />
has been how to restore the value<br />
chain and how to find new markets to<br />
utilise their vast excess capacity.<br />
The energy companies quickly<br />
moved abroad to restore their markets<br />
and improve their pricing power,<br />
taking control of distribution channels<br />
ECONOMICS<br />
across the CIS and Eastern Europe.<br />
The metals industry focused initially<br />
more on consolidation at home, buying<br />
up assets to re-create a vertically<br />
integrated supply chain, from raw<br />
materials to processing and distribution.<br />
Global acquisitions are now part<br />
of a complex strategy of securing raw<br />
materials, expanding capacities and<br />
opening access to new customers.<br />
Russian companies are now looking<br />
for long-term competitive advantage<br />
and better margins. By buying established<br />
companies, they get not only<br />
technological patents, but also market<br />
access for specialised high valuead<strong>de</strong>d<br />
products.<br />
Most of Russia’s leading companies<br />
have a strategy for joining the<br />
world’s leading players in their sector.<br />
They are steadily putting the<br />
pieces in place to make it possible<br />
– expanding capacity, opening up<br />
markets, distributing networks and<br />
access to raw materials. They are<br />
not seen as world-class competitors<br />
yet. Nevertheless, Russian companies<br />
possess three characteristics that give<br />
them a significant advantage over established<br />
players. Emerging markets<br />
know-how; liquidity; and strong, but<br />
flexible structures.<br />
As Russian multinationals shift<br />
their global expansion plans up a<br />
gear and start taking their international<br />
competitors head on, their biggest<br />
obstacle will be image. Russian<br />
companies cannot yet take over large<br />
foreign companies, because the competition<br />
for these assets is intense and<br />
public companies still have a negative<br />
image of Russian businesses.<br />
In an Economist Intelligence Unit<br />
survey more than 300 international<br />
business executives around the world<br />
were interviewed to explore these<br />
perceptions. Three key findings came<br />
out of the survey:<br />
� Overall international business perceptions<br />
of Russia are negative – as a<br />
market, an investment location and as<br />
a source of investment.<br />
� The level of international business<br />
knowledge about Russia and Russian<br />
companies is very low.<br />
� International executives with experience<br />
in the Central and East European<br />
region and knowledge of Rus-<br />
�<br />
25
ECONOMICS<br />
sian companies have more nuanced<br />
views – but not always more positive<br />
ones.<br />
For Russian companies, the survey’s<br />
message is clear. The process<br />
has already begun, prompted by the<br />
need to secure international financing<br />
and work to with international<br />
partners. Several Russian companies<br />
have now set up new corporate<br />
governance structures. Rusal has <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
an 18-month corporate governance<br />
programme with the help of<br />
EBRD and IFC and has appointed an<br />
in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt board, among a series of<br />
other measures. It has also started the<br />
Hydro is well-positioned for<br />
long-term profitable growth in its<br />
upstream aluminium operations,<br />
the Norwegian-based company<br />
said at its Capital Markets Day.<br />
Following the recommen<strong>de</strong>d merger<br />
of Hydro’s oil and gas activities<br />
with Statoil Hydro will continue<br />
as one of the world’s leading,<br />
integrated aluminium companies.<br />
The ongoing restructuring of the<br />
downstream aluminium portfolio<br />
is expected to be completed in<br />
2007.<br />
“Hydro is stronger than ever. Our<br />
technology, competence and financial<br />
strength, together with a broa<strong>de</strong>r<br />
portfolio of <strong>de</strong>velopment and exploration<br />
projects beyond 2010, give me<br />
great confi<strong>de</strong>nce in our strategy for<br />
future growth,” said Eivind Reiten,<br />
Hydro‘s Presi<strong>de</strong>nt and Chief Executive<br />
Officer. “We are manoeuvring<br />
in an increasingly challenging global<br />
landscape but our talented organisation,<br />
proven project execution skills<br />
and our experience in cooperating<br />
with partners are more valuable than<br />
ever.”<br />
Hydro‘s Capital Markets Day presentation<br />
as to the aluminium business<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong>d the following highlights:<br />
Primary aluminium production is<br />
expected to be 1.7 million tonnes in<br />
2007 and 2 million tonnes in 2010.<br />
process of disclosing information on<br />
its ownership structure as well as data<br />
on consolidated accounts.<br />
The progress from the pioneering<br />
days of the 1990s is substantial<br />
and has continued over the past few<br />
years as companies learn from business<br />
partners and list on international<br />
exchanges. However, if Russian companies<br />
are to become global players,<br />
it is not enough to talk of a rhetoric<br />
change – companies will now have to<br />
show that they run their business in<br />
line with international norms.<br />
As this happens, the international<br />
business community will be forced to<br />
Divestment of Hydro‘s 49 per cent<br />
share in Meridian Technologies for<br />
73.7 million euros and divestment of<br />
Automotive Castings for 454.3 million<br />
euros are key steps to reduce the<br />
engagement in the downstream aluminium<br />
business. Investments and<br />
exploration expenditures in 2007 are<br />
expected to be 491.1 million euros in<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Metal.<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Metal on track<br />
to reposition and grow<br />
Demand for primary aluminium is<br />
expected to increase by 15 million<br />
tonnes, or about 4 per cent annually,<br />
by 2020. Rising costs is an industry<br />
challenge but the increase has been<br />
more than offset by higher aluminium<br />
prices. Restructuring of <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Metal is on track with approx. 110,000<br />
tonnes of annual capacity to be closed<br />
down by the end of 2006 and during<br />
2007, thereby completing the closure<br />
program of 180,000 tonnes of highcost<br />
primary production capacity.<br />
The measures will significantly improve<br />
Hydro‘s smelter cost position.<br />
The company is well positioned with<br />
long-term power contracts extending<br />
up to 2020 and alumina equity coverage<br />
increasing to 75 per cent in 2010.<br />
Operational excellence remains a top<br />
priority.<br />
Hydro is pursuing a number of<br />
take a much closer look at their Russian<br />
counterparts. Emerging multinationals<br />
are already competing hard<br />
for customers, talent and resources,<br />
taking the more complacent global<br />
players by surprise. Those Russian<br />
companies that are able to transform<br />
themselves into world-class competitors<br />
will be able to <strong>de</strong>termine the<br />
shape of international business in<br />
their sectors.<br />
This is a summary of a paper edited by Rusal<br />
in November 2006 entitled: “The Russians<br />
are coming: un<strong>de</strong>rstanding emerging multinationals”;<br />
in cooperation with The Economist<br />
Intelligence Unit, 2006<br />
Hydro maintains speed in aluminium repositioning<br />
Hydro is about to exit Automotive Components,<br />
but will continue to focus on the<br />
sectors Rolled Products, Extrusion Europe,<br />
Extrusion Overseas, Building Systems and<br />
Precision Tubing<br />
growth opportunities in alumina and<br />
metal. The planned Qatalum smelter,<br />
a 50/50 joint venture between Qatar<br />
Petroleum and Hydro, is on track with<br />
construction start scheduled for fall<br />
2007 and start-up of production in<br />
late 2009. The capital expenditure estimate<br />
has been increased from 2.3 to<br />
3.4 billion euros, on a 100 per cent basis,<br />
as a result of general cost increases<br />
for key materials and construction, a<br />
weaker USD/EUR exchange rate as<br />
well as <strong>de</strong>sign changes. Final cost estimate<br />
and build <strong>de</strong>cision are scheduled<br />
for summer 2007.<br />
�<br />
26 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Norsk Hydro, Dag Jenssen
Novelis<br />
Novelis Korea invests in multi-alloy casting<br />
Investment continues global roll-out of<br />
breakthrough Novelis Fusion technology<br />
Novelis Inc. announced that its<br />
joint venture in Korea, Novelis Korea<br />
Ltd., will invest US$ 4.1 million<br />
to install Novelis Fusion casting<br />
technology in its Ulsan, South<br />
Korea, plant.<br />
The Korean investment continues the<br />
global roll-out of the breakthrough<br />
technology which first went into production<br />
in March 2006 at the Company‘s<br />
plant in Oswego, New York. In<br />
September 2006, Novelis announced<br />
that it will invest US$ 32 million in the<br />
construction of a Novelis Fusion cast-<br />
A crane lifts a Novelis Fusion multi-alloy<br />
aluminum ingot from the casting pit at the<br />
company’s Oswego, N.Y., facility<br />
Executing <strong>Alu</strong>minium Products<br />
portfolio restructuring<br />
Cash generation in <strong>Alu</strong>minium Products<br />
has been solid during the first<br />
nine months of 2006, but profitability<br />
remains unsatisfactory. Operational<br />
improvements have been achieved<br />
in most areas, and the outlook for<br />
Extrusion and Building Systems is<br />
good. In addition to the agreements<br />
to divest Automotive Castings and<br />
Meridian Technologies, the process<br />
for divesting Automotive Structures<br />
has started.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
house at its Sierre, Switzerland, facility.<br />
The Novelis Fusion casting centre<br />
at Ulsan is expected to be operational<br />
by mid-2007 and will have an initial<br />
annual capacity of more than 25,000<br />
tonnes. “The existing configuration<br />
of the Ulsan casting facilities allows<br />
a rapid and cost-efficient conversion<br />
to the Novelis Fusion process,” said<br />
Martha Brooks, Chief Operating Officer<br />
for Novelis Inc. And ad<strong>de</strong>d, “This<br />
investment is further evi<strong>de</strong>nce of our<br />
confi<strong>de</strong>nce in the Novelis Fusion technology<br />
and the positive response we<br />
are receiving from the marketplace.”<br />
In North America, Novelis has converted<br />
virtually all of its traditional<br />
“clad” material to the new technology.<br />
“We are working with dozens of<br />
customers around the globe on the<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment of applications in markets<br />
such as automotive, architecture,<br />
electronics and household appliances,”<br />
said Martha Brooks.<br />
Traditional multi-alloy aluminium<br />
ingots are produced using a manual<br />
cladding process, and are limited to a<br />
small range of alloys. Novelis Fusion<br />
technology <strong>de</strong>livers both process and<br />
product improvements, including the<br />
ability to cast previously impossible<br />
combinations of alloys.<br />
“Commercially, this investment<br />
will open the door to a new range of<br />
high-end product offerings in Asia,”<br />
Hydro‘s magnesium plant in Canada<br />
will be closed during first half of<br />
2007, and the remaining magnesium<br />
remelting plants will be divested.<br />
said Jacquie Bartlett, Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt,<br />
Sales and Marketing, for Novelis Korea.<br />
“With the Novelis Fusion technology,<br />
we will start by offering a full<br />
range of high-quality brazing sheet<br />
and fin stock products to local customers<br />
that today must rely on imports.”<br />
It was Novelis‘ second major investment<br />
in South Korea last year. In<br />
March 2006, the company announced<br />
that it will invest US$ 30 million over<br />
a two-year period to increase production<br />
capacity at its Yeongju rolling<br />
mill by 100,000 tonnes and expand<br />
its capability in the beverage can end<br />
market.<br />
About Novelis Korea<br />
ECONOMICS<br />
Novelis Korea Limited is a joint venture<br />
company between Novelis Inc.<br />
(68%), Taihan Electric Wire Co. Ltd.<br />
(31%), and Hyundai Group (1%). Its<br />
plants in Yeongju and Ulsan were<br />
commissioned in 1993 to meet the<br />
growing <strong>de</strong>mand for rolled aluminium<br />
products principally in Korea, China<br />
and Southeast Asia. Including its corporate<br />
office in Seoul, Novelis Korea<br />
has more than 1,200 employees who<br />
supply a broad range of high quality<br />
products and services to its customers<br />
in Asia.<br />
�<br />
Rolled Products <strong>de</strong>livers consistently<br />
strong cash flow, but industrial challenges<br />
remain.<br />
�<br />
27
Alcoa E CONOMICS<br />
Alcoa to reposition downstream operations<br />
Soft alloy extrusion joint venture<br />
with Sapa group announced<br />
Alcoa is to relocate several of its<br />
downstream operations in or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
to further improve returns and<br />
profitability through a targeted restructuring<br />
of operations and the<br />
creation of a soft alloy extrusion<br />
joint venture. The joint venture<br />
will become a global lea<strong>de</strong>r in the<br />
aluminium extrusion business,<br />
with an estimated turnover of US$<br />
4 billion in 2006.<br />
Following an extensive review of its<br />
downstream operations, Alcoa has<br />
signed a letter of intent with Norwegian<br />
Orkla ASA’s Sapa group to create<br />
a joint venture that would combine<br />
its soft alloy extrusion business with<br />
Sapa’s profiles extru<strong>de</strong>d aluminium<br />
business, with the intention of eventually<br />
offering an IPO of the combined<br />
entity. The new venture will be majority<br />
owned by Orkla and operated by<br />
Sapa. It is anticipated that the joint<br />
venture will be formed by the end of<br />
the first quarter 2007.<br />
Alcoa’s soft alloy extrusion business<br />
encompasses 22 facilities in eight<br />
countries and about 6,400 employees.<br />
In 2005, total soft alloy extrusion shipments<br />
amounted to around 585,000<br />
t, with revenues of approx. US$ 2.1<br />
billion. Sapa’s extrusion business encompasses<br />
18 facilities in 12 countries<br />
and about 6,000 employees. In 2005<br />
section shipments were 275,000 t and<br />
revenues amounted to US$ 1.3 billion.<br />
Alcoa will continue to operate its hard<br />
alloy extrusion business which serves<br />
the aerospace, automotive, and se-<br />
Corporate centre of Alcoa, Pittsburgh<br />
lected other markets. Separately, the<br />
concern will begin the process to divest<br />
the three soft alloy facilities not<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong>d in the joint venture located<br />
in Warren, Ohio, in Tifton, Georgia,<br />
and in Plant City, Florida.<br />
Alcoa Chairman and CEO Alain<br />
Belda said, “The combination of<br />
these two operations provi<strong>de</strong>s many<br />
opportunities to improve profitability<br />
by leveraging the scale of a broa<strong>de</strong>r<br />
global manufacturing system.” He<br />
ad<strong>de</strong>d, “Our overall downstream operations<br />
have continued to improve<br />
their financial performance the past<br />
few years. We have leading positions<br />
in key flat-rolled product segments<br />
where we have grown 14% annually<br />
since 2002 and where we are also in<br />
a strong position to capture further<br />
growth in China and Russia.” Other<br />
downstream operations such as Alcoa<br />
Howmet and Alcoa Fastening Systems<br />
improved profitability by more<br />
than 60% in 2005. “And our forgings,<br />
global building and construction and<br />
hard alloy extrusion businesses are<br />
solid performers. This move and our<br />
continued focus upon continually<br />
maximising returns should serve our<br />
downstream operations well for the<br />
next several years,” said Belda.<br />
Savings of US$ 125m<br />
before taxes expected<br />
As part of the review of its overall<br />
downstream operations, Alcoa also<br />
plans a targeted restructuring programme<br />
in or<strong>de</strong>r to further increase<br />
efficiency as well<br />
as profitability. The<br />
restructuring will<br />
encompass plant<br />
closures and consolidations<br />
that will<br />
affect some 6,700<br />
positions across the<br />
concern’s global businesses<br />
in 2007.<br />
This programme is<br />
expected to save<br />
around US$ 125 million before taxes<br />
on an annualised basis. Through the<br />
first three quarters of 2006, Alcoa<br />
generated more earnings than in any<br />
full year of the company’s history. “In<br />
or<strong>de</strong>r to continue to move forward,<br />
we now need to take the difficult but<br />
necessary restructuring steps that<br />
will continue to maximise profitability<br />
across the company,” said Belda.<br />
Inclu<strong>de</strong>d in the fourth quarter 2006<br />
restructuring are the following major<br />
components:<br />
Flat rolled products (FRP): Restructuring<br />
of the company’s can stock operations<br />
resulting in the elimination<br />
of approx. 320 jobs, including the closure<br />
of the Swansea can stock facility<br />
in UK. Conversion of the idle rolling<br />
mill in San Antonio, Texas, into a temporary<br />
flat rolled products technical<br />
facility serving Alcoa’s global FRP<br />
business.<br />
Extru<strong>de</strong>d and end products: Optimisation<br />
of the company‘s global<br />
hard alloy extrusion production operations<br />
which serve the aerospace,<br />
automotive and industrial products<br />
markets. This will result in the elimination<br />
of around 370 jobs in the US<br />
and Europe.<br />
Engineered solutions: Restructuring<br />
and consolidation of the company’s<br />
automotive and light vehicle<br />
wire harness and component operations,<br />
including closure of the manufacturing<br />
operations of the AFL Seixal<br />
plant in Portugal and restructuring of<br />
the AFL light vehicle and component<br />
operations in the US and Mexico.<br />
These measures will affect more than<br />
4,800 jobs.<br />
Packaging and consumer: Consolidation<br />
of selected operations within<br />
the company‘s global packaging production<br />
to increase productivity, resulting<br />
in the elimination of around<br />
470 jobs.<br />
Primary metals and alumina: Cuts<br />
within the company’s global primary<br />
metals and alumina operations by approx.<br />
330 jobs to further strengthen<br />
the company’s position on the global<br />
cost curve. �<br />
28 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Almeq electric preheater for catho<strong>de</strong> blocks<br />
J. D. Hansen, Langhus<br />
The electromagnetic stability of<br />
the liquid aluminium pad <strong>de</strong>pends<br />
on the uniformity of the electric<br />
current passing through it from<br />
above and below. Therefore, just<br />
as every ano<strong>de</strong> needs good electrical<br />
connection to an ano<strong>de</strong> rod, so<br />
every catho<strong>de</strong> block needs good<br />
electrical connection to a steel<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> collector conductor bar.<br />
Since it cannot be repaired in<br />
service, the catho<strong>de</strong> connection<br />
must reliably last the lifetime of<br />
the pot, and its fabrication is a vital<br />
step in pot assembly.<br />
The steel bar is sealed into the catho<strong>de</strong><br />
blocks using a paste, glue or cast<br />
iron. To improve the electrical connection,<br />
this catho<strong>de</strong> block must be<br />
preheated to about 700 °C. Traditionally<br />
this has been done by flame heating<br />
the assembly from outsi<strong>de</strong>. This<br />
is not very efficient or convenient: it<br />
involves substantial fuel costs, noise,<br />
and fumes. Also, it requires close supervision,<br />
as it tends to oxidise carbon<br />
from the catho<strong>de</strong> blocks, there is a risk<br />
of gas explosions. To overcome these<br />
problems, Almeq invented an electric<br />
30<br />
All illustrations: Almeq<br />
Fig. 2: Clamping system<br />
preheater for catho<strong>de</strong> elements before<br />
the rodding. Its key elements are<br />
illustrated as follows.<br />
A patent covers the principle of<br />
electric resistance heating of catho<strong>de</strong><br />
blocks. The carbon blocks with steel<br />
conductor bars are placed in an insulated<br />
chamber, where the steel bars<br />
are connected to an electric current of<br />
between 4 kA and 7 kA. This uniformly<br />
and heats the steel bar in programmed<br />
Fig. 1: Patented electric preheater for catho<strong>de</strong> blocks<br />
stages to 700 °C; the catho<strong>de</strong> blocks<br />
reach 400 °C and do not need more,<br />
as they are already calcined. The fully<br />
automated process has an accurate<br />
clamping mechanism to introduce the<br />
heating current. To avoid overheating<br />
the copper clamps, these are water<br />
cooled. If the catho<strong>de</strong> consists of a<br />
split steel bar, the preheater station is<br />
equipped with an electrical contact in<br />
the middle to bridge the gap.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
Fig. 3: Process control<br />
The process is controlled by thermocouples<br />
monitoring the temperature<br />
in the steel bar and carbon catho<strong>de</strong><br />
block. The exact temperatures are set<br />
according to the customer’s specification.<br />
Different methods are available for<br />
feeding the carbon and steel assemblies<br />
to the preheater. Alternatives<br />
range from a single loading wagon<br />
to complete arrangements including<br />
shot blasting and casting station.<br />
Results in service<br />
Four machines are in service, totalling<br />
17 years of experience:<br />
The first machine installed replaced<br />
propane gas heating at Isal, Iceland, in<br />
1997, and it gave the following results:<br />
yearly saving in energy: 1.28 GWh,<br />
elimination of CO 2 : 360,000 kg/year,<br />
saving in manpower: 2 men.<br />
Five years later, a duplicate machine<br />
was installed at SØRAL, Norway,<br />
which uses i<strong>de</strong>ntical catho<strong>de</strong><br />
blocks to Isal. In 2003, Almeq <strong>de</strong>livered<br />
an improved system to Dubai<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium (Dubal). To increase productivity,<br />
this system has two trolleys<br />
to prepare the catho<strong>de</strong> blocks. Due to<br />
changes in catho<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sign, the Dubal<br />
preheater will be modified to handle<br />
the new, bigger blocks. The latest installation<br />
was <strong>de</strong>livered to Nordural,<br />
Iceland for the Phase III expansion<br />
project. The system has been running<br />
for a year and has heated 6,000<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> blocks. The results from the<br />
system are as follows:<br />
Previously, 400 kg of propane was<br />
required to heat 6 catho<strong>de</strong> blocks. The<br />
estimated cost of propane is 0.40 euros<br />
per kg. With the electric preheater for<br />
catho<strong>de</strong>s the required electrical consumption<br />
is 600 kWh with an estimated<br />
cost of electricity of 0.04 euros per<br />
kWh (In Iceland, the cost of electricity<br />
is less than 1/3 of this). The savings for<br />
heating 6 catho<strong>de</strong> blocks:<br />
Country Place Customer Year<br />
Iceland Hafnafjordur Icelandic <strong>Alu</strong>minium Company 1997<br />
Norway Husnes Sør-Norge <strong>Alu</strong>minium 2002<br />
UAE Dubai Dubai <strong>Alu</strong>minium Company 2003<br />
Iceland Grundartangi Nordural 2005<br />
Fig. 4: Feeding<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Propane €0.40 x 400 = €160.00<br />
Electricity €0.04 x 600 = €24.00<br />
Saving per heating €136.00.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s this direct cost comparison,<br />
experience in service confirms a<br />
range of advantages for the automated<br />
system:<br />
• High power factor (cost )<br />
• No supervision nee<strong>de</strong>d during<br />
procedure<br />
• No hazard to personnel nor<br />
facilities<br />
• Low energy consumption<br />
(1:5 reduction)<br />
• No noise<br />
• Negligible carbon oxidation<br />
• Uniform temperatures in the steel<br />
bars and in the carbon blocks<br />
• I<strong>de</strong>ntical conditions prior to<br />
each casting<br />
• Fully automated feeding<br />
• No exhaust gases.<br />
Summary and Conclusion<br />
Before catho<strong>de</strong>s blocks are assembled<br />
into electrolysis pots, the steel conductor<br />
bars must be sealed into them,<br />
and then heated to ensure a<strong>de</strong>quate<br />
electrical conductivity.<br />
Compared to the external gas or<br />
oil burners traditionally used for this<br />
preheating, electric resistance heating<br />
from within is safe, clean, and reliable.<br />
Experience in four smelters proves<br />
that this automated system is amortised<br />
by the fuel, operator and other<br />
costs it saves.<br />
Author<br />
Jan D. Hansen is General Manager of Almeq<br />
Norway AS, based in Langhus, Norway.<br />
31 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 31
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
AlPrg: a software tool for aluminium smelting<br />
P. M. Entner, Sierre<br />
AlPrg is a collection of computer<br />
programmes (modules) for PCs<br />
using interactive graphics to display<br />
the results of calculations<br />
concerning aluminium production<br />
by electrolysis. The user applies<br />
these modules among other<br />
things to visualise how varying<br />
the parameters will affect pot<br />
operation. He can then choose<br />
the best values to operate the<br />
electrolytic cells of a potroom so<br />
as to optimise the most important<br />
technical and economic results.<br />
This paper reports on the use of<br />
one of these modules, namely the<br />
Electrolyte Properties Module.<br />
This module calculates the physical<br />
and chemical properties of the<br />
cryolite electrolyte as a function<br />
of its composition and temperature.<br />
The Electrolyte Properties<br />
Diagram Pane shows plots of these<br />
bath properties in function of the<br />
electrolyte parameters. This plot<br />
predicts the behaviour of the bath<br />
after a parameter change, and so<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntifies the optimal bath composition<br />
and bath temperature to<br />
operate the electrolytic cells.<br />
AlPrg was <strong>de</strong>veloped with the aim of<br />
helping people occupied with aluminium<br />
production by electrolysis. AlPrg<br />
contains several modules that the<br />
user selects <strong>de</strong>pending on the tasks<br />
he wants to study. For instance, if he<br />
wants to know how much aluminium<br />
a potroom is producing in one month,<br />
then he uses the aluminium production<br />
module. If he needs to find the set<br />
value of the pot voltage, the alumina<br />
fee<strong>de</strong>r setting or how much aluminium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> to add, he will apply the<br />
corresponding, obviously more complex,<br />
modules of AlPrg. Finally if the<br />
user wants to improve the economic<br />
performance of the aluminium smelting<br />
plant, the profitability analysis<br />
modules will help him to <strong>de</strong>termine<br />
those operational parameters to run<br />
the plant in a better way.<br />
This paper <strong>de</strong>als with the electrolyte<br />
properties module of AlPrg.<br />
All illustrations: Entner<br />
Fig. 1: Layout of the User Interface of AlPrg. The figure shows 3 tab groups with the calculation<br />
pages Technical Profitability Analysis, <strong>Alu</strong>minium Production and Pot Parameters<br />
being selected. Two diagram panes namely the Pot Voltage Diagram Pane and the Electrolyte<br />
Composition/Properties Diagrams Pane are docked on the programme user interface.<br />
This module shows the physical and<br />
chemical properties of the cryolite<br />
electrolyte, like the liquidus temperature<br />
or electrical conductivity. AlPrg<br />
<strong>de</strong>termines these values in relation<br />
to the chemical composition and the<br />
temperature of the electrolytic bath.<br />
The electrolyte properties diagram<br />
pane shows diagrams of these bath<br />
properties in function of various plots.<br />
These plots predict the behaviour of<br />
the bath after a parameter change and<br />
so help to <strong>de</strong>termine the optimal bath<br />
composition and bath temperature.<br />
Programme layout<br />
When the author of this paper worked<br />
with <strong>Alu</strong>suisse and later with Alcan he<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped ElysePrg [1] a precursor of<br />
AlPrg. AlPrg is, however, a completely<br />
new concept for this application, especially<br />
regarding the program features<br />
and program layout. AlPrg consists<br />
of pages and diagram panes. In the<br />
windows the user changes numerical<br />
values in input fields, and then AlPrg<br />
calculates the corresponding results.<br />
The diagrams (plots) show graphical<br />
representation of properties <strong>de</strong>pend-<br />
ing on various parameters. Formed as<br />
graphical user interfaces (GUIs), the<br />
plots allow the user to change values<br />
on the plot by dragging their size representation<br />
with the mouse pointer.<br />
AlPrg calculates the corresponding<br />
new resulting values and updates the<br />
relevant pages and plot panes.<br />
The user selects pages or plot<br />
panes by clicking on the corresponding<br />
menu or tab items. He can arrange<br />
several pages on the programme user<br />
interface and see them simultaneously<br />
so as to study the calculation<br />
results. The diagram panes can float<br />
on the computer screen or they can<br />
be docked, i.e. ad<strong>de</strong>d on the AlPrg<br />
user interface. The next figure (Fig. 1)<br />
<strong>de</strong>picts an example of the AlPrg user<br />
interface containing three tab groups<br />
and two diagram panes. From the tab<br />
groups the user has selected the technical<br />
profitability analysis page, the<br />
aluminium production page and the<br />
pot parameter page. In addition he has<br />
docked the pot voltage diagram pane<br />
and the electrolyte composition/properties<br />
pane on the user interface.<br />
The user finds more information<br />
about AlPrg in the conventional ac-<br />
32 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
companying help system. He may also<br />
consult the corresponding <strong>web</strong>site [2]<br />
that contains practically the same user’s<br />
gui<strong>de</strong> and theoretical background<br />
information.<br />
The Electrolyte Composition/<br />
Properties Page<br />
Fig. 2 shows the electrolyte composition/properties<br />
page. In the upper<br />
part of the page the user changes the<br />
concentration values of the electrolyte<br />
components of aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong><br />
(AlF 3 ), calcium fluori<strong>de</strong> (CaF 2 ), aluminium<br />
oxi<strong>de</strong> (alumina Al 2 O 3 ), lithi-<br />
Fig. 2: Electrolyte Composition/Properties Page. In the upper part<br />
of the page the user may change the concentration values in the<br />
input fields. The lower part contains the property values. The<br />
user may select the authors of the corresponding equations that<br />
AlPrg uses to calculate the properties.<br />
um fluori<strong>de</strong> (LiF), magnesium fluori<strong>de</strong><br />
(MgF 2 ) and potassium fluori<strong>de</strong> (KF).<br />
The bath ratio is the weight ratio of<br />
sodium fluori<strong>de</strong> over aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong>.<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium oxi<strong>de</strong> at ano<strong>de</strong> effect<br />
is the alumina concentration when<br />
the ano<strong>de</strong> effect occurs. The user can<br />
suppress this parameter by inactivating<br />
the check box.<br />
The lower part of the page contains<br />
the values of the electrolyte properties,<br />
namely the liquidus temperature,<br />
Fig. 3: Drop Down Combo Box to select the authors of<br />
the relations that AlPrg uses to calculate the liquidus temperature.<br />
The user has chosen the equation of Solheim<br />
[3] by clicking on the name with the mouse pointer.<br />
the electrical conductivity, the maximum<br />
alumina solubility, the total vapour<br />
pressure, the <strong>de</strong>nsities and vis-<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
cosities of the electrolytic bath and of<br />
the aluminium metal.<br />
The bath temperature can be expressed<br />
as the liquidus temperature<br />
plus the superheat. The user selects<br />
as input value either the superheat<br />
(as shown in Fig. 2) or the electrolyte<br />
temperature. Selecting a value as input<br />
means that it is constant for the<br />
following calculations (the superheat<br />
in Fig. 2) and the other <strong>de</strong>pending<br />
value (the bath temperature in Fig. 2)<br />
is calculated correspondingly.<br />
To <strong>de</strong>termine the liquidus temperature,<br />
the electrical conductivity or the<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsities the user can choose between<br />
several relationships<br />
published by<br />
different authors.<br />
Fig. 2 shows a Drop<br />
Down Combo Box<br />
where the user has<br />
selected the equations<br />
of Solheim [3].<br />
He could alternatively<br />
also click on<br />
the names of Røs-<br />
tum [4], Peterson<br />
[5], Bullard [6], Lee<br />
[7] or Dewing [8] to<br />
choose the corresponding<br />
relations.<br />
The theoretical part of the AlPrg<br />
<strong>web</strong>site [9] contains all the relations<br />
and equations that AlPrg uses for its<br />
calculations.<br />
The Electrolyte Composition/<br />
Properties Plot<br />
Fig. 4 shows the electrolyte composition/properties<br />
plot pane together<br />
with the electrolyte composition/<br />
properties page.<br />
Icon plots<br />
The i<strong>de</strong>a of this plot pane<br />
is to show a property of the<br />
electrolytic bath in <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce<br />
of the bath composition<br />
and the bath temperature.<br />
The plot pane of Fig.<br />
4 consists of small icon-like<br />
plots of the liquidus temperature<br />
against the concentrations<br />
of aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong>, calcium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong>, aluminium oxi<strong>de</strong> etc. From<br />
these plots the user can visualise how<br />
Fig. 4: The Electrolyte Composition/Properties Diagram Pane<br />
docked on the AlPrg user interface. Small icon-like plots<br />
represent the selected electrolyte property (the liquidus<br />
temperature in this figure) in function of the electrolyte<br />
components. The user has selected the liquidus temperature<br />
vs. aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> content to be shown in the larger<br />
property plot. The circles represent the current values of<br />
the electrolyte composition.<br />
the liquidus temperature <strong>de</strong>pends on<br />
these variables, the other parameters<br />
staying constant. The small circles<br />
represent these constant concentration<br />
values shown on the electrolyte<br />
composition/properties page.<br />
Property plot<br />
If the user wants to study an iconplot<br />
more profoundly he clicks on<br />
the icon-plot with the mouse pointer<br />
and the icon-plot expands to replace<br />
the larger property plot. In Fig. 4 the<br />
Fig. 5: Liquidus temperature vs. <strong>Alu</strong>mina Concentration<br />
Property Plot. The user has clicked on the Al 2 O 3 icon-plot<br />
and the property plot shows the liquidus temperature vs.<br />
the alumina concentration. The gray areas are the regions<br />
where the alumina concentration is lower than ano<strong>de</strong> effect<br />
concentration (on the left si<strong>de</strong>) or higher than the maximum<br />
alumina solubility (right si<strong>de</strong>).<br />
user has clicked on the aluminium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration icon-plot, and<br />
consequently the property plot shows<br />
the liquidus temperature in <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce<br />
of the aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> con-<br />
33 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 33<br />
�
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
centration between 0 and 30 weight<br />
%. The circle represents the liquidus<br />
temperature of 953.7 °C at the aluminium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration of 12<br />
weight %.<br />
Gray areas in the icon or property<br />
plots are regions where values are not<br />
available or not possible. Fig. 5 shows<br />
the property plot of the liquidus temperature<br />
vs. the alumina content. The<br />
grey regions show where the alumina<br />
concentration is smaller than the ano<strong>de</strong><br />
effect concentration (on the left<br />
si<strong>de</strong>) or greater than the maximum<br />
solubility of alumina in the electrolyte.<br />
Electrolyte and aluminium<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsities<br />
As an example the following chapter<br />
discusses the <strong>de</strong>nsities of the electrolyte<br />
and of the liquid aluminium<br />
metal. In the electrolytic production<br />
of aluminium the <strong>de</strong>nsity values es-<br />
Fig. 6: <strong>Alu</strong>minium and Electrolyte Densities Plot Pane. The<br />
user has clicked on the aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> icon-plot, so that<br />
the property plot shows the aluminium and electrolyte <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
vs. the aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration.<br />
pecially the <strong>de</strong>nsity difference between<br />
aluminium and electrolyte affects<br />
the separation of the produced<br />
aluminium metal from the bath. This<br />
difference should be larger than 0.2<br />
g/cm 3 in or<strong>de</strong>r to prevent mixing and<br />
to maintain good separation between<br />
the metal pad and the electrolyte layer.<br />
In the electrolyte and aluminium<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity plot pane AlPrg shows simultaneously<br />
the <strong>de</strong>nsities of the liquid<br />
aluminium metal and the liquid electrolyte.<br />
In this way the user sees immediately<br />
the influence of parameter<br />
changes on the <strong>de</strong>nsity difference.<br />
Dragging<br />
If the mouse pointer is over the property<br />
plot and the user presses the right<br />
mouse button a so-called value line<br />
Fig. 7: Dragging of the Value Line. When the user holds down the right mouse button AlPrg<br />
draws the so-called value line. When the user drags this line by moving the mouse, AlPrg<br />
registers a new input value and plots new <strong>de</strong>nsity values in the property and icon plots.<br />
is drawn. When the user displaces<br />
the mouse (dragging) the value line<br />
follows this motion on the property<br />
plot. AlPrg registers this new concentration<br />
input value (5% aluminium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> in Fig. 7) and calculates the<br />
corresponding new <strong>de</strong>nsity values in<br />
the icon and property plots (and electrolyte<br />
composition/properties page).<br />
If the user wants to change another<br />
parameter, the lithium fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration,<br />
the procedure is the same.<br />
The user clicks on the lithium fluori<strong>de</strong><br />
icon plot. This icon plot is then selected,<br />
i.e. AlPrg shows this plot in the<br />
main property plot. By again dragging<br />
the value line with the mouse pointer,<br />
the user changes then the lithium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration,<br />
and AlPrg calculates the<br />
corresponding <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
values.<br />
Temperature plots<br />
The superheat, i.e. the<br />
temperature difference<br />
between the electrolyte<br />
temperature and the<br />
liquidus temperature, is<br />
a very important value for everyday<br />
pot operation. Sometimes some quite<br />
puzzling events are observed, namely<br />
that the superheat might be negative<br />
(the electrolytic bath should be<br />
solid) even for a rather long time period.<br />
This effect is called the liquidus<br />
enigma [10].<br />
If the superheat (�T) is selected as<br />
input value on the electrolyte composition/properties<br />
page (see Fig. 2, 3<br />
and 4), then the electrolyte composition/properties<br />
diagram pane shows<br />
two icon-plots, namely the superheat<br />
plot (<strong>de</strong>nsities vs. superheat on Fig.<br />
6, 7) and the electrolyte temperature<br />
plot (bath temperature vs. aluminium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> on Fig. 6, 7).<br />
Clicking on the superheat iconplot<br />
(�T) AlPrg draws the corresponding<br />
property plot, namely aluminium<br />
and electrolyte <strong>de</strong>nsity vs. superheat.<br />
By dragging the value circles, the user<br />
can modify the input value of the superheat.<br />
Since the last selected composition<br />
icon plot was the <strong>de</strong>nsities vs.<br />
aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> icon-plot, AlPrg<br />
shows in the bath temperature icon<br />
plot how the electrolyte temperature<br />
<strong>de</strong>pends on aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration.<br />
Fig. 9: Property Plot of Densities vs. Superheat. The user has<br />
selected the superheat icon-plot of Fig. 6 and so AlPrg draws<br />
the corresponding property plot <strong>de</strong>nsities vs. superheat.<br />
If the electrolyte temperature is<br />
selected as input value on the electrolyte<br />
composition/properties page<br />
(see Fig. 2, 3 and 4), then the electrolyte<br />
composition/properties diagram<br />
pane shows the <strong>de</strong>nsities vs. electrolyte<br />
temperature icon-plot (Fig. 11). By<br />
clicking on this icon plot, the user instructs<br />
AlPrg to show the corresponding<br />
aluminium and electrolyte <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
vs. bath temperature property plot, as<br />
well as the electrolyte temperature<br />
plot (bath temperature vs. aluminium<br />
fluori<strong>de</strong> on Fig. 6, 7).<br />
34 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
Fig. 10: Property Plot of Bath Temperature vs. <strong>Alu</strong>minium Fluori<strong>de</strong> Concentration. The user<br />
has selected the bath temperature icon-plot of Fig. 6, and so AlPrg draws the corresponding<br />
property plot bath temperature vs. aluminium fluori<strong>de</strong> concentration.<br />
Conclusions<br />
This paper <strong>de</strong>scribes the calculation<br />
page and the diagram pane of the electrolyte<br />
properties module of AlPrg. In<br />
the calculation page the user enters<br />
or modifies in a rather conventional<br />
way values in the corresponding input<br />
fields, and AlPrg then <strong>de</strong>termines the<br />
corresponding electrolyte properties,<br />
like liquidus temperature, electrical<br />
conductivity etc. The diagram pane<br />
shows graphical representations, i.e.<br />
small icon-plots, of how a selected<br />
property (the liquidus temperature,<br />
for instance) <strong>de</strong>pends on the electrolyte<br />
composition values and the<br />
bath temperature. The user selects<br />
an icon-plot to be drawn in the larger<br />
and more precise property plot. This<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
plot is a graphical user interface, i.e.<br />
the user can change input values by<br />
dragging the so called values line with<br />
the mouse pointer to a new position<br />
and value.<br />
The user investigates in this way<br />
the behaviour not only of those electrolyte<br />
properties already <strong>de</strong>scribed in<br />
this paper (liquidus temperature and<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsities), but also the electrical conductivity<br />
(interesting for pot voltage<br />
settings), maximal alumina solubility<br />
(used for point fee<strong>de</strong>r setting) , vapour<br />
Fig. 11: Densities vs. Electrolyte Temperature Property Plot. The user has selected the electrolyte<br />
temperature as input value on the electrolyte composition/properties page. AlPrg<br />
then shows the <strong>de</strong>nsities vs. electrolyte temperature icon- and property plot after appropriate<br />
selection by the user. The sha<strong>de</strong>d area is the region where the bath temperature is<br />
lower or higher than the liquidus temperature +/- the maximum superheat (±50 °C).<br />
pressure (necessary for environmental<br />
issues) and the viscosities of the<br />
liquid aluminium pad and electrolyte<br />
(used for hydrodynamic studies).<br />
This paper <strong>de</strong>scribes the electrolyte<br />
properties module as a standalone<br />
programme. This module is<br />
however also incorporated into other<br />
modules where it is nee<strong>de</strong>d, for instance<br />
into pot voltage or the profitability<br />
module. It works there in the<br />
same interactive way as <strong>de</strong>scribed in<br />
this paper; this means the user can<br />
change an input value either from the<br />
key board on the electrolyte property<br />
page, or else by dragging on the corresponding<br />
property plot. AlPrg then<br />
recalculates other parameters and<br />
updates the corresponding pages or<br />
plot panes.<br />
References<br />
[1] P. M. Entner, “New Feature of ElyseSem/<br />
ElysePrg”, <strong>Alu</strong>minium 75 (1999) 12, 1064-<br />
1072<br />
[2] http://www.peter-entner.com.<br />
[3] A. Solheim, S. Rolseth, E. Skybakmoen,<br />
L. Støen, Å. Sterten, T. Støre, “Liquidus<br />
Temperature and <strong>Alu</strong>mina Solubility in<br />
the System Na AlF -AlF -LiF-CaF -MgF ”,<br />
3 6 3 2 2<br />
Light Metals (1995), 451-460.<br />
[4] A. Røstum, A. Solheim, A. Sterten, “Phase<br />
Diagram Data in the System Na AlF -Li-<br />
3 6<br />
3AlF6-AlF3-Al2O . Part I: Liquidus Temper-<br />
3<br />
atures for Primary Cryolite Crystallisation”,<br />
Light Metals (1990), 311-316.<br />
[5] R. D. Peterson, A. T. Tabereaux, “Liquidus<br />
Curves for the Cryolite-AlF -CaF - 3 2<br />
Al O System in <strong>Alu</strong>minum Cell Electroly-<br />
2 3<br />
tes”, Light Metals (1987), 383-388.<br />
[6] G. L. Bullard, D. D. Przybycien, “DTA Determination<br />
of Bath Liquidus Temperatures:<br />
Effect of LiF”, Light Metals (1986), 437-443.<br />
[7] S. S. Lee, K.-S. Lei, P. Xu, J. J. Brown<br />
Jr., “Determination of Melting Temperatures<br />
and Al O Solubilities for Hall Cell<br />
2 3<br />
Electrolyte Compositions”, Light Metals<br />
(1984), 841-855.<br />
[8] E. W. Dewing, “The Chemistry of the<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>mina Reduction Cell”, Can. Metallurgical<br />
Quarterly (1974), 13 (No.4), 607-618;<br />
JOM 53 (2001) 5, pp. 29-34.<br />
[9] http://www.peter-entner.com/e/theory/thcontents.htm.<br />
[10] B. P. Moxnes, A. Solheim, T. Støre, B.<br />
E. Aga, L. Støen, “The 'Liquidus Enigma'<br />
revisited”, Light Metals (2006), 285-290.<br />
Author<br />
Peter M. Entner has studied chemistry at<br />
the University of Vienna. He pursued his<br />
studies at the University of Pennsyslvania<br />
and University of Geneva (high temperature<br />
electrochemistry and crystallography).<br />
He joined then <strong>Alu</strong>suisse that later became<br />
Alcan to work on research and <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
projects about aluminium smelting.<br />
Being retired, Peter’s passion for bytes and<br />
pixels keeps him busy to work on software<br />
that might be useful for the members of the<br />
aluminium smelting community.<br />
35 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 35
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Honoured by The Electrochemical Society<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora receives 2006 Acheson<br />
Award for lifetime career achievements<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora has been honoured<br />
as the recipient of The<br />
Electrochemical Society (ECS)<br />
2006 Edward Goodrich Acheson<br />
Award. The Acheson Award was<br />
established in 1928 to recognise<br />
distinguished contributions which<br />
advance objects, purposes or activities<br />
of ECS. Requirements for<br />
receiving the award are distinguished<br />
services to the Society,<br />
as well as distinguished scientific<br />
discoveries or inventions in electrochemical<br />
or solid state science<br />
and technology.<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora has <strong>de</strong>dicated his<br />
career to scientific research in the<br />
field of electrochemistry, including<br />
in particular the fields of chlorine-alkali<br />
and aluminium production. Dr. <strong>de</strong><br />
Nora’s research achievements centre<br />
on his efforts to find a feasible inert<br />
ano<strong>de</strong>, that is an ano<strong>de</strong> that operates<br />
in a cell without becoming corro<strong>de</strong>d<br />
as part of the electrochemical process,<br />
and which could be used to replace<br />
carbon ano<strong>de</strong>s in electrochemical<br />
cells. He succee<strong>de</strong>d, first with the<br />
Dimensionally Stable Ano<strong>de</strong> (DSA)<br />
that revolutionised chlorine-alkali<br />
production and other electrochemical<br />
industries. By saving electrical<br />
energy, improving cell operation and<br />
eliminating or substantially reducing<br />
pollution, the DSA has contributed to<br />
a predominant position for electrochemistry<br />
worldwi<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Recently, Dr. <strong>de</strong> Nora and his<br />
scientific team based in the mo<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
laboratories purpose-built in the<br />
Swiss Valais, have <strong>de</strong>veloped the prototype<br />
of a <strong>de</strong> Nora inert ano<strong>de</strong> for<br />
aluminium production. Inert ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />
not only eliminate serious pollution<br />
problems, including carbon dioxi<strong>de</strong>,<br />
carbon monoxi<strong>de</strong> and perfluorocarbon<br />
emissions from carbon ano<strong>de</strong>s,<br />
but also improve energy efficiency of<br />
inert ano<strong>de</strong>s in electrowinning cells<br />
and also significantly reduce operating<br />
costs.<br />
Moltech<br />
Biographical Note<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora was born in Altamura,<br />
Italy, on 11 November 1912.<br />
He atten<strong>de</strong>d middle school, graduating<br />
in 1929, and was admitted to the<br />
Royal Politecnico Institute of Milan in<br />
October of the same year, where he<br />
received a doctorate in Electrochemical<br />
Engineering with full honours in<br />
1935. In 1936, he was chosen to be<br />
Professor of Physical Chemistry and<br />
Electrochemistry at the Royal Politecnico<br />
Institute but he <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to spend<br />
two years to carry out research at<br />
King’s College, University of London,<br />
with the famous Professor Allmand.<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora<br />
Later, at the Hochschule of Dres<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
he worked for one year with Professor<br />
Muller, who <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to <strong>de</strong>lay his<br />
retirement in or<strong>de</strong>r to accept the challenge<br />
of working with <strong>de</strong> Nora.<br />
Leaving Dres<strong>de</strong>n in 1937, Vittorio<br />
<strong>de</strong> Nora went to the United States,<br />
where he enrolled at Lehigh University<br />
in Pennsylvania. While at Lehigh,<br />
he became one of the first members<br />
of ECS, and today he has the distinction<br />
of being the Society member with<br />
the longest membership record. He<br />
chose Lehigh in or<strong>de</strong>r to work with<br />
Professor Butts and the results of his<br />
research earned him a Ph.D. in Physi-<br />
cal Chemistry in just nine months.<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora is a Volta Fellow, a<br />
Weston Fellow and a Case Centennial<br />
Scholar. He was elected an Honorary<br />
Member of ECS in 1982, and he became<br />
a Fellow of the Society in 1992<br />
in recognition of his contributions<br />
to science and electrochemical engineering.<br />
Case Western University,<br />
Lehigh University and the University<br />
of Cincinnati have conferred on him<br />
the honorary <strong>de</strong>gree of Doctor of Science.<br />
He was one of the five foun<strong>de</strong>rs<br />
of International Physicians for the<br />
Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW),<br />
to whose activities he contributes as<br />
the only non-medical foun<strong>de</strong>r. IPP-<br />
NW received the Nobel Peace Prize<br />
in 1985.<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora has inspired<br />
noteworthy technical achievements<br />
by encouraging research in electrochemistry<br />
through his endowment of<br />
the annual Electrochemical Society<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora Award for distinguished<br />
contributions in the field.<br />
He is the author of hundreds of<br />
worldwi<strong>de</strong> patents related to industrial<br />
electrochemistry. His most important<br />
patents in the chlorine-alkali<br />
field inclu<strong>de</strong> not only the DSA itself,<br />
but also the great advantage of a new<br />
membrane cell <strong>de</strong>sign, which directly<br />
produced concentrated salt-free<br />
caustic and also eliminated pollution,<br />
particularly by eliminating mercury<br />
catho<strong>de</strong>s and asbestos diaphragms.<br />
De Nora companies have also <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
the bi-polar chlorine cell,<br />
built plants producing one-third of<br />
the world‘s chlorine production,<br />
including the largest chlorine cell<br />
(450,000 A), still the largest electrochemical<br />
cell ever built, and have also<br />
constructed the world‘s largest water<br />
electrolysis plant having heavy water<br />
as a by-product. �<br />
For subscribers<br />
www.alu-archiv.<strong>de</strong><br />
Knowledge with<br />
a lasting impact!<br />
36 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Aumund cooling conveyor for<br />
hot bath material<br />
M. Coopmann, Rheinberg<br />
In the course of more than 80<br />
years the Aumund Group has<br />
earned its reputation as a specialist<br />
in supplying equipment for raw<br />
material handling in the cement<br />
industry, in the iron and steel as<br />
well as in the primary aluminium<br />
industry. From its headquarters<br />
in Rheinberg, Germany, the Aumund<br />
Group has integrated the<br />
companies Scha<strong>de</strong> Lagertechnik<br />
GmbH at Herne in Germany, and<br />
B&W Handling Ltd. at Ely, UK, in<br />
the last years. With more than<br />
10.000 machines installed in over<br />
100 countries, the Group continuously<br />
faces market challenges and<br />
tries new solutions. Especially the<br />
handling of hot and abrasive bulk<br />
materials in the steel and primary<br />
aluminium industry puts severe<br />
requirements on the conveying<br />
technique. Aumund already secured<br />
an entry into the Guinness<br />
world record book for supplying<br />
of the longest bucket apron conveyor<br />
for the transport of 900 °C<br />
hot direct reduced iron.<br />
To solve a particular problem in conveying<br />
technique Aumund invented<br />
a customer-specific solution in 1995<br />
for the aluminium smelting plant<br />
SØR Norge <strong>Alu</strong>minium in Norway.<br />
It was <strong>de</strong>veloped with the manager<br />
of the engineering <strong>de</strong>partment of the<br />
smelting plant at that time and with<br />
a Norwegian specialist for hot material<br />
crushers, and it became the first<br />
economical and efficient solution for<br />
the clean handling of 850 °C hot bath<br />
material. Since then this concept has<br />
meanwhile been successfully used for<br />
five units in other European smelting<br />
plants.<br />
Problem<br />
When using the prebake technology,<br />
ano<strong>de</strong> butts are removed together with<br />
a substantial quantity of hot bath material.<br />
This fluori<strong>de</strong>-rich material has<br />
All illustrations: Aumund<br />
Fig. 1: Fluori<strong>de</strong> emissions<br />
usually been collected in containers<br />
and allowed to cool naturally. Due to<br />
the thickness of the layer of hot bath<br />
material in these containers, there is<br />
no guarantee that the bath lumps will<br />
have cooled below 100 °C even after<br />
24 hours of cooling time. However,<br />
before further processing, the material<br />
must cool down to below 70 to<br />
80 °C. Special coolers have been tried<br />
to cool down the bath material to the<br />
required temperature – but without<br />
success.<br />
In or<strong>de</strong>r to give the new ano<strong>de</strong> good<br />
starting conditions, the solid bath surface<br />
has to be cleared from un<strong>de</strong>r it.<br />
This allows high current efficiency<br />
and stable pot operation. Previously,<br />
point feeding prebake technology did<br />
not employ si<strong>de</strong> breaking operation,<br />
so this bath material was stored in the<br />
service area of the pot. The crust with<br />
alumina and bath material was then<br />
later broken into the liquid bath by<br />
the tools of the crust breaker vehicle,<br />
while fluori<strong>de</strong> gases escaped uncontrolled.<br />
Solution and functional<br />
<strong>de</strong>scription<br />
For <strong>de</strong>fined cooling of bath material,<br />
Aumund <strong>de</strong>veloped a solution <strong>de</strong>signed<br />
to cool down hot bath material<br />
from 850 °C to 80 °C within a period<br />
of time not longer than 12 hours. Prior<br />
to this cooling on an Aumund <strong>de</strong>epdrawn<br />
pan conveyor, a specially <strong>de</strong>signed<br />
hot bath crusher from SMV A/S<br />
receives up to 850 °C hot bath material<br />
and crushes it down to a lump size<br />
of about 200 mm. Directly un<strong>de</strong>rneath<br />
the hot bath crusher, the Aumund<br />
cooling conveyor is connected and re-<br />
Fig. 2: Covered conveyor connected to dry<br />
scrubbing system<br />
ceives the red-hot bath material. With<br />
a variable speed between 0.15 m/min<br />
and 0.5 m/min the conveyor works<br />
like a moveable storage and is able to<br />
adapt to the discontinuous operation<br />
of a smelting plant. After a distance<br />
of 95 m, approximately 3 tonnes per<br />
hour bath material is finally cooled<br />
down on a 1400 mm wi<strong>de</strong> conveyor to<br />
approximately 80 °C and is ready for<br />
38 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
further processing in the bath treatment<br />
plant.<br />
Research on the process of<br />
conveying hot bath material<br />
HF-emissions un<strong>de</strong>r control<br />
HF-measurements at SØR Norge <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
in 2005 have shown that the<br />
HF-gases evaporate into the environment<br />
at temperatures above approx.<br />
400 °C material temperature and thus<br />
risk damaging the health of employees<br />
in the potroom. At the tipping<br />
point already, where the 850 °C hot<br />
Fig. 3: Conveyor section with heat<br />
protection box and data logger insi<strong>de</strong><br />
bath material is fed into the crusher,<br />
there is a suction point which leads<br />
the emitting HF-gases into the existing<br />
dry scrubbing system. As the cooling<br />
process progresses, the emissions of<br />
the HF-gases progressively <strong>de</strong>crease,<br />
until they finally become negligible<br />
small for a bath material temperature<br />
below 400 °C (Fig. 1).<br />
Moreover, the cooling conveyor is<br />
covered by a hood and connected to<br />
the existing dry scrubbing system via<br />
several suction points (Fig. 2). Measurements<br />
show that the suction system<br />
absorbs approx. 60 g per tonne<br />
of bath emissions on average during<br />
a 3-shift operation.<br />
Investigations of the cooling<br />
characteristics of hot bath<br />
material<br />
In contrast to capacity needs in 1995<br />
to cool 2.5 t/h of bath material, Aumund<br />
nowadays receives inquiries<br />
calling for up to 36 t/h bath material<br />
cooling and conveying capacity.<br />
Calculating such applications in the<br />
conventional way would lead to uneconomical<br />
solutions for our custom-<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
ers, and thus to higher investments in<br />
infrastructure, civil work, etc.<br />
Based on these requirements, Aumund<br />
started investigations at the primary<br />
aluminium smelter of Slovalco<br />
in 2006. Since 2002 an Aumund cooling<br />
conveyor had already been operating<br />
at the Slovalco plant to handle<br />
hot bath material. At our works in<br />
Germany a new conveyor section<br />
was equipped with a Data logger and<br />
six thermocouples (Fig. 3) and then<br />
installed in the conveyor operating at<br />
Slovalco.<br />
The measurements taken during<br />
the normal daily operation of the primary<br />
aluminium smelter provi<strong>de</strong>d us<br />
with valuable data for further investigations<br />
and led to a new Thermodynamical<br />
Calculation Software (TCS).<br />
This new TC-Software (Fig. 4) has<br />
now replaced the old conventional<br />
way of <strong>de</strong>signing cooling conveyors<br />
and is based on the following parameters:<br />
• material layer height<br />
• air flow above the conveyor<br />
• number of suction points<br />
• conveyor width<br />
• conveyor speed<br />
• lump size of bath material.<br />
As a theoretical reflection, we used<br />
the new TC-Software to recalculate<br />
our first installation at SØR Norge<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium. Compared with our<br />
original figures, the result would<br />
have allowed a reduction in length<br />
by 1/3 while doubling the conveyor<br />
speed and reducing by half the layer<br />
height of bath material. An additional<br />
advantage of the new TC-Software is<br />
the option to adapt and incorporate<br />
Fig. 4: Cooling curve of bath material<br />
restrictions in conveyor length or air<br />
flow capabilities, according to our<br />
customers’ references.<br />
Benefits and advantages of the<br />
Aumund cooling system<br />
• Reduction of investment cost in<br />
infrastructure, such as avoiding<br />
the need for a building to store<br />
bath skips while the bath is cooling<br />
prior to crushing;<br />
• No need for skips to cool bath<br />
• Reduction of operating cost<br />
(no double handling of the skips<br />
and associated vehicles and<br />
operators)<br />
• Increased rate of automation<br />
• Clean bath handling<br />
• Defined cooling of bath material<br />
• Fluori<strong>de</strong> gases removed by<br />
controlled suction;<br />
• Significantly increased safety and<br />
health conditions in the potrooms<br />
• Improved environmental<br />
conditions.<br />
References<br />
1995 SØR Norge <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Norway<br />
2002 SØR Norge <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Norway<br />
2002 Slovalco <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Slovakia<br />
2002 Alcan Icelandic <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />
Iceland<br />
2006 Nordural <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Iceland<br />
2006 Fjardaál Smelter, Iceland<br />
2007 Trimet <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Germany<br />
Author<br />
Marco Coopmann is Sales Manager, Division<br />
Metallurgy of Aumund För<strong>de</strong>rtechnik<br />
based in Rheinberg, Germany.<br />
39 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 39
All illustrations: F.L.Smidth<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Advances in gas suspension calcination technology<br />
B. E. Raahauge, Copenhagen<br />
The principle of the gas suspension<br />
calciner (GSC) was <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
by F. L. Smidth & Co. in the<br />
early 1970s for pre-calcination<br />
of cement raw meal (d50 = 10 to<br />
20 μm), as feed to the rotary kiln<br />
burning the final cement clinker.<br />
Following the successful commissioning<br />
of the first 4,600 tpd rotary<br />
kiln with pre-calciner in 1976, F.<br />
L. Smidth <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to <strong>de</strong>velop the<br />
GSC technology for application<br />
within the alumina industry. The<br />
state of the art of the GSC technology<br />
in commercial operation<br />
producing smelter gra<strong>de</strong> alumina<br />
(SGA) covers a capacity range<br />
from 820 to 4,500 tpd of SGA.<br />
The economics of bag house versus<br />
electrostatic precipitators for meeting<br />
environmental requirements have<br />
changed over the past 20 years. This<br />
paper <strong>de</strong>scribes <strong>de</strong>velopments since<br />
the first 850 tpd GSC unit for alumina<br />
was started up in 1986.<br />
GSC for smelter gra<strong>de</strong> alumina<br />
(SGA) production<br />
The GSC furnace comprises a cylindrical<br />
vessel with a conical bottom to<br />
let in pressurized air or gas, as well<br />
as a hot cyclone to separate of solids<br />
Fig. 1: Gas suspension calciner furnace and<br />
cyclone (HFO: heavy fuel oil; SGA: smelter<br />
gra<strong>de</strong> alumina)<br />
40<br />
Fig. 2: Principle flow sheet for gas suspension calciner unit bag house and booster fan<br />
from the outlet gas. A series of cooling<br />
cyclones recover heat from the<br />
calcined SGA to preheat air and fuel,<br />
while a series of heating cyclones<br />
recover heat from the combustion<br />
gases to dry, preheat, and pre-calcine<br />
the hydrate feed. The GSC furnace is<br />
refractory lined and operates at a temperature<br />
in the 950 to 1150 °C range.<br />
Preheated alumina enters the GSC<br />
furnace at a temperature ranging from<br />
320 to 370 °C in a direction parallel<br />
to the conical bottom of the furnace.<br />
Preheated air enters from the cooler<br />
at a temperature of 700 to 800 °C and<br />
is used to burn the fuel. The operating<br />
temperature chosen for the GSC<br />
furnace and hot cyclone <strong>de</strong>pends on<br />
what <strong>de</strong>gree of calcination the alumina<br />
requires and on how long it stays hot<br />
in the equipment downstream of the<br />
hot separation cyclone. The operating<br />
temperature can be lowered when<br />
the GSC furnace and hot cyclone is<br />
retrofitted behind a rotary kiln to act<br />
as cooler (GSC retrofit), or if the hot<br />
separation cyclone is equipped with<br />
a fluidized holding vessel. The higher<br />
operating temperature range is used<br />
when alumina from the hot cyclone<br />
discharges into a four (4) stage cyclone<br />
cooler. The GSC units are <strong>de</strong>signed<br />
for an overall pressure drop of<br />
8 to 11 kPa before the gas <strong>de</strong>dusting<br />
equipment. The specific power con-<br />
sumption of 20 to 24 kWh per tonne<br />
alumina <strong>de</strong>pends on the type of gas<br />
<strong>de</strong>-dusting equipment, the type of<br />
fuel used, and whether a forced draft<br />
booster fan is installed on the clean air<br />
si<strong>de</strong>. The specific heat consumption is<br />
about 3.2 to 3.4 GJ per tonne alumina,<br />
<strong>de</strong>pending on moisture content in the<br />
hydrate feed and on the type of fuel<br />
used.<br />
Thermal energy options for<br />
calcination<br />
The GSC units in operation today use<br />
either heavy fuel oil (HFO), natural<br />
gas, or coal gas as fuel. Since all the<br />
combustion air is preheated by cooling<br />
the alumina, the air flow through<br />
a calciner, and thus the excess air<br />
factor, has little impact on the energy<br />
requirements. If more air enters the<br />
cooling section, then more energy<br />
will be recovered from the alumina,<br />
but this is mostly offset by an increase<br />
in the volume of hot gas lost to the<br />
stack.<br />
However, when using coal gas,<br />
the losses to the stack will be higher<br />
than for heavy fuel oil and for natural<br />
gas, because coal gas produces a<br />
much greater volume of combustion<br />
gases per unit of combustion heat.<br />
This means that large volumes of coal<br />
gas must be heated to calcining tem-<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
perature, further reducing the energy<br />
efficiency. The relatively low volume<br />
of air for burning coal gas results in<br />
a relatively higher loss of potentially<br />
recoverable heat to the cooling water<br />
(less recovery of heat from the alumina).<br />
Compared to natural gas, heavy<br />
fuel oil has the disadvantage of requiring<br />
a significant investment in storage<br />
and oil heating equipment. This, along<br />
with the potential restrictions regarding<br />
sulfur emissions, makes heavy fuel<br />
oil less attractive than natural gas as<br />
a fuel for alumina calciners, although<br />
the latter’s higher heating value (HHV)<br />
is 4 to 5% less per unit heat utilized by<br />
combustion (LHV). Overall, coal gas<br />
increases the specific heat consumption<br />
of GSC units with 6 to 7% when<br />
compared to GSC units using heavy<br />
fuel oil or natural gas.<br />
Fuel type<br />
Typical lower<br />
heating value<br />
(LHV)<br />
However, at today’s high energy<br />
cost ranging from 3.3 euros per GJ for<br />
coal to 7.5 euros per GJ for oil, coal<br />
gas may be a viable economic alternative<br />
to natural gas and HFO as fuel for<br />
new GSC units wherever coal is readily<br />
available. This is the case in many<br />
countries such as China, where most<br />
of the GSC units installed use coal gas<br />
as fuel. Preliminary economic analysis<br />
suggests that the pay-back time for<br />
a coal gasification plant is about one<br />
year.<br />
Finally it should be noted that coal<br />
gas produces 16 to 17 per cent more<br />
combustion gas volume when compared<br />
to natural gas and heavy fuel<br />
oil, which requires relatively larger<br />
equipment for <strong>de</strong>dusting the calciner<br />
exhaust gases to an acceptable emission<br />
level.<br />
Trends in air pollution control:<br />
bag house versus electrostatic<br />
precipitator<br />
The trend towards increasing environmental<br />
awareness worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
requires any<br />
particulate<br />
filter technology<br />
to achieve<br />
higher cleaning<br />
efficiency<br />
and on-line<br />
availability, as<br />
the allowed<br />
emission level<br />
is lowered<br />
year by year.<br />
Most aluminacalciners<br />
<strong>de</strong>cured<br />
environmental<br />
Fig. 3: 3 x 4500 tpd GSC units at Queensland <strong>Alu</strong>mina Ltd.<br />
equipped with bag houses<br />
compliance by using electrostatic precorrect start and stop procedures. The<br />
cipitators (ESP), which until recently table below compares process data, a<br />
were the state-of-the-art equipment. fabric filter and an ESP to achieve the<br />
However, the bag house, or fabric filter,<br />
is now consi<strong>de</strong>red an attractive<br />
same level of emissions for a specific<br />
economic alternative. The electrostat- Gas flow [Nm3 /min] 10,9<br />
Temperature [°C] 155-240<br />
Combustion air<br />
theoretical volume<br />
(Nm 3 / GJ)<br />
Combustion gas<br />
theoretical volume<br />
(Nm 3 / GJ)<br />
41 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 41<br />
HHV/<br />
LHV<br />
Heavy fuel oil 40.485 MJ/kg 264 279 1.061<br />
Natural gas 37.345 MJ/Nm 3 253 281 1.107<br />
Coal gas 6.530 MJ/Nm 3 208 326 1.058<br />
Tab. 1: Properties for alternative fuels used in calciner operation<br />
ic precipitator loses competitiveness<br />
at lower outlet emission levels. This is<br />
because it needs more electrical fields<br />
in the filter, which increases the associated<br />
total installed cost.<br />
On the other hand, the total installed<br />
cost of a fabric filter will generally<br />
not change when the required<br />
emission is lowered. This is because<br />
the outlet emission do not <strong>de</strong>pend<br />
very much on the air to cloth ratio.<br />
The major environmental advantage<br />
of the fabric filter is its ability<br />
to maintain envi-<br />
ronmentalcompliance even when<br />
the high voltage<br />
power supply fails.<br />
The electrostatic<br />
filter has, however,<br />
a higher <strong>de</strong>gree of<br />
robustness in case<br />
of <strong>de</strong>viations from<br />
normal process parameters,<br />
whereas<br />
the fabric filter is<br />
sensitive to excess<br />
temperature and in-<br />
Capex (capital expenditure) US$<br />
Supply cost<br />
Installation cost<br />
Total capex, US$ Flange/Flange<br />
Opex (operational expenditure)<br />
Bag life: assumed to be 3 years, cage life<br />
is assumed to be 2 set of bags<br />
Pressure drop, mm WG<br />
Power consumption, fan, kW<br />
Power consumption, hopper heaters, kW<br />
Power consumption, T/R set, kW<br />
Power consumption, compressor, kW<br />
Total opex, US$/year,<br />
based on 0.06 US$/kWh<br />
Outlet emission [mg/Nm 3 , dry] 30<br />
Tab. 2: Overall process data for a typical<br />
gas suspension calciner filter plant<br />
GSC unit. Both technologies have<br />
been selected to meet the same environmental<br />
performance for the same<br />
process conditions (i.e. flow, temperature<br />
and pressure) when applying the<br />
same local conditions (i.e. wind load,<br />
earthquake load).<br />
The table below shows that the<br />
fabric filter is lower in capex (initial<br />
investment cost) compared with the<br />
ESP. However the opex (operational<br />
cost) for the fabric filter is higher than<br />
the opex cost for the ESP. The opex for<br />
the fabric filter <strong>de</strong>pends on the type<br />
of filter media used and obviously on<br />
its lifetime. This data for capex and<br />
opex has been entered into a NPV (net<br />
Fabric<br />
1,320,000<br />
656<br />
1,976,000<br />
150<br />
302<br />
24<br />
NA<br />
25<br />
Electrostatic<br />
1,334,000<br />
1,407,000<br />
2,741,000<br />
25<br />
50<br />
58<br />
184<br />
NA<br />
230,000 138,000<br />
Tab. 3: Capex and opex for a fabric filter versus electrostatic<br />
precipitator �
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
present value) cost analysis ma<strong>de</strong> for<br />
a 20 year period.<br />
The result is a break-even point<br />
after approximately nine years before<br />
the ESP becomes the lower cost alternative.<br />
Anyway, the major environmental<br />
advantage of the fabric filter is its abil-<br />
42<br />
ity to maintain environmental compliance<br />
even in situations when the high<br />
voltage power supply fails. And this<br />
feature may overrule any economic<br />
disadvantage over the long term, as<br />
the local population will not allow any<br />
temporary dust emissions, whatever<br />
the cause.<br />
Author<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong> rod repair and manufacture<br />
D. Mad<strong>de</strong>n and B. Dalton, Gladstone<br />
The ano<strong>de</strong> rod was <strong>de</strong>veloped to<br />
coinci<strong>de</strong> with the introduction<br />
of the prebaked ano<strong>de</strong> and the<br />
advent of prebake cell technology.<br />
The early <strong>de</strong>velopment phase generally<br />
consisted of a copper stem<br />
joined to a steel pin or stub via<br />
a bolted connection. The second<br />
generation saw the introduction of<br />
an aluminium stem joined to the<br />
steel yoke. This connection was<br />
achieved through the use of a bimetallic<br />
joint, commonly referred<br />
to as a transition joint. The bolted<br />
stub connection was replaced by a<br />
wel<strong>de</strong>d connection and became an<br />
integral part of a cast steel yoke.<br />
The copper stem ano<strong>de</strong> rod evolved<br />
with the introduction of a wel<strong>de</strong>d<br />
connection from the stem to the yoke.<br />
This generation of ano<strong>de</strong> rod also saw<br />
the introduction of a multi pin yoke.<br />
Generally this generation <strong>de</strong>sign has<br />
survived through to today’s technology.<br />
The changes to the ano<strong>de</strong> rod<br />
have mainly been attributed to the increases<br />
in line amperage necessitating<br />
the use of much larger ano<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
Upgrading existing ano<strong>de</strong> rod<br />
fleets<br />
The industry has seen extremely large<br />
increases in line amperage and current<br />
efficiencies. In or<strong>de</strong>r for existing<br />
plants to stay competitive with new<br />
smelters, they have increased their<br />
amperage. We are seeing plants that<br />
were <strong>de</strong>signed for 100 to 150 kA now<br />
running at 200 to 250 kA.<br />
To achieve these increases, various<br />
modifications were carried out.<br />
In some cases the original ano<strong>de</strong> rod<br />
was modified:<br />
• Extra stubs ad<strong>de</strong>d<br />
• Stub size increased<br />
• Transition joint type changed<br />
• Offsets in ano<strong>de</strong> rod.<br />
These changes did not necessarily result<br />
in the optimum rod <strong>de</strong>sign, but<br />
with a typical inventory of 10,000<br />
plus rods in an ol<strong>de</strong>r smelter producing<br />
100,000 to 200,000 tonnes of<br />
metal, modification is sometimes the<br />
only viable option. As line amperages<br />
further increase the ano<strong>de</strong> rod may<br />
require re<strong>de</strong>sign; however, the <strong>de</strong>cision<br />
to pursue this route will need<br />
careful planning, as major, expensive<br />
changes to other areas of the plant<br />
may be required.<br />
Current day ano<strong>de</strong> rods<br />
Typical materials used in mo<strong>de</strong>rn-day<br />
ano<strong>de</strong> rods are transition joint (roll<br />
bon<strong>de</strong>d, aluminium to steel), yoke<br />
(cast steel or fabricated mild steel),<br />
stub (mild steel).<br />
Benny E. Raahauge, MSc (Chem. Eng.) has<br />
worked since 1976 with <strong>de</strong>velopment,<br />
marketing and sales of the gas suspension<br />
calcination technology for alumina. His<br />
current position is General Manager, <strong>Alu</strong>mina<br />
& Pyro Technology, at FFE Minerals<br />
Denmark A/S, based in Copenhagen.<br />
Holcan<br />
The <strong>de</strong>sign of the ano<strong>de</strong> rod should<br />
take into account:<br />
• Current carrying capacity<br />
• Mechanical strength<br />
• Choice of material<br />
• Ease of manufacture<br />
• Life of ano<strong>de</strong> rod<br />
• Ease of repair<br />
• Cost of repair<br />
• Electrical resistance<br />
• Initial cost<br />
• Cell thermal requirements.<br />
In recent years the industry has settled<br />
on aluminium rods as a standard<br />
compared to copper rods. This seems<br />
due to a combination of factors:<br />
• <strong>Alu</strong>minium is slightly cheaper for<br />
the same electrical performance<br />
• The larger section area of the aluminium<br />
rod is mechanically more robust<br />
• <strong>Alu</strong>minium rods last longer, typically<br />
more than 15 years compared to<br />
often less than 7 years for copper<br />
• Supports the aluminium industry.<br />
The procedure to manufacture an ano<strong>de</strong><br />
rod is relatively straightforward.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
The cost to manufacture the yoke is<br />
generally driven by up-front costs,<br />
with far less consi<strong>de</strong>ration given to<br />
on-going repair costs once the plant<br />
is in operation. A cast steel yoke complete<br />
with stub may cost 60 to 70%<br />
more than a fabricated yoke.<br />
On a plant with 14,000 new assemblies,<br />
this could represent savings of<br />
US$ 3-4 million. Depending on the<br />
fabricated yoke <strong>de</strong>sign, however, the<br />
potential for extra repairs due to poor<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign could easily cost the operating<br />
plant the construction savings within<br />
a few years of operation. These costs<br />
could be incurred by:<br />
• Failed stub welds from either poor<br />
welds or operational stresses<br />
• Full stub replacement versus partial<br />
stub replacement<br />
• Twisting of assemblies once introduced<br />
into the cell, due to welding<br />
stresses not being addressed during<br />
manufacture; increasing repair needs<br />
and increasing voltage losses during<br />
operation due to poor fit of stubs in<br />
the stub holes.<br />
Economics of rod repair<br />
Cost of repair: On a mo<strong>de</strong>rn day potline<br />
of 280,000 tpy with a 180 mm<br />
stub, the cost of repair can be in the<br />
millions of dollars per year. Reducing<br />
repair costs is naturally a target<br />
for many smelter operators. There are<br />
means by which rod repair costs can<br />
be reduced – as shown in the example<br />
below. There are also pitfalls in<br />
attempting to reduce repair costs – as<br />
discussed in the next section “Cost of<br />
not repairing”.<br />
Example: If a 280,000 tpy potline<br />
repairing 12,000 stubs per year were<br />
to convert from a full stub replacement<br />
to a partial stub replacement,<br />
then savings in steel consumption,<br />
based on a price of US$ 1,000 per<br />
tonne, will be in the or<strong>de</strong>r of US$<br />
290,000 per year.<br />
This repair saving must be set<br />
against a slight increase in voltage (4<br />
mV) across the extra weld, amounting<br />
to US$ 90,000 extra power cost<br />
(at US$ 0.025 per kWh).<br />
This shows that the gains from<br />
adopting a partial stub replacement<br />
far out weigh the extra cost in power<br />
due to extra weld resistance – a net<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
saving of US$ 200,000 per year for the<br />
smelter.<br />
Cost of not repairing: For the smelter,<br />
the cost of rod repair is immediate<br />
and tangible. There is, however, a hid<strong>de</strong>n<br />
cost – the cost of reduced operating<br />
performance (increased voltage<br />
losses and changed thermal performance)<br />
due to poorly maintained and<br />
repaired assemblies. Typical <strong>de</strong>fects<br />
which lead to reduced ano<strong>de</strong> assembly<br />
performance inclu<strong>de</strong>:<br />
• Reduced stub diameter in the stub<br />
hole<br />
• Reduced stub diameter above the<br />
stub hole<br />
• Stub not central in stub hole<br />
• Stub not seated flat on the base of<br />
stub hole<br />
• Reduced yoke arm section.<br />
For illustrative purposes: It is estimated<br />
for the 280,000 tpy potline that, if<br />
all stubs were allowed to drop from<br />
180 mm to an average diameter of 160<br />
mm within the stub hole, then the additional<br />
voltage loss (40 mV) would<br />
consume US$ 900,000 of power per<br />
year (at US$ 0.025 per kWh). This<br />
example highlights the importance of<br />
maintaining the rod fleet.<br />
The smelter operator must, however,<br />
be careful in setting rod rejection<br />
criteria – the temptation to un<strong>de</strong>r-repair<br />
ano<strong>de</strong> rods, so as to reduce<br />
the obvious costs of rod repair, could<br />
ultimately be penalizing the smelter’s<br />
total cost performance. But too strict<br />
criteria will waste money in unnecessary<br />
repairs. Typically there is a tra<strong>de</strong><br />
off between yearly repair costs and<br />
the assembly performance as illustrated<br />
in the graph.<br />
Repair methods for partial stub<br />
replacement<br />
To perform partial stub replacement<br />
repair, three systems are compared:<br />
Holcan stub welding system, friction<br />
welding, robotic welding.<br />
Holcan welding system: This lowcost<br />
system has been in use for 20<br />
years and employs the MIG (GMAW)<br />
welding method in a semi-automatic<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>. It is very forgiving for out-oftolerance<br />
dimensions of the ano<strong>de</strong><br />
rods already subjected to the operational<br />
stresses, and suggests the use<br />
of flame cutting over sawing.<br />
Friction welding: Due to very high<br />
capital start up costs, this process is<br />
more suited to being an owner’s repair.<br />
A contractor would find it difficult<br />
to justify the cost of installing<br />
this equipment. Close tolerances are<br />
required to achieve a sound weld.<br />
Generally it requires saw cutting of<br />
the old stub, which is often problematic<br />
and expensive.<br />
Robotic welding: This system can<br />
perform poorly with out-of-tolerance<br />
ano<strong>de</strong> rods, and will require a skilled<br />
workforce to programme the robot.<br />
Additionally it generally requires saw<br />
cutting, which is problematic as stated<br />
previously.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Particular attention should be paid to<br />
the <strong>de</strong>sign of the ano<strong>de</strong> rod yoke, as<br />
regards to future repair costs – a poor<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign will lead to excessive repair<br />
work which can easily consume initial<br />
capital savings. The repair methods<br />
chosen should take into account<br />
all the costs and the methods that will<br />
be adopted to complete these repairs.<br />
Often reduced material usage, e.g<br />
steel, can easily outweigh other costs.<br />
Evaluate the hid<strong>de</strong>n costs which<br />
would arise if the stub, yoke and rod<br />
condition <strong>de</strong>teriorate – pick rejection<br />
criteria which gives the lowest overall<br />
cost to the smelter.<br />
Accuracy of information<br />
Given the many assumptions and<br />
types of calculations, it is recommen<strong>de</strong>d<br />
that these results be consi<strong>de</strong>red<br />
as or<strong>de</strong>r of magnitu<strong>de</strong> estimates<br />
only. It is recommen<strong>de</strong>d that actual<br />
test data be gather un<strong>de</strong>r normal operating<br />
conditions.<br />
Authors<br />
Dan Mad<strong>de</strong>n is the Managing Director of<br />
Holcan Constructions Pty. Ltd. and has<br />
worked in the aluminium industry for 28<br />
years. He advises the industry on the manufacture<br />
and fabrication of ano<strong>de</strong> rods.<br />
Bill Dalton has spent 10 years as a Senior<br />
Research Engineer with Comalco and a further<br />
5 years as consultant to the aluminium<br />
and wi<strong>de</strong>r metals industries. He is also an<br />
expert in due diligence and production<br />
cost analysis for the aluminium industry.<br />
43 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 43
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Integrated continuous billet processing<br />
F. Nie<strong>de</strong>rmair, Braunau<br />
Developed in the 1970s by Hertwich<br />
Engineering (HE), continuous<br />
billet processing plants have<br />
become the accepted standard for<br />
the processing of extrusion billets.<br />
Today more than 60% of worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />
production of extrusion billet<br />
pass through such a HE plant,<br />
which englobes inspection/QA,<br />
HE.C-homogenisation, sawing, and<br />
packaging.<br />
This extraordinary success stems<br />
from a number of clear advantages:<br />
• Perfectly uniform metallurgical<br />
property of billet due to precise<br />
and reproducible temperature<br />
regime during heating, holding<br />
and cooling<br />
• Combination of various process<br />
steps into one fully automated,<br />
continuous process, hence<br />
substantial labour savings<br />
• All equipment components fully<br />
compatible, because <strong>de</strong>veloped,<br />
<strong>de</strong>signed and built by HE<br />
• Plants built to latest<br />
state-of-the-art technology,<br />
80 such plants in operation,<br />
• HE-CIP, Continuous Improvement<br />
Process.<br />
HE extrusion billet plants are custom-<strong>de</strong>signed<br />
to meet individual<br />
requirements of clients, in terms of<br />
throughput, floor area and technical<br />
features.<br />
Description of a mo<strong>de</strong>rn plant<br />
Description of a mo<strong>de</strong>rn plant (60.000<br />
to 120.000 tpy) with the emphasis on<br />
technical features, novelties and specific<br />
options (Fig. 1):<br />
The fully automated processing<br />
sequence starts with laydown of cast<br />
lengths of extrusion ingot on the entry<br />
table. From there logs are moved<br />
over a storage conveyor to the inspection<br />
station, for visual inspection for<br />
surface <strong>de</strong>fects and for ultrasonic inspection<br />
(UT) for centre cracks and<br />
inclusions. For extrusion billets the<br />
linear UT station is a<strong>de</strong>quate, while<br />
billets <strong>de</strong>stined for aircraft or auto-<br />
44<br />
Fig. 1: Typical plant layout<br />
motive components are inspected<br />
with the helical method, whereby<br />
the entire cylindrical billet volume is<br />
inspected, incl. surface <strong>de</strong>fects with<br />
perpendicular and angular probes.<br />
Logs are rotated while several probes<br />
move along the billet surface, each<br />
probe inspects only its section of the<br />
log. This arrangement is necessary to<br />
achieve the required throughput. Furthermore<br />
the helical UT is <strong>de</strong>signed to<br />
meet the requirements of ASTM B 594<br />
Class A or B respectively.<br />
HE has achieved market lea<strong>de</strong>rship<br />
with such ultrasonic inspection<br />
stations. Fault sizes as small as 1,2<br />
mm FBH can be <strong>de</strong>tected.<br />
Data of UT-inspection-results<br />
for each individual<br />
billet is recor<strong>de</strong>d and remains<br />
“attached” to the<br />
billet throughout the system<br />
(log-tracking). For<br />
instance, a centre crack<br />
<strong>de</strong>tected in a certain log<br />
causes the integrated billet<br />
saw to automatically remove<br />
and scrap the faulty<br />
section of the log (Figs. 2<br />
and 3).<br />
A storage conveyor provi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
a<strong>de</strong>quate log storage<br />
between (UT) inspection<br />
and continuous homogenising<br />
furnace. For reduced<br />
noise, logs are lifted and<br />
lowered during transfer,<br />
no rolling is permitted.<br />
Heating<br />
In the heating zone of the furnace,<br />
extrusion-quality logs are heated to<br />
homogenizing temperature within 1,5<br />
to 2,5 hours, holding times may range<br />
between 2 to 4 hours (blue curve).<br />
However, certain plants have been<br />
built to meet different, special heating<br />
requirements (Fig. 4).<br />
For instance a plant in Scandinavia<br />
processes hard ZnMg alloys. This furnace<br />
is capable of slow heating in the<br />
critical temperature range to avoid <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
of cracks due to inner tensions<br />
(red line vs. standard blue line).<br />
Fig. 2: Linear testing<br />
Helical testing<br />
All illustrations: Hertwich Engineering<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Temperature (°C)<br />
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
Fig. 4: Heating curves<br />
blue: standard, red: special slow heating<br />
Cooling<br />
Cooling after homogenising is an important<br />
aspect for extrudability and<br />
mechanical properties of billets. Many<br />
different cooling regimes are in use,<br />
<strong>de</strong>pending on metallurgical requirements<br />
and clients recipes, hence a<br />
wealth of different coolers have been<br />
built to date (Fig. 5).<br />
Fig. 5: Cooling curves<br />
Time (min)<br />
Line “a” shows cooling by water<br />
quench. With AlMgSi alloys, Mg 2 Si<br />
thereby remains completely dissolved.<br />
Line “b” represents cooling in<br />
very intense air flow, with cooling<br />
rates 600 to 800 °C/hour.<br />
Line “c” shows the log temperature<br />
during cooling in a mo<strong>de</strong>rate airflow,<br />
whereby cooling rates can be adjusted<br />
350 to 550° K/hour.<br />
The majority of plants built to<br />
date are <strong>de</strong>signed and equipped for<br />
such cooling rates, as these meet the<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
requirements of<br />
mainstream extru<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />
Line “d” portrays<br />
“step-cooling”. Only<br />
one of our plants is<br />
equipped for this<br />
type of cooling.<br />
However, due to the<br />
associated impact<br />
on extrudability<br />
this cooling regime<br />
is not applied in<br />
practice.<br />
Line “e” shows extremely slow cooling<br />
in the range 75 to 150 °C per hour,<br />
which is required for certain special<br />
alloys. Such slow cooling rates cannot<br />
be achieved simply, not even with<br />
stagnant air, but require closed cooling<br />
chambers with several zones of<br />
different air temperatures.<br />
In accordance with this variety of<br />
cooling regimes, actual cooling stations<br />
vary much in <strong>de</strong>sign and construction.<br />
We distinguish between<br />
open and closed type coolers, and<br />
even coolers with built in heating <strong>de</strong>vices.<br />
For certain countries with cold<br />
climate we have built cooling stations<br />
with integrated waste-heat recovery.<br />
Thereby cooling air is re-circulated<br />
until it is suitable for heating of buildings.<br />
Sawing, marking, packing,<br />
weighing, strapping<br />
After cooling logs are transported to<br />
the saw plant, passing over a combi-<br />
nation of storage conveyors, shuttle<br />
cars, roller table lines etc. Once cut<br />
at the saw, all billets are marked. The<br />
introduction of a pin-stamping unit<br />
in recent years is a small but essential<br />
innovative contribution to full<br />
automation. Prior to that, changing<br />
of hard stamp stencils was the only<br />
remaining operator task. Today’s pin<br />
stamping unit receives marking information<br />
directly from the control<br />
system, eliminating time-consuming<br />
manual changing of stencils and potential<br />
mistakes by inserting incorrect<br />
numbers.<br />
HE has <strong>de</strong>veloped its own pin<br />
stamping unit, as other systems available<br />
on the market were too slow.<br />
Head and butt ends and scrap pieces<br />
are gripped in sawing position by<br />
a scrap manipulator and <strong>de</strong>posited in<br />
scrap containers. The manipulator is<br />
<strong>de</strong>signed to also remove sample discs,<br />
which are placed on a <strong>de</strong>dicated tray<br />
or chute.<br />
Swarf is extracted directly from the<br />
saw and pneumatically transported to<br />
the briquetting press. There swarf briquettes<br />
are formed immediately after<br />
sawing, to a <strong>de</strong>nsity 2.2 to 2.4 kg/dm3 .<br />
Such briquettes remelt in a similar<br />
way to ingots, achieving extremely<br />
low melt loss.<br />
Cut billets now travel to the packing<br />
area on roller table lines. The<br />
packing plant shown is <strong>de</strong>signed for<br />
creating long and short billet stacks<br />
simultaneously. This type stacker is<br />
particularly suited for bulk production<br />
of short billets, when long billet<br />
requirement is limited to say 6.0 m,<br />
whereby 8.0 or 9.0 m is the actual cast<br />
length. This way both casting pit and<br />
homogenising furnace are optimised<br />
for maximum throughput.<br />
Today’s standard strapping centre,<br />
also <strong>de</strong>veloped by HE, inclu<strong>de</strong>s<br />
automatic woo<strong>de</strong>n runner magazine<br />
and positioning <strong>de</strong>vice. The number<br />
and position of woo<strong>de</strong>n runners and<br />
strapping bands are applied fully automatically<br />
according to customer<br />
specification; no operator intervention<br />
or adjustments are required.<br />
Actual strapping is with steel tape, or<br />
more recently with PET-tape. Weighing<br />
of stacks is done prior to and after<br />
strapping, to generate net- and gross<br />
weight.<br />
�<br />
45 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 45
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Ancillary equipment may comprise<br />
• label printer and applicator<br />
• stack manipulator. (Fig. 6)<br />
The label applicator attaches the label<br />
in a <strong>de</strong>fined position on the bundle.<br />
The manipulator stacks completed<br />
bundles in <strong>de</strong>dicated positions for removal<br />
by fork truck, or stacks directly<br />
onto trailers.<br />
Fig. 6: Sawing and packing<br />
Summary of improvements<br />
Hertwich has achieved numerous<br />
improvements in reliability, computerised<br />
control and data collection,<br />
prevention of surface damage, and<br />
furnace control and productivity.<br />
• Increase of operational reliability<br />
with extensive, ongoing <strong>de</strong>velopment,<br />
many improvements were achieved<br />
in recent years. Plants are of sturdy<br />
construction, and of the highest quality.<br />
Plant availability is 99%.<br />
• Improved, innovative control<br />
software for operator- and maintenance-friendly<br />
production<br />
Fully integrated, automated production<br />
plants need an excellent control<br />
and monitoring system to ensure safe<br />
and reliable production and high<br />
availability.<br />
• Each individual movement of the<br />
plant is monitored for correct execution.<br />
• The refined fault diagnosis system<br />
efficiently gui<strong>de</strong>s operators and<br />
maintenance personnel to the causes<br />
of malfunctions, thereby supporting<br />
easy and quick corrective action.<br />
Malfunctions are recor<strong>de</strong>d and can be<br />
queried in statistical and trend form,<br />
providing a potent tool to permanently<br />
fix weak points.<br />
• Automatic restart programs ef-<br />
46<br />
ficiently and reliably bring the plant<br />
into a pre<strong>de</strong>fined condition, eliminating<br />
potential human error.<br />
• Log/Billet tracking ensures relevant<br />
data on each log or billet is<br />
tracked throughout the system.<br />
• Operator-friendly graphic display<br />
of billets within the system inclu<strong>de</strong>s<br />
all associated data like batch no, diameter,<br />
UT-inspection data.<br />
• Host connection of the plant<br />
Relevant production data, including<br />
homogenizing parameters, sawing<br />
and stacking dimensions, positioning<br />
of woo<strong>de</strong>n runners, strapping specifications<br />
etc. are downloa<strong>de</strong>d from the<br />
client’s production planning and or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
procession host system, directly to the<br />
plant control PC. Conversely the plant<br />
PC transmits data to the client’s host<br />
system including<br />
• measured data of homogenizing (for<br />
quality assurance)<br />
• quality inspection results, i.e. centre<br />
cracks, inclusions, surface <strong>de</strong>fects<br />
• produced quantities, weights, charge<br />
No., log No., time stamp etc.<br />
• Careful handling for improved<br />
billet surface<br />
A new generation of billet supports<br />
with special inlays (patented) has<br />
been <strong>de</strong>veloped for the furnace’s billet<br />
transport system. Thereby surface<br />
damage to billets can be largely eliminated.<br />
Removal of billets from the<br />
furnace is by a shuttle car, replacing<br />
earlier roller table lines.<br />
• Improved heat transfer<br />
More intense hot gas convection and<br />
modified air gui<strong>de</strong> channels have<br />
substantially increased heat transfer<br />
rate to billets without increasing the<br />
number of fans.<br />
HE always prefers to rely on a limited<br />
number a high-quality powerful<br />
ventilators rather than a “forest of<br />
ventilators” on top of a furnace. This<br />
concept directly results in an air over<br />
temperature (heat head) in the heating<br />
zone of max. 5 to 10° K above the<br />
set metal homogenizing temperature.<br />
• Improved direct measurement of<br />
billet temperature insi<strong>de</strong> the furnace<br />
and cooler<br />
Increased production of the furnaces<br />
creates a need for more measuring<br />
points, ever more accurate temperature<br />
control, and for refined data<br />
processing. Consequently direct temperature<br />
measurement is now done at<br />
more positions and with higher accurancy.<br />
The intelligent analyses – software<br />
with trend analyses – provi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
an appropriate tool for early recognition<br />
of possible changes to the heating<br />
regime. Implementation provi<strong>de</strong>s the<br />
means for even tighter quality control:<br />
Billet diameter and homogenizing<br />
temperature can be changed with<br />
higher safety and great flexibility.<br />
• Increased throughput of large<br />
furnaces<br />
The past 10 years has shown a trend<br />
to ever greater throughput of furnaces<br />
and plants. To date the highest<br />
throughput rate is achieved at Dubal<br />
IV plant, where one billet leaves the<br />
furnace every 82 sec. Throughput is<br />
22 t/hour or 1.050 billets per day.<br />
Conclusion<br />
HE continuous production plants for<br />
extrusion billet have been steadily improved<br />
and are therefore fully <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
plants: HE draws from a wealth<br />
of experience, with 80 such plants<br />
built to date, so as to provi<strong>de</strong> tailor<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> solutions in terms of functionality<br />
and available space.<br />
All HE plants are <strong>de</strong>signed and<br />
built exclusively upon proprietary<br />
know-how by HE itself, including ancillary<br />
equipment like UT-inspection,<br />
strapping, and swarf briquetting.<br />
20 highly qualified engineers are<br />
available to <strong>de</strong>velop control software<br />
and data management for client’s host<br />
systems. Our customers can be sure<br />
of busing a fully <strong>de</strong>veloped, top-quality<br />
plant, which ensures reliable production<br />
throughout an exceptionally<br />
long service life. With HE building and<br />
supplying all components of a plant,<br />
comprehensive after sales and spare<br />
part support is offered.<br />
Author<br />
Dipl.-Ing. Franz Nie<strong>de</strong>rmair (1952) is since<br />
1989 with Hertwich Engineering (HE) in<br />
R&D and marketing. Since 1994 he is Managing<br />
Director of HE.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
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ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
De Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong>: further <strong>de</strong>velopments<br />
V. <strong>de</strong> Nora, T. Nguyen, R. von Kaenel, J. Antille, and L. Klinger, Sierre<br />
A stable inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong> offers<br />
many advantages [1,2] and<br />
allows great freedom in choice<br />
of shape. However, an oxygen<br />
evolving ano<strong>de</strong> (OEA) may need<br />
more electrical energy if used in<br />
a conventional way. To minimise<br />
the specific energy consumption,<br />
semi-vertical electro<strong>de</strong>s were<br />
studied and tested on a laboratory<br />
scale. A semi-vertical configuration<br />
helps to maintain the cell’s<br />
thermal equilibrium even if the interpolar<br />
distance is less than 3 cm.<br />
This advantage compensates for<br />
the thermodynamic penalty of the<br />
oxygen evolving ano<strong>de</strong>, and could<br />
double the cell’s productivity. This<br />
paper establishes the thermo-electric<br />
conditions of the cell having<br />
a semi-vertical configuration of<br />
the oxygen evolving ano<strong>de</strong>, and<br />
presents the experimental results<br />
of the semi-vertical electro<strong>de</strong> configuration<br />
in a 100 A laboratory<br />
cell.<br />
For several years Moltech studied and<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped an OEA for the aluminium<br />
reduction cell; some examples of laboratory<br />
cells of <strong>de</strong> Nora Inert Metallic<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>s are shown in Fig. 1. The retrofitting<br />
of the <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic<br />
ano<strong>de</strong> in commercial cells has been<br />
<strong>de</strong>monstrated in a pilot cell of 25 kA<br />
[1] using larger ano<strong>de</strong>s (Fig. 2). Despite<br />
the low oxygen over-potential of<br />
the cobalt oxi<strong>de</strong> based active coating,<br />
the OEA still presents a penalty of 650<br />
mV [2]. This penalty must be compensated<br />
by increasing the ano<strong>de</strong> current<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity (horizontal configuration) or<br />
by increasing the ano<strong>de</strong> surfaces with<br />
a semi-vertical configuration.<br />
De Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong><br />
The <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong><br />
consists of a metallic substrate ma<strong>de</strong><br />
of cast Ni-Fe-Cu alloy; the external<br />
surfaces of the ano<strong>de</strong> are protected<br />
by an active coating of Co x Ni y O, with<br />
0.65 < x < 0.85 and 0.15 < y < 0.35.<br />
Table 1 summarises the ano<strong>de</strong> char-<br />
Fig. 2: Pilot <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic<br />
ano<strong>de</strong>s used to operate between<br />
3500 to 4500 A per ano<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Fig. 1: <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />
used to operate between<br />
100 A to 300 A per ano<strong>de</strong> in laboratory<br />
cells<br />
Table 1: Characteristics of the <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong><br />
Metal substrate resistivity (�.m) 3.10 -7<br />
Oxi<strong>de</strong> coating resistivity (�.m) 3.10 -2<br />
Oxygen activation over-potential (V) 0.10<br />
Experimental oxidation rate of metal substrate (m/year) 1.8 10 -3<br />
Linear dimension change (m/year) - 2.0 10 -3<br />
Expected life time (years) 1 - 1.5<br />
48 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
acteristics and performance tests in<br />
horizontal configuration, <strong>de</strong>scribed<br />
previously [2].<br />
The ano<strong>de</strong> metallic structure is fabricated<br />
by a sand casting technique,<br />
which can be adapted to every size<br />
and form of the ano<strong>de</strong>. This advantage<br />
is valuable for adapting to nonhorizontal<br />
configurations. In fact, the<br />
shapes of the ano<strong>de</strong> and active runner<br />
need to respect the:<br />
• current distribution<br />
• gas escape direction<br />
• hydrodynamic effects of the<br />
gas-liquid energy transfer assuring<br />
the bath circulation.<br />
Non-horizontal electro<strong>de</strong><br />
configuration<br />
Test <strong>de</strong>scription<br />
Several configurations of the nonhorizontal<br />
electro<strong>de</strong> assembly were<br />
<strong>de</strong>signed and tested in 100 A laboratory<br />
cells. The selected electro<strong>de</strong> materials<br />
were the following:<br />
• catho<strong>de</strong>: semi-graphitised BN carbon<br />
substrate, totally covered by 1.2<br />
mm of “Tinor 2000” coating. The coating<br />
was pre-aluminised by 3 layers of<br />
aluminium slurry in basic colloid as<br />
shown in Fig. 3.<br />
• ano<strong>de</strong>: Ni-Fe-Cu alloy substrate<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> by sand casting, and totally<br />
covered by 250 �m of Co-Ni electro<strong>de</strong>position.<br />
The oxi<strong>de</strong> active coating<br />
was obtained by pre-oxidation in<br />
air at 950 °C. The coated ano<strong>de</strong> was<br />
cooled down to room temperature before<br />
use.<br />
The 100 A laboratory cell is externally<br />
heated by an electrical furnace.<br />
A graphite crucible having an internal<br />
Fig. 3: Semi-vertical catho<strong>de</strong> before and after aluminisation<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
square section of 180 x 180 mm and<br />
300 mm height is used as the electrolysis<br />
cell. The graphite crucible is<br />
protected by an Inconel 600 pot, with<br />
a cast alumina sleeve on the top.<br />
Depending on the operational<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>, the crucible can be used as the<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> current fee<strong>de</strong>r through the<br />
electrical connection by the Inconel<br />
pot. The vertical si<strong>de</strong> walls of the<br />
crucible are protected and insulated<br />
electrically by four alumina sheets of<br />
15 mm thickness. The cell set-up is<br />
placed in an electrical furnace, which<br />
controls and maintains constant the<br />
operating temperature.<br />
The electrolysis tests are performed<br />
in a bath of 11% AlF 3 excess<br />
– 4% CaF 2 – 7% KF – 9% Al 2 O 3 (saturation),<br />
at 930 +/- 5 °C. The catho<strong>de</strong><br />
and ano<strong>de</strong> current <strong>de</strong>nsities are i<strong>de</strong>ntical<br />
and maintained constant at 1<br />
A/cm 2 .<br />
Vertical assembly with<br />
hanging catho<strong>de</strong><br />
In the vertical configuration the inclination<br />
of the electro<strong>de</strong>s is 0°, the<br />
assembly is composed of one central<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> and two parallel ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />
as illustrated in Fig. 4. The catho<strong>de</strong><br />
electrical connection is through an<br />
external stem ma<strong>de</strong> of steel core inserted<br />
insi<strong>de</strong> a copper tube of 2 mm<br />
wall thickness. Two similar stems are<br />
also used for the two ano<strong>de</strong>s; the three<br />
horizontal active runners of the ano<strong>de</strong><br />
are inclined with a slope of 10° to the<br />
vertical, so allowing the gas to escape<br />
along the ano<strong>de</strong> back. The ano<strong>de</strong>catho<strong>de</strong><br />
distance is fixed at 2 cm.<br />
The advantages of the hanging<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> assembly are:<br />
• compact arrangement of the electro<strong>de</strong><br />
assembly; the total active surfaces<br />
can be increased by a factor of 2<br />
compared to the horizontal surface<br />
• movable catho<strong>de</strong>s which can be<br />
changed at the end of the coating lifetime<br />
• no vertical polarisation interference<br />
with the metal pool stored on the cell<br />
bottom.<br />
Experimental results<br />
The cell operates at a very stable voltage<br />
of 4.0 ± 0.1 volts; the wettability<br />
and the draining operation of the<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> can be observed by the saw<br />
tooth profile of the cell voltage, which<br />
corresponds to the formation and <strong>de</strong>tachment<br />
of the aluminium drop at<br />
the catho<strong>de</strong> bottom.<br />
After 500 hours (more than 20 days)<br />
the test had to be shut down because<br />
Fig. 4: Vertical assembly with Tinor coated<br />
hanging catho<strong>de</strong><br />
of <strong>de</strong>terioration of the alumina si<strong>de</strong><br />
wall protection, and because of corrosion<br />
of the catho<strong>de</strong> stem by liquid<br />
aluminium. The catho<strong>de</strong> and ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />
were removed for examination:<br />
• The ano<strong>de</strong>s were slightly corro<strong>de</strong>d<br />
at the back and at the lower runner.<br />
This local corrosion is due to chemical<br />
interaction with carbon dust (from<br />
the crucible) and with the metal pool<br />
stored on the cell bottom.<br />
The catho<strong>de</strong> remained intact, and<br />
totally covered by a layer of aluminium<br />
of 2 to 3 mm.<br />
Discussion<br />
As expected, the fundamental behaviour<br />
of the <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong><br />
is not influenced by the vertical<br />
position. However the observations<br />
during the test make it possible to<br />
point out the following aspects of the �<br />
49 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 49<br />
All photos: Kannak
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
vertical configuration:<br />
• The initial current efficiency of<br />
75% <strong>de</strong>creases rapidly, and stabilises<br />
at about 40% after 24 hours.<br />
• The oxygen separation, in escaping<br />
along the ano<strong>de</strong> back, is not optimal<br />
in the vertical position, namely with<br />
an ACD as low as 2 cm. The re-oxidation<br />
of the metal by oxygen seems to<br />
be one of the factors <strong>de</strong>creasing the<br />
current efficiency.<br />
• The aluminium pool stored on the<br />
cell bottom is subjected to the positive<br />
electrical field of the ano<strong>de</strong>s (potential<br />
of + 0.3 volt versus the catho<strong>de</strong>);<br />
an electrochemical dissolution of the<br />
metal can occur probably further <strong>de</strong>creases<br />
the current efficiency.<br />
Semi-vertical electro<strong>de</strong><br />
configuration<br />
To improve the gas separation, a<br />
semi-vertical electro<strong>de</strong> assembly<br />
was <strong>de</strong>signed and tested. The active<br />
surfaces of the catho<strong>de</strong> and the ano<strong>de</strong><br />
are inclined with a slope of 40°.<br />
The catho<strong>de</strong> is one semi-graphitised<br />
block having a<strong>de</strong>quate active surface<br />
geometry; the catho<strong>de</strong> is glued on the<br />
graphite crucible bottom and totally<br />
covered with 1.2 mm of Tinor 2000<br />
coating; the coating is pre-aluminised<br />
by aluminium slurry. The catho<strong>de</strong><br />
electrical connection is ma<strong>de</strong> via the<br />
crucible and an aluminium pool of<br />
about 4 to 6 cm on the bottom. An<br />
inclined ano<strong>de</strong> presents three horizontal<br />
runners with a flat active face<br />
parallel to the catho<strong>de</strong> surface; to<br />
minimise the vertical polarisation the<br />
lower runner is kept at least 4 cm from<br />
the metal pool on the crucible bottom.<br />
The catho<strong>de</strong>-ano<strong>de</strong> distance is fixed<br />
at 2 cm (see Fig. 5).<br />
The advantages of the semi-vertical<br />
configuration are:<br />
• better gas separation minimises the<br />
metal re-oxidation by oxygen<br />
• no external stem nee<strong>de</strong>d for the<br />
electrical connection of the catho<strong>de</strong><br />
• cathodic protection of the metal<br />
pool stored on the crucible bottom<br />
suppresses its electrochemical dissolution.<br />
However, this assembly is less<br />
compact than in the previous one;<br />
the maximum surface increase factor<br />
is about 1.5. The catho<strong>de</strong> is not mov-<br />
able, thus it cannot be changed during<br />
operation.<br />
Experimental results<br />
The cell operates at a very stable voltage<br />
of 3.8 ± 0.1 volts; in comparison to<br />
the previous case the saving of 0.2 volt<br />
should be due to the lower ohmic drop<br />
of the catho<strong>de</strong> body and connection.<br />
Fig. 5: Semi-vertical catho<strong>de</strong>-ano<strong>de</strong> assembly<br />
The visual observations during operation<br />
show that the gas separation is<br />
greatly improved by the inclination of<br />
the ano<strong>de</strong>; and because the metal pool<br />
is protected by the cathodic polarisation,<br />
the current efficiency stabilises<br />
at about 70 to 75%. At a minimum<br />
distance of 4 cm between the lower<br />
runner of the ano<strong>de</strong> and the metal<br />
pool level, the vertical polarisation is<br />
less than 10%, estimated by measuring<br />
the variation of the cell voltage in<br />
raising the ano<strong>de</strong> position. After 500<br />
hours of operation the ano<strong>de</strong> is intact<br />
(Fig. 6), and the catho<strong>de</strong> active surface<br />
remains clean, without any sludge <strong>de</strong>posit<br />
or dimensional change.<br />
Discussion<br />
The gas separation is a major parameter<br />
in current efficiency; as the<br />
better results with the semi-vertical<br />
electro<strong>de</strong> assembly clearly <strong>de</strong>monstrate.<br />
The angle of inclination can be<br />
optimised in taking into account the<br />
gas hydrodynamic, the compactness<br />
of the assembly, and the runner form<br />
for the current distribution.<br />
Thanks to the wettability of Tinor<br />
coating, a good catho<strong>de</strong> electrical<br />
feeding through the liquid metal<br />
pool should induce only a very mar-<br />
ginal ohmic resistance. The concept<br />
of an “immersed catho<strong>de</strong>” must be<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped so that the catho<strong>de</strong> can<br />
be removed at the end of the Tinor<br />
coating life-time. Fig. 6 shows an inclined<br />
metallic ano<strong>de</strong> after 500 hours<br />
of operation.<br />
ACD in semi-vertical<br />
configuration<br />
A numerical study of the semi-vertical<br />
configuration has been ma<strong>de</strong> in or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
to investigate the current <strong>de</strong>nsity distribution<br />
and the impact on the cur-<br />
Fig. 6: Inclined ano<strong>de</strong> after 500 hours of<br />
operation<br />
rent <strong>de</strong>nsity of a slight mis-alignment<br />
of the electro<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
The first experimental setups<br />
showed oscillations in the voltage.<br />
Although the cause was eventually<br />
shown to be related to an insufficient<br />
bath level (causing too large a thermal<br />
volatility), it was first thought that the<br />
cause might be a difference in the<br />
current carried by each of the three<br />
horizontal runners. In<strong>de</strong>ed, when the<br />
mean current <strong>de</strong>nsity is above 1.3 A/<br />
cm 2 , this leads to voltage oscillations.<br />
The theoretical mo<strong>de</strong>l, a plain electrostatic<br />
computation of the electrical<br />
potential and current <strong>de</strong>nsity, showed<br />
that in the nominal configuration,<br />
there is a difference in the amount of<br />
current carried by each runner, but<br />
the difference is too low to explain<br />
the oscillations. There is, however, an<br />
interesting point to be ma<strong>de</strong> by electrostatic<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>lling, as follows.<br />
Fig. 7 is a typical result for the semi-vertical<br />
configuration. Along with<br />
the ano<strong>de</strong> (top) and catho<strong>de</strong> (bot- �<br />
50 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
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ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
tom), a surface of constant potential<br />
is shown (middle). It explains why<br />
more current is carried by the lower<br />
runner. Because the current <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
is proportional to the gradient of the<br />
electrical potential, it follows that<br />
regions where the isosurface of the<br />
potential are curved, a large current<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity results.<br />
Two main conclusions can be<br />
drawn from such electrostatic mo<strong>de</strong>lling:<br />
• In or<strong>de</strong>r to obtain a more homogeneous<br />
distribution of the current<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity, one should purposely set the<br />
ano<strong>de</strong> in a non-parallel position relative<br />
to the catho<strong>de</strong>, and specifically by<br />
having a slightly lower ACD un<strong>de</strong>r the<br />
top runner.<br />
• In a future semi-vertical <strong>de</strong>sign<br />
gathering many ano<strong>de</strong>s, it will be<br />
necessary to perform electrostatic<br />
simulations of this kind to optimise<br />
the arrangement and setting of the<br />
electro<strong>de</strong>s, in or<strong>de</strong>r to smooth the<br />
current <strong>de</strong>nsity distribution as far as<br />
possible.<br />
Fig. 7: Semi-vertical electro<strong>de</strong>s setting, and<br />
an isosurface of the electrical potential.<br />
We recall that optimising the current<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity distribution in the abovementioned<br />
sense is important for <strong>de</strong><br />
Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong>s, because,<br />
on the one hand, they require higher<br />
current <strong>de</strong>nsities (thermal equilibrium,<br />
see below), while, on the other<br />
hand, a critical current <strong>de</strong>nsity exists,<br />
above which the ano<strong>de</strong> may be damaged.<br />
Thus, a good inert ano<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sign<br />
ensures an even, high current <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
distribution. In fact an even current<br />
distribution is also very important in<br />
horizontal conventional industrial<br />
cells. If the ano<strong>de</strong> current <strong>de</strong>nsities<br />
are too different, large horizontal current<br />
take place in the liquid metal that<br />
may lead to metal pad wave oscillations.<br />
If the catho<strong>de</strong> current <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
is too uneven, large local electro-erosion<br />
may take place, leading to short<br />
cell lifetime.<br />
Energy consi<strong>de</strong>rations<br />
As has been noted before [7], one of<br />
the problems to address to bring the<br />
oxygen-evolving ano<strong>de</strong> to industrialisation<br />
is the thermal balance of the<br />
cell. About 1 V of the total cell voltage<br />
is used differently in each technology:<br />
as heat for the classical Hall-Héroult<br />
cell, and to produce aluminium in the<br />
OEA cell. From the point of view of<br />
energy efficiency, this is very positive<br />
for cells implementing the <strong>de</strong> Nora<br />
inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong>, but the corresponding<br />
loss in heating is significant<br />
and means that a balanced thermal<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign is difficult to achieve.<br />
Let us consi<strong>de</strong>r the problem inversely:<br />
assume that we want to operate<br />
an oxygen-evolving ano<strong>de</strong> that<br />
has<br />
a. the same current efficiency<br />
b. the same specific energy<br />
c. and the same heat losses<br />
as a conventional cell; how do these<br />
conditions translate into operating<br />
parameters? The first condition<br />
should be relatively easy to meet,<br />
since Moltech could operate a 25<br />
kA OEA cell with 90% CE [1], while<br />
struggling against various operational<br />
difficulties that are to be expected in<br />
such novel tests. We thus assume that<br />
the current efficiency is the same for<br />
both technologies, �= 0.95.<br />
The second condition, when the<br />
first is met, consists in having the<br />
same cell voltage in both technologies.<br />
To work out the third condition,<br />
we recall that the heat generation loss<br />
Q is given by ([8], respectively with<br />
only � alumina and no Boudouard<br />
reaction):<br />
Q c = I c (U – 1.65 � – 0.48)<br />
Q m = I m (U – 3.11 �)<br />
Where the c subscript <strong>de</strong>signates<br />
carbon or conventional technology,<br />
m standing for metallic (ano<strong>de</strong>s). I is<br />
the current, U the cell voltage and ��<br />
the fractional current efficiency. The<br />
third condition, Q c = Q m , is in fact a<br />
condition on the current. For typical<br />
<strong>de</strong>signs, we get I m = 1.7 I c . Is it possible<br />
to meet both the voltage and current<br />
conditions?<br />
The electro<strong>de</strong> settings studied in<br />
this paper address the conditions<br />
above. Let us consi<strong>de</strong>r only the semivertical<br />
configuration, since it is more<br />
efficient. The cell voltage condition<br />
can be met by <strong>de</strong>creasing the ACD, to<br />
overcome the voltage penalty of the<br />
oxygen-evolving ano<strong>de</strong>. When taking<br />
both the reversible <strong>de</strong>composition<br />
voltage and the over-voltages of the<br />
various electro<strong>de</strong>s into account, it is<br />
commonly assumed to be about 0.6 V<br />
[1,2]. For typical electrolyte conductivities<br />
used in our tests, it amounts to<br />
a reduction in ACD of about 1 to 2 cm.<br />
Thus, operating a semi-vertical configuration<br />
at 2 cm ACD makes it possible<br />
to meet the voltage condition.<br />
Finally, to meet the condition on<br />
the current, for a similar overall cell<br />
size, the semi-vertical setting offers<br />
a two-fold gain: by using a <strong>de</strong> Nora<br />
inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong>, one can work at<br />
higher current <strong>de</strong>nsities (by a factor<br />
of 1.4), while using slanted <strong>de</strong> Nora<br />
ano<strong>de</strong>s permits an increase in the<br />
working area (thus the total current)<br />
by a factor of at least 1.5. Thus, expecting<br />
a total current I m = 2.1 I c appears<br />
realistic. The 1.4 factor is explained by<br />
the typical current <strong>de</strong>nsity in conventional<br />
technology (0.9 A/cm 2 ), compared<br />
to the maximal current <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
for metallic ano<strong>de</strong>s (1.3 A/cm 2 ). The<br />
second factor is geometrical. For the<br />
setting presented above, the catho<strong>de</strong><br />
surface is 100 cm 2 , and only the flat<br />
surface of the runners is about 55<br />
cm 2 . However, while exact quantification<br />
is difficult, the active surface of<br />
the ano<strong>de</strong> is more than the flat area.<br />
For conventional <strong>de</strong>signs, a horizontal<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> occupying the same overall<br />
space has a surface of 50 cm 2 . Thus,<br />
a 1.5 geometric factor appears reasonable,<br />
and implies a more compact cell<br />
for the same productivity<br />
Conclusions<br />
The gains of energy and production of<br />
the aluminium reduction cell in using<br />
the semi-vertical electro<strong>de</strong> configura-<br />
52 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
tion are <strong>de</strong>monstrated by our preliminary<br />
simulation calculations:<br />
• The thermodynamic penalty of the<br />
oxygen evolving ano<strong>de</strong> is largely compensated<br />
by <strong>de</strong>creasing the ACD.<br />
• The cell thermal balance can be<br />
maintained by higher current thanks<br />
to a significant increase of the operating<br />
surface area.<br />
The preliminary tests in laboratory<br />
100 A cells have <strong>de</strong>monstrated that:<br />
• the <strong>de</strong> Nora inert metallic ano<strong>de</strong><br />
and the Tinor coated carbon catho<strong>de</strong><br />
can be used as dimensionally stable<br />
electro<strong>de</strong>s for the non-horizontal<br />
electro<strong>de</strong> configuration. However,<br />
the dimension stability of the carbon<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> was only proven for 500<br />
hours. This dimensional stability is<br />
still in question for longer duration.<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
• the metallic inert ano<strong>de</strong> and the<br />
wettable Tinor coated catho<strong>de</strong> can<br />
operate at an ACD as low as 2 cm.<br />
• the gas separation is an important<br />
factor influencing the current efficiency,<br />
which can be optimised by<br />
appropriate ano<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sign.<br />
• the <strong>de</strong>sign freedom of metallic<br />
ano<strong>de</strong>s is unique, and constitutes an<br />
important advantage for the non-horizontal<br />
electro<strong>de</strong> configuration.<br />
References<br />
[1] J. Antille et al.: Light Metals 2006,<br />
pp. 391-396<br />
[2] T. Nguyen and V. <strong>de</strong>. Nora.:<br />
Light Metals 2006, pp. 385-390<br />
[3] V. <strong>de</strong> Nora: Electrochemical Soc.<br />
Interface - Winter 2002, pp 20-24.<br />
[4] J.N. Bruggeman et al: “Wettable<br />
ceramic based drained catho<strong>de</strong><br />
technology for aluminium reduction<br />
cells” – US DOE DE-FC07-97 / ID /<br />
13567 – Dec. 2002, pp 1-42<br />
[5] Huimin Lu et al.: Light Metals 2006,<br />
pp. 687-690<br />
[6] H.A. Oye et al.: Light Metals 1997,<br />
p. 279-286<br />
[7] V. <strong>de</strong> Nora: Proceedings 11th<br />
Intern. <strong>Alu</strong>minium Symposium;<br />
Trondheim – Bergen – Trondheim;<br />
Sept. 2001, pp 155-160<br />
[7] H. Kvan<strong>de</strong>: Light Metals 1999,<br />
pp. 369-376<br />
[8] W. Haupin and H. Kvan<strong>de</strong>:<br />
Light Metals 2000, pp. 379-384<br />
Authors<br />
Vittorio <strong>de</strong> Nora, Thin Nguyen and Rene<br />
von Kaenel are with Moltech Technology<br />
Center, while Jacques Antille and Laurent<br />
Klinger are with KANNAK S.A.<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium casting<br />
Boron nitri<strong>de</strong> plus bin<strong>de</strong>r – a synonym for<br />
higher productivity<br />
Chr. Klöpfer, Th. Jüngling, G. Heuts<br />
With its new generation of boron<br />
nitri<strong>de</strong>, ESK Ceramics GmbH &<br />
Co. KG in Kempten, Germany is<br />
providing the casting industry<br />
with tailored materials for laun<strong>de</strong>rs,<br />
ladles, dies and crucibles<br />
that offer unrivalled protection<br />
against aggressive molten aluminium.<br />
A critical factor in this<br />
advance in casting technology is<br />
a novel nanoscale bin<strong>de</strong>r that allows<br />
boron nitri<strong>de</strong> coatings to be<br />
produced that adhere strongly to<br />
different materials.<br />
Thanks to its low <strong>de</strong>nsity, aluminium<br />
has become established as a key material<br />
with an unparalleled breadth<br />
of applications. This light metal has<br />
applications extending from packaging,<br />
through automotive engineering,<br />
to aerospace. Furthermore, when alloyed<br />
with various metals, such as<br />
magnesium or silicon in extru<strong>de</strong>d profiles,<br />
its strength can rival that of steel.<br />
Obtained by an electrochemical process,<br />
the metal occurs in aluminium<br />
foundries and smelting works as a liquid<br />
at a temperature of around 700°C.<br />
Since this melt is very aggressive, the<br />
contacting surfaces must be protected.<br />
That is first to counteract wear of<br />
the tools and vessels and, second, to<br />
prevent the aluminium from being<br />
contaminated with dissolved foreign<br />
matter. That means specifically the<br />
laun<strong>de</strong>rs in casthouse applications as<br />
well as crucibles, ladles and dies used<br />
in foundries. The surfaces that come<br />
into contact with the molten aluminium<br />
must be coated to prevent corrosion.<br />
The quality of these surfaces<br />
not only <strong>de</strong>termines the lifetimes of<br />
the equipment and tools used, but also<br />
has a critical effect on the quality and<br />
mechanical and physical properties of<br />
the resulting castings.<br />
A typical example is the transport<br />
of molten aluminium in cast houses,<br />
which is usually performed in laun<strong>de</strong>rs<br />
with a refractory lining. Of course,<br />
such laun<strong>de</strong>rs have poor thermal conductivity,<br />
which prevents rapid cooling<br />
of the melt. However, a thin oxi<strong>de</strong><br />
skin rapidly forms on the surface of<br />
the hot aluminium. A release agent<br />
must be ad<strong>de</strong>d to prevent this skin<br />
sticking to the surface. Traditionally,<br />
bone ash is ad<strong>de</strong>d, which does in<strong>de</strong>ed<br />
have the required release properties<br />
but because of its poor adhesion must<br />
be repeatedly replenished, since it is<br />
“entrained” by the flowing molten<br />
aluminium.<br />
Boron nitri<strong>de</strong> versus bone ash<br />
Ceramic coatings offer an alternative<br />
to bone ash. These foundry coatings,<br />
which are applied as liquids and dry<br />
to form a solid film, should have high<br />
thermal and chemical stability and a<br />
similar thermal expansion to the coated<br />
surface in or<strong>de</strong>r to prevent the coating<br />
flaking off. A material that i<strong>de</strong>ally<br />
meets all these requirements is boron<br />
nitri<strong>de</strong> (BN). The graphite-like chemical<br />
structure of BN makes it an i<strong>de</strong>al<br />
release agent and lubricant. However,<br />
unlike graphite, which oxidizes at<br />
above 500°C in air, boron nitri<strong>de</strong> is �<br />
53 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 53
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Casting table for aluminum billet production coated with<br />
EKamold Cast-C prior to use<br />
Casting table for aluminum billet production coated with<br />
EKamold Cast-C after use<br />
SEM picture of a cross section of EKamold Cast-C Coating<br />
characterized by a high thermal stability<br />
that allows it to be processed<br />
up to over 900°C. That makes boron<br />
nitri<strong>de</strong> completely thermally stable in<br />
the temperature range used for lightmetal<br />
casting.<br />
A property that is particularly attractive<br />
for casting is the poor wettability<br />
of its surface by liquid aluminium<br />
and other molten metals. They<br />
do not stick to the smooth surface<br />
but roll off like water droplets from a<br />
lotus leaf. The wetting of ceramics by<br />
melts is usually <strong>de</strong>scribed by means of<br />
the wetting angle. The contact angle<br />
All photos: ESK<br />
of a melt droplet on the substrate is<br />
measured by forming a tangent. Large<br />
angles over 90° mean poor wetting,<br />
while small angles less than 90° indicate<br />
good wetting. At a temperature<br />
of 900°C, boron nitri<strong>de</strong> has a wetting<br />
angle of 160°, which corresponds to<br />
poor wetting.<br />
However, this welcome property<br />
also has a downsi<strong>de</strong>, since the poor<br />
wetting of the BN platelets also impairs<br />
their adhesion to the substrates<br />
to be coated, such as ceramic laun<strong>de</strong>rs,<br />
ladles, crucibles, dies or metal<br />
moulds. To improve adhesion, therefore,<br />
a refractory bin<strong>de</strong>r must be used.<br />
In the coatings, these bin<strong>de</strong>rs bond<br />
the BN particles together as well as<br />
to the substrate. In the past, phyllosilicates,<br />
monoaluminium phosphate<br />
and magnesium silicate have been the<br />
chief refractory bin<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />
High adhesion thanks to nanoparticles<br />
“The bin<strong>de</strong>rs that have been commercially<br />
available so far are not i<strong>de</strong>al for<br />
the casting industry,” says Christiane<br />
Klöpfer of the technical marketing<br />
<strong>de</strong>partment at ESK. A major disadvantage<br />
is that they are only suitable<br />
for applying thin coatings, since otherwise<br />
the rapid temperature cycles<br />
could cause them to flake off. “In<br />
looking for improved high-temperature<br />
bin<strong>de</strong>rs, we hit on sol-gel systems<br />
reinforced with nanoscale particles,”<br />
explains Klöpfer.<br />
The patented bin<strong>de</strong>r system, as a<br />
BN coating for the casting industry, is<br />
called EKamold Cast-C, and is a real<br />
innovation for high-temperature applications.<br />
The system <strong>de</strong>velops its effect<br />
in situ when heat treated during<br />
the first casting cycle, similar to twopack<br />
adhesives, and forms a film that<br />
is resistant to both heat and abrasion.<br />
Compared to conventional boron nitri<strong>de</strong>-based<br />
coatings, this product innovation<br />
offers unrivalled durability<br />
together with ease of application and<br />
extremely low requirements on the<br />
substrate.<br />
Coatings can be repaired<br />
There are also processing advantages<br />
to using boron nitri<strong>de</strong> (BN). For ex-<br />
ample, BN coatings can be applied<br />
by spraying, brushing or dipping.<br />
Although BN coatings <strong>de</strong>velop their<br />
protective effect at a few microns<br />
thickness, the new BN foundry coatings<br />
from ESK can be applied in<br />
thicknesses up to 1 mm. That means<br />
the coating can be readily applied by<br />
untrained staff. The new coating can<br />
be used wherever liquid aluminium is<br />
processed. The range of applications<br />
extends from compact aluminium<br />
ingots to aluminium car wheels and<br />
engine blocks.<br />
Furthermore, the new BN coatings<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped by ESK, for the first time<br />
ever, allow damaged coatings and<br />
cracks in the substrate to be repaired.<br />
In the traditional process, if the coatings<br />
were damaged, they had to be<br />
painstakingly removed and then reapplied.<br />
With the new systems, damaged<br />
areas of the coating can be repaired<br />
– e.g. with a brush. Moreover, the<br />
coatings can seal cracks and chipping<br />
in the substrate by infiltrating them.<br />
No sedimentation thanks to<br />
„thixotropy“<br />
“Traditional” BN coatings generally<br />
had the problem of sedimentation of<br />
the BN solid particles, and had to be<br />
very carefully stirred to prevent settling<br />
out, which would change the<br />
properties. The new ESK coating<br />
offers a further advantage, since, although<br />
it becomes gel-like after standing<br />
for a long time, it can be easily liquefied<br />
again by stirring or shaking – a<br />
property known as “thixotropy.” “All<br />
these completely new possibilities<br />
offer major advantages to users,” enthuses<br />
Thomas Jüngling, Chief Technology<br />
Officer of the California-based<br />
Ceradyne Inc. Cast houses and foundries<br />
are harsh environments, where<br />
users must be able to <strong>de</strong>pend on the<br />
materials used operating flawlessly.<br />
“The casting industry is very interested<br />
in the new boron nitri<strong>de</strong> coatings,”<br />
observes Jüngling. The new coatings<br />
have already been subjected to practical<br />
tests in aluminium foundries.<br />
Boron nitri<strong>de</strong> coatings last longer …<br />
Guido Heuts of the Dutch company<br />
Ceranex, a supplier of heat-resistant<br />
54 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
Boron nitri<strong>de</strong>, a synthetic substance with the<br />
chemical formula BN, is a sort of “inorganic<br />
carbon”. That means BN’s chemical and<br />
physical properties are very similar to those<br />
of graphite, since both compounds crystallize<br />
with the same layer lattice and almost<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntical dimensions. Two adjacent carbon<br />
atoms of the graphite lattice can therefore<br />
be substituted with a nitrogen and a boron<br />
atom, since two carbon atoms together<br />
have exactly the same number of electrons<br />
as a boron-nitrogen pair. Accordingly, graphite<br />
and BN are isosteric, which, as with other<br />
“isosteric pairs”, such as nitrogen and carbon<br />
monoxi<strong>de</strong> or nitrous oxi<strong>de</strong> and carbon<br />
dioxi<strong>de</strong>, is manifested as a striking physical<br />
and chemically resistant materials for<br />
manufacturing industry, emphasizes<br />
the high abrasion resistance of the<br />
new BN coatings. Heuts is responsible<br />
for the aluminium industry division<br />
in his company and un<strong>de</strong>rstands<br />
the particular challenges faced by this<br />
sector. “Traditional coatings were always<br />
entrained by the flowing molten<br />
aluminium. But the new product adheres<br />
much better and does not have<br />
to be reapplied as often,” he explains.<br />
The coatings have much longer lifetimes<br />
if the liquid aluminium does not<br />
have a chance to attack the substrate.<br />
This could greatly reduce downtimes.<br />
The bottom line for aluminium processors<br />
is significant boost in efficiency<br />
as a result of time savings and higher<br />
productivity. The improvement is<br />
documented by the results of the quality<br />
control. “With the BN coatings we<br />
tested, in contrast to traditional materials<br />
such as bone ash, the castings<br />
did not contain any residues,” Heuts<br />
assures.<br />
… and they are flexible<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s their high mechanical stability,<br />
the new BN coatings are also characterized<br />
by high flexibility. To reconcile<br />
apparently contradictory material<br />
properties, a third component<br />
was incorporated into BN coatings<br />
besi<strong>de</strong>s the bin<strong>de</strong>r. This innovation,<br />
which has also been patented, is an<br />
additive that imparts hitherto unach-<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Why Boron nitri<strong>de</strong> has similar properties to graphite<br />
and chemical similarity. For example, at temperatures<br />
of around 1600°C and pressures<br />
of 50,000 bar, graphite-like α-BN can, in a<br />
similar way to carbon, be transformed into 2<br />
diamond-like cubic high-pressure allotropes<br />
with similar hardness to diamond. However,<br />
the striking difference between graphite and<br />
BN is that the latter is white and does not<br />
conduct electricity. That is because BN, unlike<br />
graphite, does not possess any mobile πelectrons,<br />
since, because the member atoms<br />
of the lattice are dissimilar, the “excess” electrons<br />
remain fixed to the nitrogen as “lone”<br />
electron pairs. However, more important for<br />
the application in the aluminium industry is<br />
the resistance against oxidation up to 900°C<br />
ievable elasticity to the coatings. “The<br />
coatings have a levelling effect since,<br />
within certain limits, they adapt to<br />
their environment and can expand<br />
and shrink without suffering damage,”<br />
explains Christiane Klöpfer.<br />
The flexibility also applies to the<br />
adhesion of the bin<strong>de</strong>r to the substrate<br />
to be coated, which may be smooth or<br />
porous. “We were even able to make<br />
boron nitri<strong>de</strong> adhere to graphite,”<br />
Klöpfer says. This additional property<br />
is important for graphite parts that<br />
are used in aluminium cast houses<br />
and foundries. They inclu<strong>de</strong> rotors<br />
for melt <strong>de</strong>gassing or boron nitri<strong>de</strong>coated<br />
graphite thermocouple tubes.<br />
Other additives are un<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>velopment.<br />
“Boron nitri<strong>de</strong> has high thermal<br />
conductivity. That is counterproduc-<br />
compared to graphite which will start to oxidize<br />
already at 500°C. In its most wi<strong>de</strong>spread<br />
form, as a graphite-like hexagonal boron<br />
nitri<strong>de</strong>, the snow-white material possesses<br />
exceptional thermal and chemical resistance.<br />
At the same time, the highly thermally<br />
conductive material but electrically insulating<br />
boron nitri<strong>de</strong> also has good lubricity. This<br />
unique combination opens up a wi<strong>de</strong> field<br />
of applications in which the material often<br />
provi<strong>de</strong>s the critical enhancement to highend<br />
products. Some would not be possible<br />
at all without boron nitri<strong>de</strong>. In this manner,<br />
the range of applications extends from electrical<br />
insulation in high-temperature furnaces<br />
to applications in the cosmetics industry.<br />
tive for aluminium production,” continues<br />
Klöpfer. For example, liquid<br />
aluminium cools by about 1°C per<br />
second on average when conveyed<br />
with ladles. This heat loss has to be<br />
compensated by auxiliary heating.<br />
ESK is currently working on BN coatings<br />
precisely tailored to the needs<br />
of the aluminium-processing industry.<br />
The aim of this work is to find a<br />
further additive that will allow us to<br />
market a boron nitri<strong>de</strong> with reduced<br />
thermal conductivity.<br />
Authors<br />
Christiane Klöpfer, ESK Ceramics GmbH<br />
& Co. KG, Germany.<br />
Dr. Thomas Jüngling, Ceradyne, Inc., USA.<br />
Guido Heuts, Ceranex B.V., Netherlands.<br />
Platzhalter für die<br />
redigitalisierte Anzeige Pa<strong>de</strong>lttherm<br />
90x63 mm, sw, Motiv: Industrieofen<br />
Original-Datei:<br />
Pa<strong>de</strong>ltherm_Metall_11_03.EPS<br />
55 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 55
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Thyristor rectifiers for aluminium plants<br />
with advanced free-wheeling control<br />
S. Tambe, W. M. Lauwrens, M. Rechsteiner, Turgi<br />
Potline current <strong>de</strong>mand for aluminium<br />
plants is constantly increasing.<br />
Many potlines with 350<br />
kA are in operation, and the trend<br />
is towards 500 kA in the near future.<br />
Such requirements call for<br />
many rectifier units in parallel.<br />
Due to physical limitations on the<br />
size of a rectifier, as well as to redundancy<br />
requirements for safety,<br />
using many units in parallel poses<br />
a great problem of how to handle<br />
current stoppage when all units<br />
are tripped simultaneously. Due<br />
to staggered switching-off times of<br />
the rectifiers, it is likely that the<br />
last unit will briefly carry the full<br />
potline current. In a dio<strong>de</strong> plant<br />
this phenomenon can be handled<br />
easily, as all dio<strong>de</strong>s go into a natural<br />
free-wheeling mo<strong>de</strong>. Thyristor<br />
plants by contrast, require implementing<br />
a special technique to<br />
prevent <strong>de</strong>structive overloading of<br />
the last switched unit. ABB has <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
an advanced technique to<br />
handle such phenomena without<br />
over-dimensioning any unit.<br />
Continuity and reliability of DC power<br />
supply are the basic requirements<br />
for aluminium smelters, together<br />
with safety. In the past, dio<strong>de</strong> rectifiers<br />
were the natural choice due to<br />
their simplicity. However, tap-changer<br />
maintenance was always an issue<br />
for maintenance people, and control<br />
speed is another drawback.<br />
With the availability of reliable thyristors<br />
and digital firing circuits, users<br />
also started selecting thyristor rectifiers<br />
for smelting aluminium. These<br />
rectifiers need less maintenance and<br />
have higher efficiency. Though normal<br />
operation with thyristor rectifiers<br />
was simple to handle, potline trip was<br />
a serious concern. This is due to the<br />
fact that the last fired thyristor pair<br />
will take the load of the full potline<br />
current. This led to overloading of the<br />
last switched rectifier. In case of dio<strong>de</strong><br />
plants, the complete bridge acts like a<br />
All illustrations: ABB<br />
free-wheeling circuit. But with thyristor<br />
rectifiers, the last pair of conducting<br />
thyristors suffers overload. A special<br />
technique was necessary to avoid<br />
overload damage.<br />
This paper discusses the new technique<br />
implemented by ABB to avoid<br />
overloading of any pair of conducting<br />
thyristors. The advantage of this<br />
technique is that algorithms are implemented<br />
for each unit, and hence<br />
the <strong>de</strong>sign of all rectifier units remains<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntical in power and controls circuits.<br />
This paper also <strong>de</strong>scribes how<br />
overloads relate to potline circuit<br />
behaviour and process, and to other<br />
sources of overload.<br />
This paper covers the following areas:<br />
process characteristics, minimising<br />
the risk with advanced control,<br />
results and conclusion.<br />
Process characteristics<br />
A typical equivalent circuit diagram<br />
of an aluminium smelter application<br />
can be represented as follows:<br />
The rectifiers connected in parallel<br />
Fig. 1: Equivalent circuit diagram of an aluminium potline<br />
with parallel feeding thyristor rectifier plant<br />
<strong>de</strong>liver the required total process current.<br />
This current is called as potline<br />
current (Idc-PL).<br />
The consi<strong>de</strong>rable busbar length of<br />
more than 1000 meters, and cross<br />
section of 200…300,000 mm 2 , results<br />
in a process time constant � (= L/R)<br />
of about � 250 ms, where L is busbar<br />
inductance and R busbar resistance.<br />
This means the potline current will<br />
require at least a second (4 x � = 1000<br />
ms) to <strong>de</strong>crease from its rated value to<br />
practically zero.<br />
Rectifier behaviour un<strong>de</strong>r tripping<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>s:<br />
Normal mo<strong>de</strong>: Unlike dio<strong>de</strong> rectifier<br />
units, thyristor rectifier units have a<br />
faster response time and are fully controllable.<br />
But it is a fact that a thyristor<br />
rectifier cannot cutoff the current<br />
once it has been triggered. In rectifier<br />
operation thyristors are line commutated.<br />
This inherent characteristic of<br />
each individual unit, together with<br />
the phase shift between various other<br />
parallel feeding units, corresponds to<br />
the asynchronous behaviour of each<br />
rectifier unit, functioning in turn.<br />
During operation each unit can be<br />
switched off manually or automatically<br />
tripped by abnormal operating<br />
conditions, such as overtemperatures,<br />
loss of cooling medium, etc.<br />
As long as only one unit goes<br />
out of service, this does not<br />
pose a serious threat to continuous<br />
potline operation.<br />
Potline trip mo<strong>de</strong>: However,<br />
there are certain conditions<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r which it becomes<br />
necessary to trip all units<br />
simultaneously. This is<br />
known as “potline trip”. On<br />
initiation of a potline trip<br />
command, the rectifiers cannot<br />
all switch their current<br />
to zero at exactly the same<br />
time. Another reason why<br />
the potline current cannot<br />
be interrupted instantly is<br />
because of the large circuit reactance<br />
associated with the energy stored in<br />
its large magnetic field. Assuming the<br />
current remains constant during this<br />
brief switching period, the last unit to<br />
56 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
switch off has to carry the total potline<br />
current. In this un<strong>de</strong>sirable situation,<br />
this unit consists of only two legs, one<br />
positive group and one negative group<br />
of one rectifier.<br />
To prevent these thyristors from<br />
overload requires forcing conduction<br />
in all thyristors from positive and negative<br />
groups of all the rectifier units.<br />
This conduction mo<strong>de</strong>, when the energy<br />
driving current flow is circuit inductance,<br />
is called free-wheeling.<br />
Minimising the risk with<br />
advanced control<br />
A potline trip as <strong>de</strong>scribed above will<br />
lead to lead thyristor failures, if no<br />
remedial measures are taken. Excessive<br />
current may cause major damage<br />
to the rectifier as a whole. ABB has<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped special control and firing<br />
techniques to handle such trips. Some<br />
of the abnormal and high risk conditions<br />
for rectifiers are:<br />
• Hardware trip of all units, such as<br />
an emergency stop<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
• Network un<strong>de</strong>r-voltages leading<br />
to trips<br />
• Loss of total network<br />
• Process trip.<br />
In or<strong>de</strong>r to prevent the damage to certain<br />
thyristors as mentioned above, it<br />
is essential to share the free-wheeling<br />
current among all units and all semiconductors.<br />
The duration of this, freewheeling<br />
mo<strong>de</strong> could be of the or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
of one second to evacuate reactance<br />
energy. In a 50 Hz, six pulse system,<br />
the firing angle is updated every 3.3<br />
milliseconds. The advance control<br />
Fig. 2: Mo<strong>de</strong> 1 Fig. 3: Mo<strong>de</strong> 2<br />
which controls the free-wheeling replaced<br />
this by a different mo<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Firing mo<strong>de</strong> on a single unit (Fig. 2):<br />
As soon as the control system senses<br />
a fast hardware trip (trip due to un<strong>de</strong>r-voltage<br />
or loss of network) then,<br />
on the next firing instant it fires all<br />
thyristors coloured red in all units. At<br />
the same time it initiates an off command<br />
to all the breakers. As soon as<br />
the control system from a particular<br />
unit receives back signalization that<br />
its breaker is open, then it initiates the<br />
next action as mo<strong>de</strong> 2 shown in Fig. 3.<br />
As soon as a control system receives<br />
57 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 57<br />
�
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Fig. 4: Mo<strong>de</strong> 1<br />
Fig. 5: Mo<strong>de</strong> 2<br />
Fig. 6: Fast links for hardware trips and controls<br />
Fig. 7<br />
Fig. 8<br />
a feedback signal that a main breaker and<br />
filter breaker (if installed) are open, then it<br />
fires all thyristors in that unit. All units behaviour:<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong> 1 can be implemented in all<br />
units. But as all units are not synchronised in<br />
firing, they come to mo<strong>de</strong> 1 in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntly of<br />
each other. Fig. 4 shows when all units are<br />
in mo<strong>de</strong> 1.<br />
This technique shares the current among all<br />
units so that no single arm gets overloa<strong>de</strong>d.<br />
It thereby dissipates potline energy safely.<br />
When all breakers are open, all units come to<br />
mo<strong>de</strong> 2 as shown in Fig. 5.<br />
It should be noted that all units do not<br />
shift from mo<strong>de</strong> 1 to mo<strong>de</strong> 2 simultaneously.<br />
Switching occurs <strong>de</strong>pending upon breaker<br />
opening instant. This logic, which is implemented<br />
in each unit control software, needs<br />
fast information about a trip. This is implemented<br />
as shown on Fig. 6. This technique brings all units and<br />
all thyristors into free-wheeling mo<strong>de</strong> with minimal time difference<br />
between the units.<br />
Results and conclusion<br />
This advance technique was implemented on an aluminium<br />
plant and was tested un<strong>de</strong>r different mo<strong>de</strong>s of tripping. Fig.<br />
7 shows typical overloading current of the thyristors during<br />
a trip condition. Fig. 8 shows that thanks to the free-wheeling<br />
technique, overloading of the thyristors was prevented. The<br />
advanced and proven technique <strong>de</strong>veloped by ABB for thyristor<br />
plants ensures safety of thyristor plants for electrolysis<br />
applications un<strong>de</strong>r the most severe conditions.<br />
Authors<br />
Shripad Tambe, Master of Technology, IIT Kanpur, started in 1977 with<br />
HBB, India. In HBB India he was Senior Research and Development<br />
Manager. Since 1986 he has been working with ABB Switzerland, and<br />
up to 1999 worked in various technical <strong>de</strong>partments including system<br />
engineering. He is the inventor of two patents registered in many<br />
countries in the area of rectifiers for DC arc furnaces. From October<br />
1999 to 2005 he has been worldwi<strong>de</strong> responsible for retrofit, revamp<br />
and upgra<strong>de</strong>s of rectifier plants for electrolysis and arc furnaces. He is<br />
DGM, Systems Group and head of sales and projects – ABB Switzerland<br />
Ltd. Service Division and is presently DGM for large projects and is<br />
responsible for rectifier systems for aluminium and DC arc furnaces.<br />
Wynand M Lauwrens gained a Bachelor of Engineering in South Africa.<br />
He joined ABB South Africa in 1994 and was responsible for<br />
engineering and commissioning drives and rectifiers control systems.<br />
He joined ABB Switzerland in 2002 as control engineer in the HPR<br />
Division, and is responsible for engineering and commissioning rectifier<br />
control systems.<br />
Markus Rechsteiner gained a Bachelor of Engineering at ITR Rapperswil<br />
Switzerland. He joined ABB in 1997 as Project- and Commissioning<br />
engineer. From October 2001 to 2005 he acted as sales and<br />
project manager in the HPR Service Division. Presently he is responsible<br />
for marketing and communication in the ABB High Power Rectifier<br />
group.<br />
58 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Moeller direct pot feeding technology<br />
T. Letz and C. Duwe, Pinneberg<br />
Since September 2001 the Moeller<br />
direct pot feeding system for the<br />
smelter plant <strong>Alu</strong>minij Mostar in<br />
Bosnia-Herzegovina has been in<br />
successful operation. VAW <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Technology chose Moeller in<br />
July 2000 to modify 256 aluminium<br />
smelting pots (4 potlines with<br />
64 cells each).<br />
The Moeller direct pot feeding for<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minij Mostar employs <strong>de</strong>nse phase<br />
conveying via pressure vessel and<br />
Moeller turbuflow conveying pipe to<br />
take the secondary alumina from the<br />
storage silo to intermediate bins near<br />
the pots and combines this with the<br />
Moeller fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe within<br />
the pots. A schematic presentation<br />
of the system installed in Mostar is<br />
shown in Fig. 1.<br />
The (single-)pressure vessel system<br />
is a non-continuously working<br />
Fig. 1: Direct pot feeding – si<strong>de</strong>-by-si<strong>de</strong> (Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina)<br />
pneumatic conveying system for<br />
feeding secondary alumina to one<br />
59 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 59<br />
All illustrations: Moeller<br />
section of pots. The pressure vessel<br />
(2) for the <strong>de</strong>nse phase conveying to �
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
Fig. 2: Direct pot feeding with Moeller Fluidflow<br />
the intermediate bin (5) is equipped<br />
with a Moeller filling valve, a Moeller<br />
conveying pipe shut-off valve and<br />
the necessary pneumatic valves, ball<br />
valves, non-return valves, etc. for the<br />
optimal fluidising and conveying air<br />
distribution of the alumina. The fluidising<br />
and conveying air is supplied by<br />
a separate compressor (8) or the plant<br />
net. The secondary alumina, generally<br />
from the secondary alumina silo of the<br />
fume treatment plant (FTP), is conveyed<br />
via the turbuflow conveying<br />
pipe (3) to intermediate bins (5).<br />
The intermediate bin (5) is the interface<br />
to the fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe<br />
and is equipped with a filling valve,<br />
air sli<strong>de</strong>s at the outlet and level indicators.<br />
The intermediate bins (5) start<br />
to fill at a minimum level indication<br />
or after a precisely <strong>de</strong>fined period of<br />
time. The fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe connects<br />
the intermediate bin (5) with the<br />
ore bunkers of the pots (7) and provi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
a continuous supply of secondary<br />
alumina. Compressed air (8) for<br />
the fluidising air of the fluidflow air<br />
sli<strong>de</strong> pipe comes either from the plant<br />
net for or from a separate blower.<br />
The supply of secondary alumina<br />
to the ore bunkers of the pots (7) is<br />
self-regulating. For safety reasons, the<br />
fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe of each pot is<br />
equipped with the 2 m long Moeller<br />
insulation air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe. This equipment<br />
does not directly influence the<br />
conveying process, but is a key component.<br />
Experiences at <strong>Alu</strong>minij Mostar<br />
The Moeller direct pot feeding (MDPF)<br />
system has been working with 100%<br />
reliability at the smelter plant <strong>Alu</strong>minij<br />
Mostar in Bosnia-Herzegovina since<br />
September 2001. It has maintained<br />
without any problem conveying a capacity<br />
of about 10 t/h over around 150<br />
m for each of the 4 sections (64 cells<br />
each). Furthermore, it has fulfilled all<br />
environmental aspects, especially the<br />
limits on dust emission has been fulfilled.<br />
The MDPF system works absolutely<br />
dust free. It has generated no<br />
measurable fines (attrition) or segregation<br />
in the last five years.<br />
The maintenance costs for the<br />
MDPF system at <strong>Alu</strong>minij Mostar are<br />
extremely low. The Moeller turbuflow<br />
system minimises scaling effects and<br />
maintenance for long distance transport<br />
from the secondary alumina storage<br />
silo to intermediate bins near the<br />
pots. No turbuflow conveying pipe<br />
or conveying pipe bend has been<br />
changed in the last five years.<br />
Since start-up in September 2001<br />
the fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe has been<br />
bringing alumina from the intermedi-<br />
Fig. 3: Moeller fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe on top of the pot<br />
ate bins near the pots to the bunkers<br />
of the pots without any kind of maintenance.<br />
The MDPF system is thus an<br />
integrated component and is one of<br />
the reasons for the success and the<br />
high performance of this smelter at<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minij Mostar.<br />
Moeller Fluidflow<br />
Especially for green field applications,<br />
but also for retrofit projects, Moeller<br />
Materials Handling can offer a direct<br />
pot feeding system as Moeller fluidflow<br />
air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe system (Fig. 2).<br />
The alumina will be taken from the<br />
secondary alumina silo by a Moeller<br />
fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe. The fluidflow<br />
feeds a so-called main intermediate<br />
bin. This main intermediate bin will<br />
be operated between “full” and “half<br />
full”. From this main intermediate bin,<br />
the alumina will be fed via fluidflow<br />
air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe along the pot room to<br />
all pots.<br />
The fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe along<br />
the pot room is equipped with Tpieces,<br />
which are connected with the<br />
fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe on top or integrated<br />
in the superstructure of each<br />
pot. Normally, two pots will be feed<br />
via one T-piece. The fluidising air is<br />
supplied by a separate rotary piston<br />
blower. The MDPF system is working<br />
fully automatically and is more or less<br />
100% filled with alumina all the time.<br />
When the bunker of a pot is full, the<br />
bulk material cone level reaches the<br />
fill spout discharge opening of the fluidflow<br />
air sli<strong>de</strong> pipe, and so automatically<br />
blocks the mass flow of alumina.<br />
When secondary alumina is removed<br />
60 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
<strong>SPECIAL</strong><br />
Fig. 4: Self-closed feeding spout and filling process of ore bunkers<br />
from the ore bunker of the pot, the<br />
pneumatic transport starts again automatically<br />
and ensures a constant<br />
and reliable mass feed rate to the<br />
pots. The fluidising of the secondary<br />
alumina insi<strong>de</strong> the fluidflow air sli<strong>de</strong><br />
pipe works permanently to ensure a<br />
constant bulk <strong>de</strong>nsity.<br />
The self-closing filling spout due<br />
to the material cone level in the ore<br />
bunker of a pot is self-regulating and<br />
ensures continuous refilling of the<br />
ALUMINIUM SMELTING INDUSTRY<br />
ore bunkers during operation of the<br />
smelting plant. The self-closed feeding<br />
spout and the filling process of<br />
ore bunker are shown in Fig. 4. Furthermore,<br />
no pressure-tight sealing of<br />
the pot is necessary, because of the<br />
low over-pressure in the fluidflow air<br />
sli<strong>de</strong> pipe.<br />
The main advantages of the MDPF<br />
system are: self-regulating and continuous<br />
feeding of bunkers, absolutely<br />
dust free operation, no generation of<br />
fine particles, no segregation, no scaling,<br />
lowest possible (over)pressure,<br />
no pressure-tight sealing of the pot,<br />
minimized energy consumption, minimized<br />
maintenance work.<br />
Conclusion<br />
The Moeller fluidflow direct pot feeding<br />
is <strong>de</strong>signed to ensure most constant<br />
and reliable feeding possible of<br />
secondary alumina to the ore bunkers<br />
of the pot. Lowest possible conveying<br />
velocities preserve the particle size<br />
distribution and the flowability of the<br />
secondary alumina and avoid scaling<br />
effects. This most competitive system<br />
<strong>de</strong>monstrated superiority by minimal<br />
wear and maintenance, as well<br />
as minimal energy consumption, and<br />
last but not least by its high operating<br />
reliability.<br />
Authors<br />
Dipl.-Ing. Timo Letz and Dipl.-Ing. Carsten<br />
Duwe are with Moeller Materials Handling<br />
GmbH, Pinneberg, Germany.<br />
61 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007 61
COMPANY NEWS<br />
Company news worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium smelting industry<br />
Alcan entertaining potential<br />
buyers for Vlissingen aluminium<br />
plant<br />
Canadian aluminium major Alcan is<br />
entertaining bids from any potential<br />
buyers of its 200,000 tpy aluminium<br />
smelter in Vlissingen in The Netherlands.<br />
Ongoing negotiations involving<br />
a consortium of energy-intensive<br />
companies have so far failed to satisfy<br />
the smelter’s requirements for a longterm<br />
competitive energy supply. There<br />
may be some potential buyer who<br />
will have some special way of working<br />
with it to make it more viable. But the<br />
smelter’s casthouse is good and Alcan<br />
plans to keep it, no matter what the<br />
outcome of the smelter. In addition,<br />
the smelter has a good carbon plant<br />
that has been mo<strong>de</strong>rnised.<br />
Malaysia’s Jabat Yakin plans<br />
300,000 tpy aluminium smelter<br />
Malaysian construction firm Jabat<br />
Yakin is seeking financial backers for<br />
a proposed 2.3 billion ringgit (US$<br />
631m) aluminium smelter in eastern<br />
peninsular Malaysia. Jabat Yakin has<br />
hired two Islamic finance institutions,<br />
Kuwait Finance House and AmIslamic<br />
Bank, as well as accounting firm<br />
PriceWaterhouseCoopers, to arrange<br />
the financing for the project, which<br />
will be located in the state of Pahang.<br />
The Malaysian company is in talks<br />
with potential joint venture partners<br />
Chalco and Dubal. The project will<br />
yield 300,000 tpy of aluminium in a<br />
first stage of production.<br />
Hydro opens office in Iceland<br />
Hydro has opened a North Atlantic<br />
office in Reykjavik to support its strategy<br />
of repositioning and growth in its<br />
primary aluminium activities. Hydro<br />
is presently involved in supplying<br />
technology to the Nordural alumi-<br />
nium plant, and has also <strong>de</strong>livered<br />
technology to the hydrogen filling<br />
station that supplies Icelandic buses<br />
with emission-free fuel. Hydro is able<br />
to build on its position as a technology<br />
lea<strong>de</strong>r in the aluminium industry<br />
and intends to invest in a 600,000<br />
tpy aluminium smelter in the 2010 to<br />
2015 period, based on the availability<br />
of power. Hydro’s new North Atlantic<br />
office in Reykjavik is hea<strong>de</strong>d by<br />
Bjarne Reinholdt.<br />
Qingtongxia – Glencore talks<br />
on the rocks as smelter project<br />
faces <strong>de</strong>lay<br />
Glencore’s plans to co-operate with<br />
Qingtongxia <strong>Alu</strong>minium Group have<br />
hit problems as the future of a 250,000<br />
tpy smelter project planned by the<br />
Chinese company looks increasingly<br />
uncertain. Glencore signed a memorandum<br />
of un<strong>de</strong>rstanding with Qingtongxia<br />
in August 2006, which was <strong>de</strong>signed<br />
to facilitate investment in the<br />
Chinese company’s planned 250,000<br />
tpy aluminium smelting project. But<br />
talks have gone badly. Besi<strong>de</strong>s problems<br />
with Glencore, Qingtongxia has<br />
yet to receive government approval<br />
for the project. The <strong>de</strong>lay is probably<br />
linked to Beijing’s plan to clamp down<br />
on the aluminium industry and to its<br />
stricter stance on new aluminium projects.<br />
New smelting projects in China<br />
are likely to find it more difficult<br />
to win government approval as the<br />
government is not encouraging new<br />
projects.<br />
CVRD’s Mozambique coal<br />
project moving forward<br />
CVRD’s plans to produce coal at<br />
Moatize, Mozambique, could move<br />
forward quickly once the rail link to<br />
transport the coal from mine to port is<br />
established. CVRD is still studying the<br />
possibility of later producing primary<br />
aluminium at the site. Local reports<br />
are correct that output at Moatize<br />
could reach a total of 12 million tpy<br />
of coal, of which around 40 per cent<br />
would be metallurgical (coking) coal<br />
and 60 per cent steam (thermal) coal.<br />
The metallurgical coal would be for<br />
export. Studies are un<strong>de</strong>r way into<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloping the thermoelectric plant.<br />
Likewise, the company continues to<br />
study the possibility of using the energy<br />
produced at the proposed thermoelectric<br />
plant to fuel aluminium<br />
smelting facilities that could also be<br />
set up at Moatize. In theory it should<br />
be cheaper to produce primary aluminium<br />
in Mozambique than in Brazil<br />
due to the current high cost of electrical<br />
energy in Brazil.<br />
Ormet finalises power <strong>de</strong>al with<br />
AEP<br />
Ormet Corp. and American Electric<br />
Power (AEP) have finalised their longterm<br />
agreement un<strong>de</strong>r which AEP will<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> power to Ormet’s Hannibal,<br />
Ohio, operation. Two of Ormet’s six<br />
potlines could now restart as early as<br />
mid-December 2006 as 250 employees<br />
were called back to work. Effective 1<br />
January 2007, the pact places Ormet’s<br />
Hannibal facilities back into AEP service<br />
territory, where the company will<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> power at US$ 43 per MWh<br />
through the end of 2008. Following a<br />
two-year period, Ormet will then be<br />
able to obtain power at the same rate<br />
as other large industrial users in the<br />
Ohio service territory.<br />
62 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Norsk Hydro
Dubal completes US$ 280m<br />
expansion to take capacity to<br />
861,000 tpy<br />
Dubal has completed a US$ 280 million<br />
expansion which will raise capacity<br />
by 100,000 tpy to 861,000 tpy. The<br />
two expan<strong>de</strong>d potlines, 7B and 9B,<br />
were officially inaugurated at a gala<br />
ceremony atten<strong>de</strong>d by His Highness<br />
Sheikh Hamdan. Expansion of the<br />
two potlines began in November and<br />
December 2005, adding 128 cells to<br />
potline 7B and 36 cells to potline 9B.<br />
Dubal is working on a further small incremental<br />
60,000 tpy expansion that<br />
will lift capacity to around 925,000<br />
tpy from the start of 2007.<br />
Ashapura Minechem to set up<br />
aluminium project in Orissa<br />
Ashapura Minechem, one of India’s<br />
larger bauxite miners, plans to set<br />
up an alumina refinery, aluminium<br />
smelter and power plant in the mineral-rich<br />
state of Orissa in eastern<br />
India. The company has submitted<br />
a proposal to the Orissa government<br />
for an integrated aluminium project<br />
in the bauxite-rich Koraput district<br />
in southern Orissa. The state government<br />
is vetting the proposal before a<br />
memorandum of un<strong>de</strong>rstanding is signed.<br />
Ashapura has yet to <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong> on<br />
the size of the project and on how it<br />
will be <strong>de</strong>veloped. The alumina refinery<br />
may be set up in the first phase<br />
and the smelter in the second phase.<br />
The integrated aluminium project is<br />
expected to cost come US$ 2 billion. A<br />
formal announcement on Ashapura’s<br />
aluminium project can be expected<br />
early in 2007. The company has re-<br />
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ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
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Alcan to pilot advanced AP50 technology<br />
through US$ 550m facility in Quebec<br />
Alcan will invest US$ 550 million in a 60,000 tpy AP50 pilot plant at its<br />
Complexe Jonquière site in Canada. The <strong>de</strong>velopment plan is the first step<br />
in a planned ten-year US$ 1.8 billion investment programme in Quebec’s<br />
Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region. The new AP50 pilot facility will be the<br />
cornerstone of an industrial strategy <strong>de</strong>veloped by Alcan with the support<br />
of the Government of Quebec. The AP50 pilot plant is the initial step in<br />
creating up to 450,000 tpy of new generation AP smelting capacity, based<br />
entirely on clean, renewable hydroelectricity. Construction is expected to<br />
begin in 2008 with first metal coming on stream in late 2010. This initial<br />
phase would be followed by up to an additional 390,000 tpy in the Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean<br />
region by 2015. For this project the Government of<br />
Quebec has provi<strong>de</strong>d financial support by means of R&D tax incentives and<br />
loans, and has ma<strong>de</strong> available up to 225 MW of additional power to support<br />
the investment programme. The agreement with the Government of Quebec<br />
also reinforces Alcan’s electrical power position in Quebec through the<br />
long-term extension of hydraulic leases and new power contracts which<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> a secure supply of approx. 2,600 MW of low-cost power through<br />
the year 2045.<br />
ceived a formal invitation to begin<br />
work on its alumina project in the<br />
Kutch region of Gujarat by the state<br />
government.<br />
Indonesia places smelter’s<br />
future un<strong>de</strong>r scrutiny<br />
The Indonesian authorities are keeping<br />
up the pressure on their Japanese<br />
joint venture partners to consi<strong>de</strong>r closing<br />
the 225,000 tpy Asahan <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
smelter in the country’s Sumatra<br />
province. The smelter has ma<strong>de</strong> a profit<br />
in only 3 of its 23 years of operation,<br />
and Indonesia is now suggesting it be<br />
closed when the existing joint venture<br />
agreement runs out in 2013, and the<br />
freed power used to supply local com-<br />
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ALUMINIUM SMELTING<br />
munities and businesses. The Indonesian<br />
government wants to change the<br />
Asahan project into an electricity<br />
company, as the government has so<br />
far not gained any financial advantage<br />
from the project.<br />
Columbia Falls hopes to restart<br />
second potline in the first quarter<br />
2007<br />
Columbia Falls <strong>Alu</strong>minum Co hopes<br />
to restart the second of its five<br />
potlines in the first quarter of 2007.<br />
Columbia’s one operating potline produces<br />
approx. 35,000 tpy of aluminium.<br />
While alumina might be readily<br />
available, securing power for aluminium<br />
smelters in the U. S. northwest<br />
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63<br />
�
COMPANY NEWS<br />
has been a hurdle for production. The<br />
plant produces primary aluminium in<br />
sheet and T-bar.<br />
RusAl starts Khakass smelter<br />
RusAl has begun the ramping up of<br />
its Khakass aluminium smelter on 15<br />
December 2006, the first aluminium<br />
production facility in Russia built in<br />
the past 20 years. The company will<br />
initially operate the plant at 71,000<br />
tpy and is aiming to complete in November<br />
2007. Total investments into<br />
the project excee<strong>de</strong>d US$ 750 million.<br />
The 300,000 tpy smelter is located in<br />
the Republic of Khakassia. It operates<br />
RA-300 reduction cells. The overall investment<br />
into the regional infrastructure<br />
amounted to some US$ 21m. The<br />
launch of the new production facility<br />
created around 1,000 jobs.<br />
SUAl plans US$ 1.5b smelter<br />
for northern Kazakhstan<br />
Russian aluminium producer SUAl<br />
plans to build a US$ 1.5 billion aluminium<br />
smelter in northern Kazakhstan<br />
that could add 500,000 tpy to the<br />
company’s output from 2011. SUAl<br />
will begin the feasibility study in early<br />
2007. If the feasibility study is successful,<br />
as well as the following agreements<br />
with the Kazakh government,<br />
construction will start in 2008. SUAl<br />
has already signed a memorandum of<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rstanding with Kazakh subsidiary<br />
of US energy company AES Corp to<br />
supply power to the smelter from the<br />
Ekibastuz GRES-1 power station for<br />
20 to 30 years.<br />
Alcan completes purchase of<br />
catho<strong>de</strong> business in France<br />
Alcan has completed the acquisition<br />
of the remaining 70% stake of Carbone<br />
Savoie, and certain related technology<br />
and equipment, from GrafTech<br />
International for US$ 135 million<br />
less certain price adjustments. Today,<br />
Alcan’s proprietary world-leading Pechiney<br />
AP Series Smelting Technology<br />
already uses Carbone Savoie’s advanced<br />
graphitised catho<strong>de</strong> blocks. With<br />
revenues of approx. US$ 114 million<br />
in 2005, Carbone Savoie is a leading<br />
and profitable producer of catho<strong>de</strong><br />
blocks, including a growing share of<br />
graphitised catho<strong>de</strong> blocks, as well as<br />
Southeast Asia may soon join Australia,<br />
Jamaica and the Republic of Guinea as<br />
one of the world’s chief bauxite-producing<br />
regions. The recent agreement between<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Corp of China (Chalco) and Vietnam<br />
National Coal and mineral Industries<br />
Group (Vinacomin) to mine bauxite and<br />
produce alumina in Vietnam joins them<br />
to a joint venture between Australia’s Ord<br />
River Resources Ltd. and China Nonferrous<br />
Metals International Mining Co Ltd. (CN-<br />
MIM). They plan to <strong>de</strong>velop a potentially<br />
huge bauxite project at the Bolaven Plateau<br />
in southern Laos. Ord has just moved<br />
to establish a Laos-based joint-venture<br />
company with CNMIM in or<strong>de</strong>r to consolidate<br />
the companies’ commercial position<br />
in the country. The partners believe that<br />
si<strong>de</strong>wall blocks and ramming pastes.<br />
The business employs approx. 500<br />
people at two sites, both in close proximity<br />
to Alcan’s R&D centre in Voreppe,<br />
France. �<br />
Bauxite and alumina activities<br />
RusAl acquires 56.2% stake in<br />
Eurallumina refinery<br />
RusAl successfully completed the agreement<br />
with Rio Tinto to purchase a<br />
56.2% stake in the Eurallumina alumina<br />
refinery in Italy. The remaining<br />
43.8% share of Eurallumina is owned<br />
by Glencore. Ownership of the asset<br />
will be consolidated un<strong>de</strong>r United<br />
Company RusAl, when the merger<br />
RusAl, SUAl and Glencore’s alumina<br />
assets is completed in 2007.<br />
Alcan looks Madagascar for<br />
bauxite and 1.5m tpy alumina<br />
refinery<br />
Alcan signed a memorandum of un<strong>de</strong>rstanding<br />
with Access Madagascar<br />
Sarl to jointly study the possibility<br />
of <strong>de</strong>veloping a bauxite mine and a<br />
1 to 1.5 million tpy alumina refinery<br />
in Madagascar’s south eastern<br />
Laos and Vietnam to host<br />
new bauxite projects<br />
Manantenia District. Alcan and Access<br />
will un<strong>de</strong>rtake a concept study<br />
to review the bauxite reserves and<br />
logistics, estimate costs and look at<br />
social and environmental conditions.<br />
This concept study is expected to be<br />
complete in the second quarter of<br />
2007, and could then lead to feasibility<br />
studies. On the basis of these<br />
studies, Alcan will explore options<br />
that could make an alumina refinery<br />
project viable.<br />
Nanshan to expand alumina<br />
capacity to 700,000 tpy<br />
China’s Nanshan Group will expand<br />
alumina refining capacity by 75 per<br />
cent to 700,000 tonnes per year by<br />
September 2007. Nanshan is due to<br />
finish the first phase expansion of its<br />
new alumina refinery by the end of<br />
November, with capacity to produce<br />
400,000 tonnes per year. The com-<br />
the Bolaven Plateau project could hold between<br />
2 and 2.5 billion tonnes of bauxite.<br />
Laos is said to be well-suited for the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
of bauxite and alumina projects.<br />
The country has ample hydroelectric power<br />
resources and already exports power to<br />
Vietnam and Thailand. Furthermore, Laos,<br />
Vietnam and China have signed an agreement<br />
to <strong>de</strong>velop the Trans-Asian Railway<br />
(TAR) network, which will link China to<br />
several Southeast Asian nations. Un<strong>de</strong>r an<br />
agreement announced in January 2006<br />
between Chalco and Vinacomin, the companies<br />
are to build a US$ 2 billion bauxite<br />
mining and alumina project in Dak Nong.<br />
The alumina refinery will have a capacity of<br />
1.9 million tpy, rising to 4 million tpy in a<br />
second phase of its <strong>de</strong>velopment.<br />
64 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
pany then plans to increase capacity<br />
by another 300,000 tonnes per year.<br />
Output from the new plant will be<br />
used for its own aluminium smelters<br />
owned by Nanshan Group and Shandong<br />
Nanshan Industrial Co. Nanshan<br />
Group and Shandong Nanshan have<br />
156,000 tpy and 36,000 tpy of electrolytic<br />
aluminium capacity respectively.<br />
Chalco to commission third<br />
phase of Pingguo refinery in<br />
2008<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Corp. of China (Chalco)<br />
plans to commission a 900,000 tpy<br />
third phase expansion at its alumina<br />
refinery in Pingguo in China’s<br />
southern Guangxi autonomous region<br />
in late 2008. The expansion will take<br />
alumina capacity at the Pingguo works<br />
– also known as Chalco’s Guangxi<br />
Branch – to 1.8 million tpy. Chalco<br />
also plans to increase smelting capaci-<br />
ty at Pingguo from 130,000 to 250,000<br />
tpy, though no date has been set for a<br />
second phase of construction.<br />
Guangxi Huayin to commission<br />
alumina refinery in 2007<br />
Guangxi Huayin <strong>Alu</strong>minium Corp<br />
plans to commission a 1.6 million<br />
tpy alumina refinery project in October<br />
2007, as part of a growing drive<br />
by the government of the region to<br />
strengthen its aluminium industry.<br />
Construction of Guangxi Huayin’s<br />
project started in June 2005.<br />
Romania’s Alro plans<br />
alumina capacity upgra<strong>de</strong><br />
Romanian aluminium producer Alro<br />
plans to invest US$ 50 million over<br />
the next two years in upgrading the<br />
alumina refinery at its subsidiary<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>m. The investment will be used to<br />
BAUXITE AND ALUMINA<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rnise the main production facilities<br />
at <strong>Alu</strong>m, to cut the consumption<br />
of materials and energy, upgra<strong>de</strong> the<br />
thermal power plant and to align the<br />
plant to European labour environment<br />
protection standards. The work<br />
will involve a temporary complete<br />
shutdown of the plant. The upgra<strong>de</strong><br />
will lift capacity at the refinery from<br />
500,000 to 600,000 tpy. Beyond that,<br />
Alro aims to increase capacity to 1<br />
million tpy by 2010.<br />
Iamgold to sell bauxite assets<br />
to Bosai for US$ 46m<br />
Toronto-based Iamgold Corp has<br />
signed a <strong>de</strong>al with Chinese alumina<br />
producer Bosai Minerals Group to<br />
sell its bauxite assets for US$ 46 million.<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>r the agreement, Iamgold<br />
will sell interests in Omai Bauxite<br />
Mining Inc and Omai Services Inc<br />
to Bosai for approx. US$ 28 million<br />
in cash. Bosai will also assume US$<br />
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�
COMPANY NEWS<br />
18 million in third-party <strong>de</strong>bt. If the<br />
<strong>de</strong>al is approved by regulatory authorities,<br />
the transaction took place on<br />
31 December 2006. The sale is consistent<br />
with Iamgold’s aim to focus<br />
on its core assets. Bosai – based in<br />
southwest Chongqing province to the<br />
east of Sichuan – plans to double its<br />
200,000 tpy alumina refining capacity<br />
to 400,000 tpy within the next two to<br />
three years.<br />
BHP in talks to take a third of<br />
Global’s US$ 2.8b alumina refinery<br />
project<br />
BHP Billiton has begun talks with<br />
Global <strong>Alu</strong>mina Corp to take a 33.3<br />
per cent equity stake in its US$ 2.8<br />
billion alumina refinery project in<br />
Guinea. BHP would assume the role<br />
of project manager and operator and<br />
will lend as much as US$ 50 million<br />
to Global <strong>Alu</strong>mina to help fund a feasibility<br />
study. Un<strong>de</strong>r the agreement,<br />
Global <strong>Alu</strong>mina and BHP would each<br />
own a third of the project, Dubal one<br />
quarter, with Mubadala Development<br />
Co taking one-twelfth. If the transition<br />
goes ahead, the potential partners<br />
would receive shares in Global <strong>Alu</strong>mina<br />
and reach separate sharehol<strong>de</strong>r,<br />
project-management and off-take agreements.<br />
BHP, Dubal and Mubadala<br />
Development Co have agreed to<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> US$ 100 million of interim<br />
financing for the project, which will<br />
be guaranteed by Global <strong>Alu</strong>mina and<br />
Guinea <strong>Alu</strong>mina. The refinery, to be<br />
built at the inland town of Boké, is<br />
scheduled to come on stream in the<br />
first half of 2009.<br />
�<br />
Secondary aluminium smelting<br />
and recycling activities<br />
Hydro Deesi<strong>de</strong> aims to boost<br />
sales to offset energy costs<br />
Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium Deesi<strong>de</strong> plans to<br />
lift production to 55,000 tpy to boost<br />
sales by the end of next year in a<br />
bid to offset soaring electricity prices.<br />
Over the past three years, the plant’s<br />
spending on electricity has more than<br />
doubled. Currently the plant pays 4.6<br />
pence per night unit and 7 pence per<br />
day unit. Deesi<strong>de</strong>’s current electricity<br />
contract is 64% higher than the previous<br />
18 month contract which ran out<br />
in October, while that contract was<br />
60% higher than the one before. The<br />
recycling and remelting plant located<br />
in Wrexham in northeast Wales produces<br />
more than 40,000 tpy of extrusion<br />
ingots. Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium Deesi<strong>de</strong><br />
produces extrusion ingot from 90%<br />
remelted aluminium scrap.<br />
Alcan invests US$ 7m in UBC<br />
recycling at Neuf-Brisach<br />
Alcan will invest US$ 7 million in<br />
a special sheet Rhenalu facility in<br />
France to recycle aluminium used<br />
beverage cans (UBC). The new capacity<br />
will come on stream by the<br />
start of 2008 and will turn the site at<br />
Neuf-Brisach into Europe’s only fully<br />
integrated UBC processing, rolling<br />
and finishing facility. The investment<br />
will promote beverage can recycling<br />
in Europe. In addition to the Neuf-Brisach<br />
plant, in Europe Alcan operates<br />
recycling and rolling facilities in Singen,<br />
Germany.<br />
RusAl aims for 500,000 tpy of<br />
secondary aluminium by 2011<br />
RusAl plans to produce some 500,000<br />
tpy of secondary aluminium by 2011<br />
through acquisitions and through<br />
building its own production plants.<br />
Such a strategy would see RusAl<br />
surpass capacity of Aleris Recycling<br />
works in Germany, Europe’s largest<br />
secondary aluminium producer,<br />
which produces 400,000 tpy, and<br />
compete directly with Asia’s largest<br />
producers, Shanghai Sigma Metals in<br />
China and Daiki <strong>Alu</strong>minium in Japan.<br />
RusAl has recently acquired one producer,<br />
Tsvetmet Services, based in the<br />
Samara region. The company owns<br />
Resal, also in Samara, which was set<br />
up by RusAl in 2000. In 2005, the<br />
Russian government has encouraged<br />
RusAl to buy secondary aluminium<br />
assets and already RusAl has bought<br />
secondary aluminium assets in the<br />
Rostow, Samara and Leningrad regions.<br />
The plan to produce 500,000 tpy<br />
would give RusAl more than 60% of<br />
the Russian market. It has been estimated<br />
that there are 440 businesses in<br />
Russia that produce aluminium alloys<br />
from scrap.<br />
Spanish secondary aluminium<br />
producer Idalsa in trouble<br />
Spanish secondary aluminium producer<br />
Iberica <strong>de</strong> Aleaciones Ligeras<br />
(Idalsa) is facing a financial crisis,<br />
struggling un<strong>de</strong>r the weight of 26<br />
million euros (US$ 33.4m) in <strong>de</strong>bt,<br />
and sources at European secondary<br />
aluminium producers were reporting<br />
that the company based in Zaragoza<br />
in Aeragon had filed for bankruptcy<br />
protection on 1 November 2006. The<br />
news did not surprise the market as<br />
Idalsa, which produces around 30,000<br />
tpy of alloy, was a supplier to Manzoni-Bouchot,<br />
the French die-caster<br />
that filed for bankruptcy protection<br />
in October. Idalsa was owed some 13<br />
million euros by Manzoni. Idalsa was<br />
set up in 1984.<br />
Scholz buys Hungarian secondary<br />
aluminium producer Eural<br />
German non-ferrous and ferrous scrap<br />
merchant Scholz AG has acquired<br />
Hungarian secondary aluminium producer<br />
Eural kft from Spanish group<br />
Pansoinco SA for an undisclosed sum.<br />
Eural, which has a capacity to produce<br />
50,000 tpy of aluminium alloy, will<br />
probably source scrap from Audi’s<br />
manufacturing plant in Györ and<br />
supply aluminium alloy to automotive<br />
casting plants next to Audi. Eural is<br />
located in Tatabanya, just 60 km from<br />
Györ. Eural is one of the main players<br />
in the aluminium alloys and rod industry<br />
in Central and Eastern Europe.<br />
Scholz is one of Europe’s largest<br />
scrap processors and merchants, with<br />
66 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
12 centres in south and east Germany,<br />
the Czech Republic and Croatia, including<br />
eight shred<strong>de</strong>rs, 38 shearing<br />
machines, nine railtrack crushers and<br />
four cable shred<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />
Century <strong>Alu</strong>minium seeks foreign<br />
partner to increase capacity<br />
Indian secondary aluminium producer<br />
Century <strong>Alu</strong>minium intends<br />
to increase its output to 50,000 tpy<br />
from 35,000 tpy by the end of 2007,<br />
and would like to increase output to<br />
100,000 tpy in the long term by securing<br />
a foreign partner. A time frame<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium semis<br />
Poland<br />
Polish aluminium manufacturer<br />
allocates funds for German buy<br />
Polish aluminium products manufacturer<br />
Grupa Kety will allocate up to<br />
200 million zloty (around US$ 65.2m)<br />
to buy German companies operating<br />
in the extru<strong>de</strong>d products and systems<br />
segments. Grupa Kety is actively seeking<br />
out a medium-sized German<br />
company which also manufactures<br />
and distributes extru<strong>de</strong>d products.<br />
Germany has been chosen for the size<br />
of the market for aluminium systems<br />
used in the construction industry.<br />
Croatia<br />
Croatia tries again to sell aluminium<br />
products maker<br />
Croatia’s Privatisation Fund is trying<br />
to sell the government’s 80.2% stake<br />
in Tvornica Lakih Metala (TLM),<br />
which is the Balkan country’s largest<br />
producer of extru<strong>de</strong>d and rolled aluminium<br />
products. The company has<br />
high <strong>de</strong>bts and a previous attempt to<br />
sell the stake in September drew no<br />
bids. The latest ten<strong>de</strong>r has set a minimum<br />
price of 10% of the company’s<br />
nominal value in an attempt to draw<br />
out more interest. As before, the latest<br />
ten<strong>de</strong>r notice stimulates that any<br />
potential buyer must maintain the<br />
company’s core business, commit to<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
was not given for that additional expansion.<br />
India represents one of the<br />
most attractive aluminium recycling<br />
opportunities in the world. Recycled<br />
aluminium consumption in India, driven<br />
by the automotive sector, is set to<br />
boom in the next four years. Demand<br />
for recycled aluminium from automotive<br />
manufacturers is likely to increase<br />
in India to some 350,000 tpy by 2010<br />
from 93,700 tpy, and consumption<br />
in the general engineering industry,<br />
such as components for washing machines,<br />
is forecast to more than treble<br />
to 87,500 tpy from 23,500 tpy. India’s<br />
domestic production of 200,000 tpy is<br />
well below those levels. �<br />
further investment and keep 1,400 of<br />
the current 1,600 employees on the<br />
payroll for two years after the signing<br />
of a purchase contract.<br />
Bahrain<br />
New foil annealing furnace for<br />
Garmco Foil Mill<br />
Garmco Foil Mill Co., Bahrain, has<br />
placed a second or<strong>de</strong>r for an indirect<br />
electrically heated chamber furnace<br />
with mass flow heating for the annealing<br />
of aluminium foils un<strong>de</strong>r air<br />
or nitrogen. Garmco is expanding its<br />
rolling facility and inquired for an<br />
additional aluminium foil annealing<br />
furnace from Otto Junker, Germany.<br />
The or<strong>de</strong>red furnace is almost i<strong>de</strong>ntical<br />
to the furnace supplied by Otto<br />
Junker in 2004.<br />
The existing foil annealing facility<br />
consists of three annealing furnaces<br />
with a common rail mounted charging<br />
car, nitrogen gas supply system, coil<br />
cooling/waiting/loading stands and<br />
steel coil racks/pallets. The or<strong>de</strong>red<br />
new foil annealing furnace is to be<br />
located in a new extension to the existing<br />
bay with installation scheduled<br />
to commence in April 2007.<br />
Garmco is supplied with feedstock<br />
from parent company Gulf <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Rolling Mill Co. which produces<br />
cold rolled coil and sheet in 1xxxx,<br />
3xxx, 5xxx and 8xxx series alloys for<br />
ALUMINIUM SEMIS<br />
Suppliers<br />
Dubal awards ABB contract<br />
to upgra<strong>de</strong> smelter<br />
Dubai <strong>Alu</strong>minium has awar<strong>de</strong>d a US$<br />
39m contract to ABB of Zurich to upgra<strong>de</strong><br />
electrical and automation systems<br />
at Dubal’s 861,000 tpy smelter complex<br />
in Dubai. ABB will replace five high-voltage<br />
regulating rectifier transformers,<br />
which convert alternating current (AC)<br />
to direct current (DC), with larger units<br />
rated at 86 MVA to increase capacity and<br />
to allow Dubal to combine two potlines.<br />
ABB will upgra<strong>de</strong> existing systems,<br />
including high-voltage cables and lowvoltage<br />
and control cables, as well as<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> control and protection systems<br />
and 250 kA field-oriented measuring<br />
equipment. Commissioning of the new<br />
system will begin in July 2007.<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minij dd Mostar chooses<br />
Wagstaff equipment<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minij dd Mostar, aluminium producer<br />
in Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, has<br />
placed an or<strong>de</strong>r with Wagstaff Inc, to<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rnise their third casting station.<br />
The new contract consists of a Wagstaff<br />
ShurCast casting machine, an AutoCast<br />
automated casting control system, and<br />
LHC low head composite casting moulds<br />
for use on all stations in the casthouse.<br />
The equipment purchased in the new<br />
contract is slated to be commissioned in<br />
early 2007.<br />
Stub milling machine for<br />
NZAS<br />
Stimir of Iceland has completed the <strong>de</strong>sign<br />
of a stub milling machine for New<br />
Zealand <strong>Alu</strong>minium Smelters (NZAS). The<br />
contract required Stimir to fully <strong>de</strong>sign a<br />
stub milling machine able to automatically<br />
mill off excess stub length whilst<br />
the ano<strong>de</strong> rod is hanging in an overhead<br />
conveyor. The automatic stub milling<br />
machine will ensure that all stubs are of<br />
equal length, so as to improve electrical<br />
conductivity, rod<strong>de</strong>d ano<strong>de</strong> geometry,<br />
and removal of cast iron thimbles. These<br />
improved parameters increase electrical<br />
efficiency and maximise both rod availability<br />
and rod service life.<br />
67<br />
�
COMPANY NEWS<br />
a wi<strong>de</strong> range of applications with a<br />
current annual capacity of 162,000<br />
tonnes.<br />
Taiwan<br />
CS <strong>Alu</strong>minium <strong>de</strong>lays cold<br />
rolling expansions<br />
Taiwan’s CS <strong>Alu</strong>minium has <strong>de</strong>layed<br />
plans to expand cold rolling capacity<br />
at its Kaoshiung works on rising<br />
competition from aluminium rollers<br />
in China. CS <strong>Alu</strong>minium had planned<br />
to build a new 42,000 tpy cold rolling<br />
line in southern Taiwan, which it hoped<br />
to complete by the end of 2009.<br />
The plan has now been postponed<br />
in<strong>de</strong>finitely. CS <strong>Alu</strong>minium plans<br />
to make another look at its product<br />
mix and focus more on Taiwanese<br />
<strong>de</strong>mand going forward. The company<br />
currently sells 70% of its production<br />
in Taiwan and exports the rest.<br />
CS <strong>Alu</strong>minium has also a 35,000 tpy<br />
aluminium cold rolling mill in Ningbo<br />
On the move<br />
Alcoa has named Charles D. McLane as<br />
its new Chief Financial Officer effective 1<br />
January 2007. McLane will succeed Joseph<br />
Muscari who will retire to become Chairman<br />
and CEO of Minerals Technologies Inc.<br />
Alcoa has appointed Joseph R. Lucot Vice<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nt – Corporate Controller and elected<br />
him officer of the company. Alcoa elected<br />
new vice presi<strong>de</strong>nts: Kevin J. Anton, Presi<strong>de</strong>nt,<br />
Alcoa Materials Management; Olivier<br />
Jarrault, who leads the Alcoa Fastening<br />
Systems business; Raymond B. Mitchell,<br />
who serves as Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Alcoa Investment<br />
Cast and Forged Products; and Wayne G.<br />
Osborn, Managing Director, Alcoa World<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>mina Australia.<br />
Alcoa has ma<strong>de</strong> several executive changes:<br />
Michael Parker, currently General Manager,<br />
Alcoa Materials Management, will become<br />
Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of that division; Timothy<br />
Reyes, senior Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of Alcoa Materials<br />
Management, will become Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of marketing for Alcoa World <strong>Alu</strong>mina<br />
and Chemicals; William Rice, Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of marketing for Alcoa World <strong>Alu</strong>mina and<br />
Chemicals, will become Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of<br />
in eastern China, which is still un<strong>de</strong>rgoing<br />
test-runs.<br />
China<br />
Private aluminium fabricator in<br />
China plans expansion to meet<br />
rising <strong>de</strong>mand<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>rn International Enterprise<br />
(Nanhai) Holding is planning big expansions<br />
to its aluminium fabricating<br />
and extruding capacity to meet rising<br />
<strong>de</strong>mand in China and in export markets.<br />
The privately owned Chinese<br />
company intends to increase capacity<br />
at a newly acquired 40,000 tpy aluminium<br />
extru<strong>de</strong>r in Chiping, eastern<br />
Shandong province, to 100,000 tpy by<br />
the end of February 2007. The company<br />
intends to raise aluminium fabricating<br />
capacity in Foshan, southern<br />
Guangdong province, to 120,000 tpy<br />
over the next five years, from 20,000<br />
tpy. The Foshan plant produces aluminium<br />
alloy and aluminium bars.<br />
mining. Rice will serve on the Halco board<br />
and represent Alcoa’s interest in the CBG<br />
Guinea Bauxite mining operations; Russell<br />
Williams, Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of mining, will become<br />
Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of mining projects in<br />
Asia, focusing on Asian bauxite issues.<br />
The Novelis Board of Directors has accepted<br />
the resignation of director John D. Watson,<br />
who informed the board of his need to step<br />
down as a director for personal reasons.<br />
Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium appointed Cecilie Ditlev-<br />
Simonsen Executive Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt, to join<br />
the company’s top management team with<br />
overall responsibility for communication and<br />
reputation management.<br />
Rio Tinto has appointed Tom Albanese,<br />
currently Director of Group Resources, as its<br />
new CEO, to replace Leigh Clifford on 1<br />
May 2007.<br />
The Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of Alcan’s Primary Metal Group<br />
for the Asian Pacific area, Marco Palmieri,<br />
has left the company to pursue other career<br />
opportunities. His position no longer exists.<br />
Bengt Lie Hansen has been appointed<br />
head of Hydro’s Russia business unit. The<br />
change will be effective as of January 2007.<br />
68 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
China<br />
Yangkuang <strong>Alu</strong>minium mulls<br />
downstream projects<br />
China’s Yangkuang Ke-Au <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Co is mulling downstream aluminium<br />
projects as Beijing tightens<br />
controls on the primary aluminium<br />
sector. Yangkuang, which operates<br />
a 140,000 tpy aluminium smelter in<br />
eastern Shandong province, is consi<strong>de</strong>ring<br />
downstream projects, including<br />
aluminium alloy and recycling.<br />
The company has not finalized plans<br />
but once that is done, construction<br />
is likely to start within the next two<br />
years. Projects will be at least 50,000<br />
tpy in capacity. Yangkuang exports<br />
the majority of it aluminium ingots to<br />
south and southeast Asia.<br />
China<br />
Kunshan to commission 25,000<br />
tpy foil mill in 2007<br />
Kunshan <strong>Alu</strong>minium Co (KAC), owned<br />
by Hanjiang Group, will commission<br />
a 25,000 tpy foil mill in Kunshan in<br />
eastern Jiangsu province in June 2007.<br />
KAC intend to export the majority of<br />
its foil and Europe is likely to be an<br />
export <strong>de</strong>stination. The mill project is<br />
a first by Hanjiang Group, which also<br />
owns an aluminium smelter Hubei<br />
Danjiang <strong>Alu</strong>minium Co. Danjiang<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium is targeting production<br />
of 101,000 tonnes of aluminium ingot<br />
in 2006. Based in Danjiangkou city<br />
in central Hubei province, Hanjiang<br />
Group’s main business is hydropower.<br />
U.S.A.<br />
Indalex to sell drawn tube plant<br />
to Spectube<br />
Indalex Holding Corp., Illinois, agreed<br />
to sell its assets of its drawn tube operation<br />
in Winton, North Carolina, to<br />
Spectube Inc., Chicoutimi, Quebec.<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>r terms of the <strong>de</strong>finite agreement,<br />
Spectube will acquire substantially<br />
all of the assets of the Indalex drawn<br />
tube business in Winton including a<br />
dormant aluminium extrusion facility<br />
on the site. Spectube will continue to<br />
operate the Winton drawn tube plant,
which employs about 95 people, and<br />
Indalex will continue to supply the<br />
plant with extru<strong>de</strong>d aluminium un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
a supply contract with Spectube.<br />
The Winton plant makes porthole and<br />
seamless tube in alloys 6063, 6061,<br />
3003, 1100 and 6463 and has nine<br />
high-speed draw benches and four<br />
roll straightening machines.<br />
U.S.A.<br />
Start-up of Kaiser <strong>Alu</strong>minum’s<br />
heat-treat furnace at Trentwood<br />
The first heat-treat furnace in Kaiser<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minum’s US$ 105 million Trentwood<br />
rolling mill expansion is now<br />
at full production after going through<br />
shakedown and start-up procedures<br />
during the third quarter. The second<br />
furnace is expected to be on line by<br />
mid-2007 and the final furnace and<br />
new stretcher by 2008. The expansion<br />
had been increased from an initial<br />
US$ 70 to 105 million and Kaiser<br />
would consi<strong>de</strong>r further expansions if<br />
customer <strong>de</strong>mand materialised.<br />
U.S.A.<br />
Quanex <strong>de</strong>nies Nichols unit to go<br />
back on sales block<br />
Quanex Corp., Houston, <strong>de</strong>nies that<br />
is will be shopping for a buyer for its<br />
Nichols <strong>Alu</strong>minum Corp. aluminium<br />
sheet business sometime during 2007.<br />
The breakout of Nichols <strong>Alu</strong>minum<br />
financial results in Quanex’s fourth<br />
quarter earning statement could be<br />
a signal that it is thinking about selling<br />
the business. Nichols <strong>Alu</strong>minum<br />
is an earn-and-protect business and<br />
Quanex broke out the numbers to provi<strong>de</strong><br />
better transparency. Previously,<br />
the numbers had been rolled into<br />
overall results for Quanex’s building<br />
products segment.<br />
China<br />
Malaysian aluminium extru<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Press Metal buys upstream plant<br />
in China<br />
Malaysian aluminium extru<strong>de</strong>r Press<br />
Metal plans to buy a 90% stake in<br />
China’s Hubei Huasheng <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Or<strong>de</strong>r for SMS Demag<br />
CSWA Cold Rolling Co., Ltd. (Southwest<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium), China, which belongs to the<br />
Chinalco Group, has placed an or<strong>de</strong>r with<br />
SMS Demag, Germany, for the supply of a<br />
two-stand cold rolling mill for aluminium<br />
and aluminium alloys.<br />
The two-stand cold rolling mill constitutes<br />
the core of an investment package by<br />
means of which CSWA intends to increase<br />
its cold rolling capacity to more than half a<br />
million tonnes per year. The new mill will<br />
produce tin-can strip, panelling and litho<br />
material for the printing industry. The cold<br />
strip can be rolled up to a width of 1800<br />
mm and a maximum final thickness of 0.15<br />
mm.<br />
SMS Demag is the technical and commercial<br />
lea<strong>de</strong>r of an international consortium.<br />
The supply scope of the company covers a<br />
two-stand tan<strong>de</strong>m mill, three Multi-Plate<br />
plate filters for best rolling oil purity as<br />
and Electric Co Ltd for 360m yuan<br />
(US$ 46m) in a bid to secure raw materials<br />
and electricity for its Press Metal<br />
International (PMI) downstream<br />
aluminium manufacturing plant in<br />
Guangzhou. Huasheng <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
owns the Huasheng <strong>Alu</strong>minium Smelter,<br />
which produces aluminium ingot,<br />
and the Huasheng Electricty Generation<br />
power plant. Huasheng <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
produces 38,000 tpy of aluminium<br />
ingots. PMI is in the process of doubling<br />
its capacity to 43,000 tpy.<br />
Japan<br />
Kobe Steel and Alcoa to dissolve<br />
auto sheet joint ventures<br />
Kobe Steel and Alcoa have agreed to<br />
dissolve two aluminium auto sheet<br />
joint ventures. The two companies<br />
set up the 50 : 50 joint ventures, one<br />
based in the US and one in Japan, in<br />
1992. The US-based company, Alcoa<br />
Kobe Transportation Products Inc.,<br />
focuses on research and <strong>de</strong>velopment,<br />
while Kobe Alcoa Transportation Products<br />
Ltd in Japan manufactures and<br />
supplies aluminium sheet to Japanese<br />
car makers. Alcoa will acquire all<br />
ALUMINIUM SEMIS<br />
First 2-stand cold rolling mill for China<br />
well as a large airwash exhaustair<br />
cleaning system. The new rolling mill is<br />
equipped with state-of-the-art actuators<br />
and technological control systems. Both<br />
stands are <strong>de</strong>signed with the CVC6 plus<br />
technology. Such a multi-stand mill is particularly<br />
sophisticated in terms of technology<br />
because of the temperature sensitivity<br />
of the rolling oil used for the cold rolling<br />
of aluminium. The mill stands as well as all<br />
core components are manufactured in SMS<br />
Demag‘s workshop in Germany. Commissioning<br />
is scheduled for the spring of 2009.<br />
The Southwest <strong>Alu</strong>minium Works is consi<strong>de</strong>red<br />
a technology centre within the<br />
Chinalco Group. It is located in the Xipeng<br />
District of Chongqing, the metropolis of 30<br />
million at the upper course of the Yangtze<br />
river. SMS Demag AG forms part of the<br />
Metallurgical Plant and Rolling Mill Technology<br />
Business Area of the SMS group.<br />
stock in the R&D venture in January<br />
2007, while Kobe Steel will purchase<br />
all shares in the production and sales<br />
firm a month later. Kobe Steel will<br />
also take over the marketing of products<br />
in the Japanese market. Sales at<br />
the Japanese unit for the current year<br />
are anticipated to be less than ¥ 20<br />
billion (US$ 169.6m). �<br />
The Author<br />
The author, Dipl.-Ing. R. P. Pawlek is<br />
foun<strong>de</strong>r of TS+C, Technical Info Services<br />
and Consulting, Sierre (Switzerland), a<br />
new service for the primary aluminium<br />
industry. He is also the publisher of the<br />
standard works “<strong>Alu</strong>mina Refineries and<br />
Producers of the World” and “Primary<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Smelters and Producers of<br />
the World”. These reference works are<br />
continually updated, and contain useful<br />
technical and economic information<br />
on all alumina refineries and primary<br />
aluminium smelters of the world. They<br />
are available as loose-leaf files and/or<br />
CD-roms from the <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Verlag,<br />
Marketing & Kommunikation GmbH in<br />
Düsseldorf, Germany.<br />
69
All illustrations: Signo<strong>de</strong> M ARKT UND TECHNIK<br />
Umreifungstechnik mit PET-Hochleistungsband<br />
„Keine Konzessionen<br />
an die Qualität“<br />
Lange Zeit galten Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>r als<br />
das non plus ultra, um Masseln,<br />
Walzbarren, Pressbolzen, Bleche<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r Profile für <strong>de</strong>n Transport zu<br />
umreifen und sicher an ihren Bestimmungsort<br />
zu bringen. Auch<br />
die Signo<strong>de</strong> Packaging Systems,<br />
ein Pionier in Sachen Umreifungstechnik,<br />
ist mit Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>rn groß<br />
gewor<strong>de</strong>n. Mittlerweile hat sich in<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie in weiten<br />
Bereichen Kunststoffband durchgesetzt.<br />
Vor allem das Hochleistungsband<br />
„Tenax“ aus PET bietet<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Kombination von hoher<br />
Bruchlast und Elastizität einen optimalen<br />
Transportschutz.<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong> ist seit 1986 ein Unternehmen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r ITW Illinois Tool Works Inc.<br />
und beschäftigt weltweit über 7.000<br />
Mitarbeiter in mehr als einhun<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
Län<strong>de</strong>rn. Rund 650 Mio. Euro Umsatz<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n allein in Europa mit Umreifungstechnik<br />
erwirtschaftet. Im Jahr<br />
1913 zunächst als Seal and Fastener<br />
Company gegrün<strong>de</strong>t, ist Signo<strong>de</strong> damals<br />
wie heute ein Vorreiter in diesem<br />
Geschäft.<br />
Das Unternehmen sieht sich als<br />
Technologie- und Qualitätsführer im<br />
Umreifungsgeschäft. Dafür sprechen<br />
über 600 aktive Patente. Qualität<br />
hat natürlich ihren Preis. Gerard W.<br />
Laks, <strong>de</strong>r als General Manager <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Län<strong>de</strong>rvertrieb für Westeuropa leitet,<br />
gibt unumwun<strong>de</strong>n zu, dass die Umreifungsmaschinen<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Unternehmens<br />
nicht zu Discountpreisen erhältlich<br />
sind. „Dafür machen wir keine Konzessionen<br />
an die Qualität unserer Produkte.<br />
Wenn jemand 20, 30 Prozent<br />
unter unseren Preisen liegt, bietet er<br />
im Grun<strong>de</strong> ein völlig an<strong>de</strong>res Produkt<br />
als wir an“, sagt Laks.<br />
Das Aushängeschild unter <strong>de</strong>n Signo<strong>de</strong>-PET-Produkten<br />
ist die AK200-<br />
Technologie in Kombination mit <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Hochleistungsband Tenax: einem<br />
hochfesten und äußerst elastischen<br />
PET-Band, das in seiner 19 bis 25<br />
mm breiten Ausführung eine Bruchlast<br />
von fast 12000 Newton aufweist.<br />
Noch wichtiger aber als die Bruchlast<br />
(die von Stahl ist weit größer) ist die<br />
hohe Schlagfestigkeit <strong>de</strong>s Tenax-Ban<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
Sie ist 25 Mal größer als die von<br />
Standard-Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>rn. Dieser Vorteil<br />
kommt beim Handling und Transport<br />
zum Tragen – etwa wenn ein<br />
Ladung vom Gabelstapler fällt o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
auf einem Lkw, per Bahn o<strong>de</strong>r Schiff<br />
durchgerüttelt wird. Das Tenaxband<br />
lässt sich bis zu fünf Prozent <strong>de</strong>hnen<br />
ohne plastisch zu verformen. Erst bei<br />
einer Dehnung von 16 Prozent reißt<br />
es. Im Gegensatz dazu reißt Standard-<br />
Stahlband bei 0,2 Prozent und Hoch-<br />
Mit PET-Band umreifte Palette Bolzen ... Strapped with PET strip: billets ...<br />
Strapping technology<br />
with PET high-performance strip<br />
“No concessions<br />
on quality”<br />
Steel strips have long been regar<strong>de</strong>d<br />
as the non plus ultra for the<br />
strapping of ingots, rolling slabs,<br />
extrusion billets, sheets or sections<br />
for transport and safe <strong>de</strong>livery<br />
to their <strong>de</strong>stination. Signo<strong>de</strong><br />
Packaging Systems too, a pioneer<br />
in the field of strapping technology,<br />
grew large on the strength of<br />
steel strip. Meanwhile, in wi<strong>de</strong><br />
areas of the aluminium industry<br />
plastic strip has become accepted.<br />
Above all the high-performance<br />
strip “Tenax” ma<strong>de</strong> from PET, with<br />
its combination of high breaking<br />
strength and elasticity, offers optimum<br />
protection during transport.<br />
Since 1986 Signo<strong>de</strong> has been owned<br />
by ITW Illinois Tool Works Inc. and<br />
employs more than 7,000 people<br />
worldwi<strong>de</strong> in more than 100 countries.<br />
In Europe alone its strapping<br />
technology generates a turnover of<br />
around 650 million euros. Foun<strong>de</strong>d in<br />
1913 first as Seal and Fastener Company,<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong> was then, as it is now, a<br />
front-runner in this business.<br />
The company views itself as a<br />
technology and quality lea<strong>de</strong>r in the<br />
strapping business. Evi<strong>de</strong>nce of this<br />
are over 600 active patents. Quality,<br />
of course, has its price. General<br />
Manager Gerard W. Laks, Distributor<br />
Sales Western Europe, states plainly<br />
that the company’s strapping machines<br />
are not to be had at discount<br />
prices. “We make no concessions on<br />
the quality of our products. If anyone’s<br />
prices are 20 or 30% lower than ours,<br />
it is basically because he is offering<br />
a product completely different from<br />
ours”, says Laks.<br />
The flagship among Signo<strong>de</strong> PET<br />
products is AK200 technology combined<br />
with the high-performance<br />
strip Tenax: a high-strength and exceptionally<br />
elastic PET strip which, in<br />
its 19 to 25 mm wi<strong>de</strong> version, has a<br />
breaking strength of almost 12,000 N.<br />
Even more important than the breaking<br />
strength, however (that of steel<br />
is far higher), is the high impact re-<br />
70 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
sistance of Tenax strip, which is 25<br />
times greater than that of standard<br />
steel strips. That advantage is important<br />
during handling and transport,<br />
for example when a load falls off a<br />
fork-lift or is jud<strong>de</strong>red on a truck, rail<br />
wagon or ship. Tenax strip can stretch<br />
up to 5% without plastic <strong>de</strong>formation.<br />
It only snaps at an elongation of<br />
16%. In contrast, standard steel strip<br />
breaks at 0.2% and high-performance<br />
steel strip at 6% elongation. Stretched<br />
steel strip also essentially no longer<br />
contracts again after extension.<br />
A further advantage of PET strip is<br />
that its tightness is maintained when<br />
the strapped material cools down –<br />
stripping is often carried out at 70 °C<br />
or more – and shrinks slightly during<br />
this. Or when ingots are stacked in a<br />
1200 kg bundle and the packet sags<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r its own weight. The PET plastic<br />
strip contracts correspondingly<br />
so as to fit tightly again around the<br />
packaged material. In contrast steel<br />
strips have to be re-tightened, which<br />
incurs additional handling costs. But<br />
if the material has left the company’s<br />
premises, its packaging can no longer<br />
be re-tightened if the strapping becomes<br />
loose.<br />
Tenax strip has a number of other<br />
advantages compared with steel<br />
strips. It does not scratch or in<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
the metal surface and produces no<br />
corrosion spots. The risk of injury is<br />
smaller, since it is not sharp-edged<br />
like steel strip. It is 80% lighter than<br />
steel, which reduces freight charges,<br />
and it occupies up to 50% less storage<br />
space. And it does not have to be<br />
removed when the ingot packs are<br />
transferred to the melting furnace.<br />
Tests have shown that a typical ingot<br />
bundle of 980 kg (with about 50 g of<br />
Tenax strip) produces a total of 0.03%<br />
ash. This has no adverse effect at all<br />
on the metal quality.<br />
The centrepiece of Signo<strong>de</strong> strapping<br />
machines is the AK strapping<br />
head. This was <strong>de</strong>veloped as early as<br />
the 1980s: as the AK100 first for steel<br />
strips and then as the AK200 for plastic,<br />
and in the mid-1990s then for polyester.<br />
The AK200-HD head enables<br />
a tightening tension of up to 6000 N.<br />
“No other strapping head on the market<br />
can do that”, stresses Laks, who<br />
has looked after business with the �<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
... und Stangen ... and bars<br />
leistungs-Stahlband bei sechs Prozent<br />
Dehnung. Ge<strong>de</strong>hntes Stahlband zieht<br />
sich zu<strong>de</strong>m grundsätzlich nicht mehr<br />
zusammen.<br />
Der Vorteil <strong>de</strong>s PET-Ban<strong>de</strong>s besteht<br />
auch darin, dass die Spannung erhalten<br />
bleibt, wenn das umreifte Material<br />
abkühlt – oft wird bei 70 °C und mehr<br />
umreift – und dabei leicht schrumpft.<br />
O<strong>de</strong>r wenn Masseln zu einem Bün<strong>de</strong>l<br />
von 1.200 kg gestapelt wer<strong>de</strong>n und<br />
sich das Paket unter seinem Eigengewicht<br />
staucht. Das PET-Kunststoffband<br />
zieht sich entsprechend zusammen,<br />
so dass es weiterhin eng um das<br />
verpackte Material liegt. Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>r<br />
müssen dagegen nachgespannt wer<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
was zusätzliche Handlingkosten<br />
verursacht. Hat das Material <strong>de</strong>n Firmenhof<br />
verlassen, kann jedoch nichts<br />
mehr an <strong>de</strong>r Verpackung nachgezurrt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n, falls die Umreifung sich lockert.<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
Tenaxband bietet eine Reihe weitere<br />
Vorteile gegenüber Stahlband. Es<br />
verkratzt nicht die Metalloberfläche,<br />
kerbt sich nicht ein und verursacht<br />
keine Korrosionsflecken. Die Verletzungsgefahr<br />
ist geringer, da es nicht<br />
scharfkantig wie Stahlband ist. Es ist<br />
80 Prozent leichter als Stahl, was die<br />
Frachtkosten verringert, und beansprucht<br />
bis zu 50 Prozent weniger<br />
Lagerraum. Und es muss nicht entfernt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n, wenn die Masselpakete<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n Schmelzofen kommen. Tests<br />
haben gezeigt, dass ein typisches<br />
Masselbün<strong>de</strong>l von 980 kg (mit ca. 50<br />
Gramm Tenaxband) insgesamt 0,03<br />
Prozent Asche hinterlässt. Die Metallqualität<br />
wird dadurch in keinster<br />
Weise beeinträchtigt.<br />
Das Herzstück <strong>de</strong>r Signo<strong>de</strong>-Umreifungsanlagen<br />
ist <strong>de</strong>r AK-Umreifungskopf.<br />
Entwickelt wur<strong>de</strong> er bereits in<br />
<strong>de</strong>n 1980er Jahren: als AK100 �<br />
71
MARKT UND TECHNIK<br />
Begutachtung eines Masselbün<strong>de</strong>l nach einem Falltest<br />
Assessment of an ingot pack after a fall test<br />
zunächst für Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>r, als AK200<br />
anschließend für Kunststoff, Mitte<br />
<strong>de</strong>r 1990er Jahre dann für Polyester.<br />
Der AK200-HD-Kopf leistet eine Zugspannung<br />
bis zu 6000 Newton. „Das<br />
kann kein an<strong>de</strong>rer Umreifungskopf<br />
im Markt“, betont Laks, <strong>de</strong>r seit 1996<br />
das Geschäft mit <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
betreut. Ähnlich anspruchsvoll<br />
sind auch die Leistungswerte für <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Verschluss. Das patentierte Z-Weld<br />
Verschlussverfahren garantiert eine<br />
Verschlussstärke von 90 Prozent.<br />
Dieser Vorteil ergibt sich daraus,<br />
dass Signo<strong>de</strong> nicht weg-, son<strong>de</strong>rn lastabhängig<br />
umreift. Eine wegabhängige<br />
Umreifung hat <strong>de</strong>n Nachteil, dass<br />
die Bespannung stoppt, sobald ein<br />
Gegendruck erfolgt. Demgegenüber<br />
wird das Band bei <strong>de</strong>r lastabhängigen<br />
Umreifung so lange gezogen, bis eine<br />
leichte Dehnung erfolgt. Erst dann<br />
wird das Band unter hohem Druck<br />
verschlossen.<br />
Das Umreifungsband wird ebenso<br />
wie die Maschinen von Signo<strong>de</strong> selbst<br />
produziert, und zwar in England und<br />
Finnland. Für Tenaxband verwen<strong>de</strong>t<br />
man „jungfräuliches“ Material, damit<br />
die Elastizität in vollem Umfang<br />
gewährleistet ist. Recyclingmaterial<br />
kommt nur bei Standardband mit zum<br />
Einsatz. Die Zutaten zur Bandherstellung<br />
bleiben ein Geheimnis weniger<br />
„Küchenchefs“, so wohlbehütet wie<br />
die Rezeptur von Coca-Cola. Man will<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Wettbewerb ja nicht unbedingt<br />
schlauer machen als nötig.<br />
Ähnliches gilt für die<br />
Fertigung <strong>de</strong>s AK-200-<br />
Kopfes, <strong>de</strong>r ausschließlich<br />
in Dinslaken produziert<br />
wird. An diesem Signo<strong>de</strong>-<br />
Standort erfolgte die Entwicklung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s AK-Kopfs,<br />
hier sind rund 300 Mitarbeiter<br />
beschäftigt, hier wird<br />
das Fertigungs-Knowhow<br />
gebün<strong>de</strong>lt.<br />
In <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n die ersten zwei<br />
Maschinen mit AK200-<br />
Kopf 1996 bei Alcan Isal<br />
in Island zum Umreifen<br />
von Masseln und Barren<br />
bis mittlerweile 30 Tonnen<br />
aufgestellt. Für sehr schwere<br />
Güter wie Bolzen kommt<br />
PET-Tenaxband in <strong>de</strong>r Breite<br />
von 19 bis 25 mm zum Einsatz. Für<br />
Bolzen wird 25 mm breites Band verwen<strong>de</strong>t,<br />
für das Verpacken von Masseln<br />
reicht dagegen 19 mm breites<br />
Hochleistungsband. Bei weniger hohen<br />
Ansprüchen (z. B. für Profilverpackungen)<br />
wird PET-Standardband<br />
in Breiten zwischen 12 und 16 mm<br />
verwen<strong>de</strong>t.<br />
Mehr als 2.600 AK-Köpfe sind mittlerweile<br />
weltweit und branchenübergreifend<br />
im Markt. „Und je<strong>de</strong> Woche<br />
kommen weitere hinzu“, so Laks. 890<br />
davon sind AK200-Köpfe für Polyesterband.<br />
In <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
sind etwa 155 AK200-Köpfe im Einsatz.<br />
Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium ist laut Laks<br />
komplett mit Signo<strong>de</strong>-Maschinen<br />
bzw. AK200-HD-Köpfen ausgerüstet,<br />
die in Umreifungsmaschinen für<br />
Stahlband nachgerüstet wur<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Auslieferungen <strong>de</strong>r vergangenen<br />
Monate betreffen unter an<strong>de</strong>rem <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Verkauf von AK200 19mm-Anlagen<br />
für Masseln nach Albras in Brasilien.<br />
Alba Bahrain hat neue AK200-HD-<br />
Anlagen in Auftrag gegeben. CBA or<strong>de</strong>rte<br />
für seine brasilianische Hütte<br />
eine Kombimaschine mit AK100/200-<br />
Köpfen, die für 25 mm Stahl- und 19<br />
mm Polyesterband ausgelegt ist. Eine<br />
Umstellung von PET auf Stahlband<br />
kann übrigens innerhalb von 15 Minuten<br />
erfolgen, <strong>de</strong>nn die Bauart <strong>de</strong>r<br />
AK100- und 200-Köpfe ist i<strong>de</strong>ntisch.<br />
An Assan <strong>Alu</strong>minium in <strong>de</strong>r Türkei<br />
ging eine Stahlbandanlage für Coils,<br />
aluminium industry since 1996. Similarly<br />
impressive are the performance<br />
figures for the closure. The patented<br />
Z-weld closure process guarantees a<br />
closure strength of 90%.<br />
This advantage stems from the fact<br />
that Signo<strong>de</strong> straps not in a path-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
but in a load-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt way.<br />
Path-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt strapping has the disadvantage<br />
that the tightening stops as<br />
soon as there is a counter-pressure.<br />
In contrast, during load-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
strapping the strip is tensioned until<br />
a slight extension takes place. Only<br />
then is the strap sealed un<strong>de</strong>r high<br />
pressure.<br />
Both the strapping strips and the<br />
machines are produced by Signo<strong>de</strong><br />
itself, in England and Finland. For<br />
Tenax strip “virgin” material is used,<br />
to guarantee the full extent of its elasticity.<br />
Recycled material is only ever<br />
used for standard strip. The ingredients<br />
for strip production remain a secret<br />
between a few “master-chefs”, as<br />
well-protected as the recipe for Coca-<br />
Cola. One does not want to make the<br />
competition any more cunning than<br />
necessary.<br />
The same applies to the production<br />
of the AK200 head, which is ma<strong>de</strong> exclusively<br />
in Dinslaken. The AK head<br />
was <strong>de</strong>veloped at the Signo<strong>de</strong> site in<br />
Dinslaken, where 300 people are employed<br />
and all the production knowhow<br />
is concentrated.<br />
In the aluminium industry the<br />
first two machines with AK200 heads<br />
were set up in 1996 at Alcan Isal in<br />
Iceland for strapping ingots and bars<br />
now up to 30 tonnes. For very heavy<br />
goods such as billets PET Tenax strip<br />
of width 19 to 25 mm is used. For billets<br />
25 mm strip is used, while in contrast<br />
19 mm high-performance strip is<br />
enough for packing ingots. In less <strong>de</strong>manding<br />
cases (e.g. for section packing)<br />
PET standard strip from 12 to 16<br />
mm wi<strong>de</strong> is used.<br />
Meanwhile, more than 2,600 AK<br />
heads have been marketed worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />
and in many branches. “And the<br />
number is increasing every week”, says<br />
Laks. 890 of them are AK200 heads<br />
for polyester strip. In the aluminium<br />
industry about 155 AK200 heads are<br />
in use. According to Laks Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
is completely equipped with<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong> machines and AK200 heads,<br />
72 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
etrofitted in strapping machines for<br />
steel strip.<br />
Deliveries in the last few months<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong> for example the sale of AK200<br />
19 mm units for ingots to Albras in<br />
Brazil. Alba Bahrain has or<strong>de</strong>red new<br />
AK200-HD units. For its Brazilian<br />
smelter CBA or<strong>de</strong>red a combination<br />
machine with AK100/200 heads, <strong>de</strong>signed<br />
for 25 mm steel and 19 mm<br />
polyester strips. Besi<strong>de</strong>s, conversion<br />
from PET to steel strips can take place<br />
within 15 minutes, since the structure<br />
of the AK100 and AK200 heads is<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntical. A steel strip unit for coils to<br />
be heat treated has gone to Assan <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
in Turkey. Dubal is currently<br />
converting from steel to plastic.<br />
The remaining approximately<br />
1,700 aggregates sold are AK100<br />
heads for steel strips. Many have been<br />
giving good service day after day for<br />
over 20 years. Occasionally they are<br />
cleaned and maintained, or a bla<strong>de</strong><br />
or conveyor wheel has to be replaced.<br />
There are, however, hardly any other<br />
parts affected by wear. According to<br />
Laks, at 2,000 to 2,500 euros per year<br />
maintenance costs are the lowest on<br />
the market. This is also because the<br />
technical components are on the outsi<strong>de</strong><br />
of the head and therefore easy<br />
to reach.<br />
It might be thought that such reliability<br />
is not very good for business,<br />
since ultimately one wants to sell machines.<br />
But the company stays true<br />
to its philosophy, which can be expressed<br />
as, “How can we improve our<br />
work today for the sake of tomorrow”.<br />
Improve, in or<strong>de</strong>r to make the customer’s<br />
work easier, save costs, and<br />
ensure that the goods arrive at their<br />
<strong>de</strong>stination undamaged. That pays<br />
in the long term. As Laks explains,<br />
“Since the customers are happy with<br />
the machine, we ensure long-term<br />
sales of the associated strip”.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s, <strong>de</strong>mand is increasing continually.<br />
Laks reports that business<br />
with the AK heads is going well. So<br />
far they are mainly used in the smelter<br />
industry. Almost two-thirds of all<br />
smelters use AK200 heads, with an<br />
upward trend since more and more<br />
companies are converting from steel<br />
to polyester strip. “Americans are<br />
lagging rather behind in this <strong>de</strong>velopment”,<br />
says Laks. They are even �<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
die wärmebehan<strong>de</strong>lt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n. Dubal<br />
rüstet <strong>de</strong>rweil von<br />
Stahl auf Kunststoff<br />
um.<br />
Die an<strong>de</strong>ren rund<br />
1.700 verkauften Aggregate<br />
sind AK100-<br />
Köpfe für Stahlbän<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
Manche leisten<br />
seit über 20 Jahren<br />
ihren Dienst, Tag für<br />
Tag. Gelegentlich<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n sie gereinigt<br />
und gewartet, muss<br />
ein Messer ausgetauscht<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
ein För<strong>de</strong>rrad. Weitere<br />
Verschleißteile<br />
gibt es jedoch kaum.<br />
Die Kosten für die<br />
Instandhaltung sind<br />
mit 2.000 bis 2.500<br />
Euro pro Jahr laut<br />
Laks die niedrigsten<br />
im Markt. Auch weil sich die Technik<br />
an <strong>de</strong>r Außenseite <strong>de</strong>s Kopfes befin<strong>de</strong>t<br />
und damit einfach zu erreichen ist.<br />
Man könnte meinen, diese Zuverlässigkeit<br />
sei ein Stück weit schädlich<br />
fürs Geschäft, <strong>de</strong>nn schließlich will<br />
man ja auch Maschinen verkaufen.<br />
Doch man bleibt <strong>de</strong>r Firmenphilosophie<br />
treu, die da lautet: „Wie können<br />
wir unsere Arbeit von heute für morgen<br />
verbessern“. Verbessern, um <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Kun<strong>de</strong>n die Arbeit zu erleichtern, Kosten<br />
zu ersparen und sicherzustellen,<br />
dass die Ware ohne Schä<strong>de</strong>n beim<br />
Adressaten ankommt. Das zahlt sich<br />
langfristig aus. „Denn sind die Kun<strong>de</strong>n<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m Werkzeug zufrie<strong>de</strong>n, verdienen<br />
wir langfristig am Verkauf <strong>de</strong>s<br />
zugehörigen Ban<strong>de</strong>s“, so Laks.<br />
Im Übrigen wächst die Nachfrage<br />
kontinuierlich. Das Geschäft mit <strong>de</strong>n<br />
AK-Köpfen läuft laut Laks gut. Sie wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
bislang vor allem in <strong>de</strong>r Hüttenindustrie<br />
eingesetzt. Fast zwei Drittel aller<br />
Hütten verwen<strong>de</strong>n AK200-Köpfe.<br />
Ten<strong>de</strong>nz steigend, <strong>de</strong>nn immer mehr<br />
Betriebe rüsten von Stahlband auf Polyester<br />
um. „Die Amerikaner hinken<br />
dieser Entwicklung noch etwas hinterher“,<br />
sagt Laks. Sie seien eben konservativer<br />
als die Europäer. Außer<strong>de</strong>m<br />
sind spezielle Begutachtungen<br />
bei Einsatz von PET-Band für <strong>Alu</strong>miniumprodukte<br />
erfor<strong>de</strong>rlich. Da bleibt<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
Zusätzliche Sicherung mit <strong>de</strong>m neuen Signo<strong>de</strong> „Flex Stretch Net“<br />
The new Signo<strong>de</strong> „Flex Stretch Net“ for optimum transit security<br />
also noch viel Spielraum für Wachstum,<br />
sowohl in Nord- wie in Südamerika.<br />
Erste AK200-HD-Maschinen für<br />
Bolzen sind jedoch schon in <strong>de</strong>n USA<br />
und Kanada installiert.<br />
Langfristig dürften auch <strong>de</strong>r chinesische<br />
und russische Markt attraktiv<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n. Dort dominiert noch das Umreifen<br />
mit Stahlband o<strong>de</strong>r sogar mit<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumdraht.<br />
Der Marktbedarf in Europa ist<br />
dagegen weitgehend ge<strong>de</strong>ckt. Zumin<strong>de</strong>st<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n Hüttenbetrieben. Wachstumspotenziale<br />
bietet dagegen die Recyclingbranche<br />
und die Verarbeitung.<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong> hat hier vor allem die Umreifung<br />
von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumwalzprodukten<br />
wie Bleche und Coils im Visier.<br />
Zur Marktbearbeitung wur<strong>de</strong> daher<br />
erst kürzlich ein neues Global<br />
Specialist Team gebil<strong>de</strong>t, das von<br />
Laks geführt wird. Es soll die Kontakte<br />
zu <strong>de</strong>n Signo<strong>de</strong>-Nie<strong>de</strong>rlassungen, die<br />
die OEMs weltweit betreuen, intensivieren.<br />
Außer<strong>de</strong>m soll das Team die<br />
lokalen Key Account Manager von Signo<strong>de</strong><br />
dabei unterstützen, mit <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />
und -verarbeitern Kontakt<br />
aufzunehmen, um sie mit Testversuchen<br />
von <strong>de</strong>r Leistungsstärke<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Polyesterban<strong>de</strong>s zu überzeugen.<br />
Das sollte nicht allzu schwer fallen.<br />
�<br />
73
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
more conservative than Europeans.<br />
Moreover, special expertise is nee<strong>de</strong>d<br />
when using PET strip for aluminium<br />
products. So there is still plenty<br />
of room for growth, in both North and<br />
South America. However, the first few<br />
AK200-HD machines for billets have<br />
already been installed in the USA and<br />
Canada. In the long term the markets<br />
in China and Russia should also become<br />
attractive. In both countries<br />
strapping with steel strip or even alu-<br />
minium wire is still dominant.<br />
In contrast, market needs in Europe<br />
have largely been covered, at least<br />
in smelter operations. On the other<br />
hand there is growth potential in the<br />
recycling branch and in processing.<br />
Here, Signo<strong>de</strong> mainly has the strapping<br />
of rolled aluminium products<br />
such as sheets and coils in its sights.<br />
To prepare the market, therefore, a<br />
new Global Specialist Team was recently<br />
formed, which is led by Laks.<br />
It aims to intensify contacts with the<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong> establishments which look<br />
after OEMs worldwi<strong>de</strong>. In addition,<br />
the Team will support Signo<strong>de</strong>’s local<br />
Key Account Managers in making<br />
contact with aluminium smelters<br />
and processors, in or<strong>de</strong>r to persua<strong>de</strong><br />
them of the effective performance of<br />
polyester strip by means of tests. That<br />
should not be difficult at all.<br />
Alcutec Engineering<br />
German know-how for Russian aluminium<br />
recycling complex<br />
MVS (Mordovvtorsyrio) in the<br />
capital of the Russian republic of<br />
Mordovia, Saransk, has started<br />
the construction of an aluminium<br />
recycling complex with an annual<br />
capacity of 60,000 tonnes of metal<br />
for a wi<strong>de</strong> range of alloys. The<br />
plant concept is based on the most<br />
advanced equipment available for<br />
this kind of production. The technology<br />
is provi<strong>de</strong>d by the German<br />
company Alcutec Engineering,<br />
which also implemented all the<br />
engineering services and supplied<br />
the required equipment. The individual<br />
components were manufactured<br />
in Germany with some components<br />
supplied from the UK, the<br />
Netherlands and France. The steel<br />
structures were also built in Germany,<br />
“since quality control and<br />
monitoring are very painstaking<br />
and therefore costly”, as Christoph<br />
Schmitz, Managing Director of Alcutec,<br />
stresses.<br />
Key equipment for the melting section<br />
are two tilting rotary drum furnaces<br />
with a capacity of 25 tonnes<br />
each, having a cycle time (tap to tap)<br />
of 4 hours. To be able to process all<br />
kinds of aluminium scrap of different<br />
origin the complex is equipped with<br />
Technological <strong>de</strong>tails of the tilting rotary drum<br />
furnace were published in ALUMINIUM 2004,<br />
issue 3, 172-177, and issue 4, 288-290.<br />
In <strong>de</strong>r Bauphase: Einer von zwei kippbaren Drehtrommelöfen ...<br />
In the building phase: one of two tilting rotary drum furnaces …<br />
a high performance shred<strong>de</strong>r system<br />
with adjacent classifiers. Two reverberatory<br />
furnaces, each of 25 tonnes<br />
bath capacity with a melting rate of<br />
3 tonnes per hour, facilitate casting.<br />
The melting capacity is required to<br />
be able to melt no-go production and<br />
clean scrap.<br />
The arrangement of the furnaces<br />
permits continuous casting. A dual<br />
casting line with automatic stacker<br />
produces remelt ingots. To obtain high<br />
quality standards an in-line, <strong>de</strong>gassing<br />
and filtration system is arranged<br />
ahead of the casting line. The neces-<br />
74 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
�<br />
sary plant also inclu<strong>de</strong>s a state-of-theart<br />
gas scrubbing system to complete<br />
the plant set-up. This shows that the<br />
Russian customer regards environmental<br />
protection as extremely important<br />
and makes no concessions in<br />
that respect.<br />
The MVS contract is worth approximately<br />
10 million euros. The<br />
contract was awar<strong>de</strong>d in May 2006<br />
and <strong>de</strong>livery was conclu<strong>de</strong>d a few<br />
days ago once reconstruction of the<br />
shed for the plant had been completed.<br />
“The customer assigned to us highly<br />
qualified staff, with whom outstand-<br />
Photos: Alcutec Engineering
ing collaboration was possible”, says<br />
Schmitz in appreciation of the good<br />
co-operation during the performance<br />
of the contract work.<br />
For Alcutec the Russian market<br />
is very important and is a mainstay<br />
of the company’s business. After the<br />
construction of plants at MOPM, Moscow<br />
and VTORMET, MVS is the third<br />
complete aluminium recycling complex<br />
supplied to Russia by Alcutec.<br />
A further advantage in this was that<br />
Russian import duties are reduced in<br />
the Province of Mordovia in or<strong>de</strong>r to<br />
encourage the establishment of industrial<br />
companies there. A proportion<br />
of the casting alloys produced go<br />
towards meeting domestic needs, but<br />
MVS aims to export the remain<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
With the current investments MVS is<br />
preparing itself for the fact that as the<br />
Russian domestic automobile market<br />
<strong>de</strong>velops into one of the country’s<br />
largest purchasers, castings of better<br />
quality will be nee<strong>de</strong>d. “The plant<br />
now supplied makes MVS not only<br />
Russia’s largest secondary melting<br />
operator, but also puts the company<br />
in a position to compete fully with European<br />
suppliers”, says Schmitz.<br />
Important as the Russian market<br />
may be for Alcutec, the USA and<br />
emerging Asian markets such as India<br />
are also interesting market regions<br />
for Alcutec’s engineering business.<br />
In contrast, it is very difficult to get<br />
or<strong>de</strong>rs for complete new projects in<br />
Germany, where as a rule existing<br />
but largely superannuated recycling<br />
plants are being mo<strong>de</strong>rnised.<br />
“Nobody builds as sturdily<br />
as we do“<br />
Alcutec Engineering provi<strong>de</strong>s professional<br />
engineering services for the secondary<br />
aluminium industry, starting<br />
from feasibility studies, through basic<br />
and <strong>de</strong>tailed engineering, to project<br />
management. This also inclu<strong>de</strong>s the<br />
supply of technology and process<br />
know-how as well as the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
of new processes. As Schmitz points<br />
out, “Our professional service ensures<br />
a conclusive engineering and planning<br />
phase. We strive to avoid critical<br />
interfaces between equipment and<br />
plant selections.” A particular point of<br />
differentiation from the competition is<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
und kippbaren Herdöfen mit Schmelzleistung für MVS<br />
… and tilting hearth furnaces with the melting power for MVS<br />
expressed as, “Nobody builds as sturdily<br />
as we do”. For a recycling furnace<br />
to operate for 20 years or even longer<br />
without problems, for example without<br />
cracks in the external masonry or<br />
the furnace housing, a warp-resistant<br />
steel structure with correspondingly<br />
large wall thickness is nee<strong>de</strong>d. “That<br />
may be somewhat more expensive,<br />
but it is an investment which pays in<br />
the long term”, says Schmitz.<br />
Alcutec supplies proprietary equipment<br />
consisting of tilting rotary drum<br />
furnaces, hearth furnaces, charging<br />
systems, chip drying systems as well<br />
as other tailor-ma<strong>de</strong> equipment for<br />
the secondary aluminium industry.<br />
In co-operation with other firms the<br />
Für die russische MVS in <strong>de</strong>r Republik<br />
Mordowien hat Alcutec Engineering aus<br />
Nie<strong>de</strong>rzier einen Komplettauftrag über<br />
zwei kippbare Drehtrommelöfen, zwei<br />
kippbare Herdöfen mit Schmelzleistung<br />
inklusive Nebeneinrichtungen wie Abgasreinigung,<br />
Kühl-, Elektro- und Hydraulikeinrichtungen<br />
sowie Schred<strong>de</strong>ranlage<br />
abgewickelt.<br />
Die Kapazität <strong>de</strong>r Recyclingöfen beträgt<br />
je 25 Tonnen. Die Herdöfen haben eine<br />
Kapazität von ebenfalls je 25 Tonnen bei<br />
einer Schmelzleistung von drei Tonnen pro<br />
Stun<strong>de</strong>.<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
company supplies all other equipment<br />
used in the industry, such as ingot<br />
casting lines with stacker, waste<br />
gas scrubbing plants and auxiliary<br />
equipment.<br />
The business activities comprise<br />
professional services for erection,<br />
commissioning and plant maintenance,<br />
including the <strong>de</strong>velopment of<br />
maintenance systems. One activity is<br />
operational assistance by providing<br />
experts with a <strong>de</strong>tailed service report<br />
in their field. This service enables the<br />
customer to update the methods of<br />
an existing plant or to use the latest<br />
technology efficiently.<br />
The quality requirements of the<br />
different aluminium alloys are stead-<br />
Alcutec rüstet russische Umschmelzhütte aus<br />
Der MVS-Recyclingkomplex ist auf eine<br />
Jahresleistung von 60.000 Tonnen ausgelegt.<br />
„Mit <strong>de</strong>r gelieferten Anlage entwickelt<br />
sich MVS nicht nur zur größten Umschmelzhütte<br />
in Russland, das Unternehmen<br />
wird auch gegenüber europäischen<br />
Anbietern absolut wettbewerbsfähig“,<br />
sagt Alcutec-Geschäftsführer Christoph<br />
Schmitz. Der Auftrag hat ein Volumen von<br />
rund zehn Millionen Euro und wur<strong>de</strong> vor<br />
wenigen Tagen ausgeliefert. Es ist <strong>de</strong>r dritte<br />
russische Komplettauftrag für Alcutec.<br />
„Weitere Projekte für <strong>de</strong>n russischen Markt<br />
sind in Vorbereitung“, so Schmitz.<br />
75<br />
�
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
ily becoming stricter, particularly for<br />
the most important customer of the<br />
secondary aluminium plants – the<br />
automotive industry. Quality means<br />
minimum <strong>de</strong>viations from the target<br />
alloy composition, no or negligible<br />
mechanical inclusions and very little<br />
gaseous contamination. On the other<br />
hand, the plant must operate economically<br />
successfully. Consi<strong>de</strong>ring<br />
spiralling energy costs and the more<br />
and more stringent environmental<br />
regulations, this is becoming increasingly<br />
difficult.<br />
However, the most critical factor<br />
is the shortage of suitable aluminium<br />
scrap. The quantity of this raw material<br />
is limited worldwi<strong>de</strong> and numerous<br />
countries compete to get their<br />
share, with the result that scrap prices<br />
are high. The secondary aluminium<br />
industry is therefore compelled to<br />
process even scrap of low quality, in<br />
other words scrap that is heavily con-<br />
Kippdrehtrommelofen im Einsatz bei <strong>de</strong>r Firma Oetinger.<br />
Tilting rotary drum furnace in use at Oetinger in Germany<br />
taminated by organic and inorganic<br />
contaminants and compound metals.<br />
Clean scrap originating from production<br />
waste or no-go parts is generally<br />
not available to refiners in the secondary<br />
aluminium industry.<br />
One key question for a production<br />
manager is therefore, how much aluminium<br />
is produced from a certain<br />
quantity of scrap. This is expressed<br />
by the metal recovery factor, namely<br />
the ratio between metal produced and<br />
scrap consumed. This is easy to use in<br />
an economical evaluation since prices<br />
of scrap and metal are readily available.<br />
However, sometimes confusing<br />
information is published on recovery:<br />
for instance, a value of 90% or even<br />
higher, although the scrap processed<br />
may have had a metal content of only<br />
70%. So the figures given have to be<br />
looked at carefully. They may be only<br />
valid for a very specific case such as<br />
a plant that remelts clean scrap un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
strictly controlled operating conditions.<br />
Melting such material in a reverberatory<br />
furnace may result in a metal<br />
loss as high as 70%, 80%, or even more,<br />
unless a special metal pumping system<br />
is used. The melting loss may than be<br />
reduced to reasonable values of 2 to<br />
5% of the metal contained in the feed<br />
material. This technology, however,<br />
entails operation with a metal heel<br />
in the furnace, and there are difficulties<br />
in obtaining the requested metal<br />
analysis if the<br />
metal charged<br />
is not very well<br />
specified. In fact<br />
this can only<br />
be the case in a<br />
closed-loop recycling<br />
process<br />
in a downstream<br />
plant.<br />
As is generally<br />
known, the<br />
secondary aluminiumindustry<br />
is divi<strong>de</strong>d<br />
into refiners and<br />
remelters. While<br />
refiners produce<br />
alloys from a<br />
wi<strong>de</strong> variety of<br />
scrap, remelters<br />
produce their<br />
alloys from clean scrap of <strong>de</strong>fined<br />
analysis. Consequently the key technology<br />
for the melting equipment<br />
is different. Reverberatory furnaces<br />
either <strong>de</strong>signed as hearth furnace or<br />
twin-chamber furnaces additionally<br />
equipped with feeding systems for<br />
small particles are used in remelting<br />
plants that process <strong>de</strong>fined clean<br />
scrap with only little organic contamination.<br />
Refiners, in contrast, need different<br />
melting equipment. “The key<br />
equipment for melting at a refining<br />
plant is the rotary drum furnace, today<br />
typically <strong>de</strong>signed as a tilting<br />
rotary drum furnace” says Schmitz.<br />
This technology permits processing<br />
of almost all kinds of scrap and is<br />
particularly suitable for scrap heavily<br />
contaminated with organic and inorganic<br />
matter and for material with a<br />
large specific surface area. Selecting<br />
the proper equipment for the kind of<br />
plant operation – remelting or refining<br />
– is the principle task of the plant<br />
owner and his engineers.<br />
Low metal loss and also favourable<br />
energy consumption are not the only<br />
criteria. Safe and reliable operation<br />
is an important factor as well. The<br />
equipment must be able to withstand<br />
the sometimes harsh treatment by<br />
the operators un<strong>de</strong>r severe operating<br />
condition and must work without<br />
down-time due to equipment failures.<br />
“So the traditional methods of equipment<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign may not be sufficient to<br />
achieve this target and <strong>de</strong>sign methods<br />
used for heavy machinery must be<br />
applied as well”, says Schmitz.<br />
Another factor to be consi<strong>de</strong>red is<br />
compliance with the environmental<br />
standards of the plant location and<br />
the industry. Summarising the above<br />
facts, the plant owner may be hard<br />
put to select the right equipment and<br />
processes for his future plant or plant<br />
expansion.<br />
Further Russian projects in<br />
course of preparation<br />
Professional consulting services may<br />
assist the plant owner in the <strong>de</strong>cision-making<br />
process. Companies that<br />
can provi<strong>de</strong> the required consulting<br />
service should also have proprietary<br />
technologies and a broad product<br />
range. This combination assures clients<br />
in the secondary aluminium industry<br />
of smooth commissioning and<br />
trouble-free operation. Proper training<br />
and production assistance are further<br />
steps for obtaining a plant that is<br />
economically successful. Schmitz is<br />
convinced that Alcutec provi<strong>de</strong>s this<br />
service as well as supplying proprietary<br />
equipment and technology. And<br />
he confirms that, “Further projects for<br />
the Russian market are in course of<br />
preparation”. �<br />
76 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
MARKT UND TECHNIK<br />
Positive Stimmung in <strong>de</strong>r Branche<br />
Deutsche <strong>Alu</strong>miniumkonjunktur<br />
läuft <strong>de</strong>rzeit rund<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utsche <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
bleibt auf Wachstumskurs. Die<br />
ersten neun Monate <strong>de</strong>s vergangenen<br />
Jahres verliefen für die<br />
Branchenunternehmen durchweg<br />
positiv, wie Gerhard Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum,<br />
Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>s Gesamtverban<strong>de</strong>s<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie (GDA),<br />
auf einer Pressekonferenz im<br />
November 2006 resümierte. Die<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumunternehmen konnten<br />
2006 <strong>de</strong>utlich mehr Aufträge<br />
verbuchen. „In fast allen Produktions-<br />
und Verarbeitungsbereichen<br />
weisen die Ten<strong>de</strong>nzen nach oben,“<br />
so Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum. Die <strong>de</strong>utlich gestiegenen<br />
Metallpreise an <strong>de</strong>r London<br />
Metal Exchange übten dabei<br />
allerdings Druck auf die Margen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Verarbeiter aus.<br />
Seit geraumer Zeit ist die Stimmung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie positiv. Und<br />
auch für 2007 bleiben die Perspektiven<br />
laut GDA aussichtsreich, trotz <strong>de</strong>r<br />
zu Anfang dieses Jahres in Deutschland<br />
erhöhten Mehrwertssteuer um<br />
drei Prozentpunkte und <strong>de</strong>r weiterhin<br />
hohen heimischen Energiepreise.<br />
Anzeige<br />
www.inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
Die Be<strong>de</strong>utung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium hat in<br />
<strong>de</strong>n vergangenen Jahren ständig zugenommen.<br />
Der <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbedarf ist im<br />
Zehnjahresvergleich zwischen 1995<br />
und 2005 um mehr als 50 Prozent auf<br />
3,1 Mio. Tonnen gestiegen. Der Bedarf<br />
wird laut GDA-Geschäftsführer Christian<br />
Wellner auch für das Gesamtjahr<br />
2006 erneut leicht zunehmen.<br />
Wichtigster Zielmarkt für die<br />
<strong>de</strong>utsche <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie bleibt<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Verkehrssektor mit 43 Prozent<br />
Marktanteil am Gesamtabsatz. Weitere<br />
wichtige Märkte sind <strong>de</strong>r Bausektor<br />
(15%), die Verpackungsindustrie<br />
(10%) und <strong>de</strong>r Maschinenbau<br />
(9%). Im Getränkedosenmarkt hat<br />
sich die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumdose mit <strong>de</strong>r neuen<br />
Pfandregelung seit Mai 2006 einen<br />
Marktanteil von rund 50 Prozent erobert.<br />
Das ist gemessen an früheren<br />
zehn bis 15 Prozent Marktanteil zwar<br />
ein beachtlicher Erfolg gegenüber <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Weißblechdose, doch bewegt sich <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Dosenmarkt insgesamt gesehen noch<br />
weit unter <strong>de</strong>m Niveau, auf <strong>de</strong>m er vor<br />
drei bis vier Jahren war.<br />
Produktion auf hohem Niveau<br />
Bei <strong>de</strong>r Produktion von Sekundäraluminium,<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumhalbzeug und<br />
Formguss konnten die <strong>de</strong>utschen<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumunternehmen 2006 leicht<br />
zulegen, bei <strong>de</strong>r Weiterverarbeitung<br />
wur<strong>de</strong> das gute Vorjahresergebnis<br />
bestätigt. Die <strong>de</strong>utschen Primäraluminiumhütten<br />
produzierten wie in <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Vorjahren an <strong>de</strong>r Kapazitätsgrenze. In<br />
<strong>de</strong>n ersten neun Monaten 2006 lag die<br />
Erzeugung von Primäraluminium mit<br />
386.700 t jedoch 22 Prozent unter <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Vergleichszeitraum <strong>de</strong>s Vorjahrs. Zurückzuführen<br />
ist dieser Rückgang auf<br />
die Abschaltung <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte<br />
in Hamburg. Die Produktion von Sekundäraluminium<br />
stieg von Januar bis<br />
September 2006 um 11 Prozent auf<br />
596.100 t. Sorgen bereitet <strong>de</strong>r Branche<br />
<strong>de</strong>r anhalten<strong>de</strong> Rohstoffbedarf boomen<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Volkswirtschaften wie China<br />
und Indien, die die Verfügbarkeit von<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumschrotten in Deutschland<br />
und <strong>de</strong>m übrigen Europa bedrohen.<br />
Die 35 <strong>de</strong>utschen Halbzeugwerke<br />
produzierten 2006 auf weiterhin hohem<br />
Niveau. Bei <strong>de</strong>n Press- und Zieh-<br />
Quelle: GDA<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniummärkte in Deutschland, 2005<br />
Positive mood<br />
in the German aluminium industry<br />
Prospects for 2007<br />
are good<br />
The aluminium industry in Germany<br />
is still growing. The first<br />
nine months of last year turned<br />
out positively for the branch, as<br />
Gerhard Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum, Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of the German tra<strong>de</strong> association<br />
GDA summarised at a press conference<br />
in November 2006. <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
companies booked many<br />
more or<strong>de</strong>rs in 2006. “In almost<br />
every production and processing<br />
sector the trend was upwards”,<br />
said Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum. However, the<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rably higher metal prices<br />
on the London Metal Exchange put<br />
pressure on processors’ margins.<br />
Generally speaking the aluminium industry’s<br />
mood is positive. And according<br />
to the GDA prospects for 2007 are<br />
relatively good as well, <strong>de</strong>spite the<br />
value-ad<strong>de</strong>d tax increase (by 3%) at<br />
the beginning of this year in Germany<br />
and the persistently high domestic energy<br />
prices.<br />
Over the past several years the importance<br />
of aluminium has increased<br />
continually. A ten-year comparison<br />
between 1995 and 2005 shows that<br />
<strong>de</strong>mand for aluminium has increased<br />
by more than 50%, up to 3.1 million<br />
tonnes. According to GDA Managing<br />
Director Christian Wellner, it is again<br />
expected to have increased slightly in<br />
the full year 2006.<br />
The most important target market<br />
for Germany’s aluminium industry is<br />
still the transport sector, with a 43%<br />
market share of total sales. Other major<br />
markets are the building sector<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium markets in Germany, 2005<br />
78 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
(15%), the packaging industry (10%)<br />
and mechanical engineering (9%). In<br />
the beverage can market, with the<br />
new <strong>de</strong>posit regulation in force since<br />
May 2006 aluminium cans have captured<br />
a market share of approximately<br />
50%. Compared with the previous 10<br />
to 15%, this is in<strong>de</strong>ed a substantial<br />
victory over tinplate cans, although<br />
the can market viewed as a whole is<br />
still far below its level three or four<br />
years ago.<br />
Production at a high level<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Economic data of the German aluminium industry<br />
Production 2005 2005 /<br />
2004<br />
As in previous years, primary aluminium<br />
smelters in Germany have<br />
been producing at the limits of their<br />
capacity. In the first nine months of<br />
2006, however, primary aluminium<br />
production, at 386,700 tonnes, was<br />
22% down on the same period a year<br />
earlier. This downturn can be attributed<br />
to the closing of the HAW<br />
smelter in Hamburg. The production<br />
by German aluminium companies<br />
of secondary aluminium, semis and<br />
castings increased slightly in 2006,<br />
and in the fields of further processing<br />
the good results of the previous year<br />
were repeated.<br />
Between January and September<br />
2006 the production of secondary aluminium<br />
increased by 11% to 596,100<br />
tonnes. There is concern in the branch<br />
regarding the persistent raw materials<br />
<strong>de</strong>mands of booming economies such<br />
as China and India, which threaten<br />
the availability of aluminium scrap in<br />
Germany and throughout Europe.<br />
Production by the 35 semis plants<br />
in Germany was again at a high level<br />
in 2006. In the first nine months of<br />
the year the production of extru<strong>de</strong>d<br />
and drawn products was up by 9.4%.<br />
This was because of the once more �<br />
Jan. - Sep.<br />
2005<br />
Jan. - Sep.<br />
2006<br />
produkten legte die Produktion bis<br />
September 2006 um 9,4 Prozent zu.<br />
Grund dafür war die erneut hervorragen<strong>de</strong><br />
Exportbilanz <strong>de</strong>s Verarbeiten<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Gewerbes in Deutschland.<br />
Bei Walzprodukten stiegen die Auftragseingänge<br />
bis September um mehr<br />
als zehn Prozent. Zum Jahresen<strong>de</strong><br />
wird die Produktion Wellner zufolge<br />
über <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>s Vorjahres liegen (2005:<br />
1,8 Mio. t). Den Branchenumsatz für<br />
2006 veranschlagt <strong>de</strong>r GDA auf 15<br />
Mrd. Euro (2005: 13,9 Mrd. €), wobei<br />
ein Großteil <strong>de</strong>s Zuwachses auf die<br />
gestiegenen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumnotierungen<br />
zurückzuführen ist.<br />
Verkehr und Maschinenbau<br />
starke Wachstumsträger<br />
Jan. - Sep.<br />
2006 / 05<br />
‘000 t % ‘000 t ‘000 t %<br />
Primary aluminium 647.9 -3.0 495.9 386.7 -22.0<br />
Secondary aluminium 718.3 +2.1 537.2 596.1 +11.0<br />
Rolled products 1780.9 +3.5 1354.5 1318.6 -2.7<br />
Extru<strong>de</strong>d and drawn products 527.9 +0.8 403.3 441.3 +9.4<br />
Shaped castings 727.2 +1.6 557.2 584.0 +4.8<br />
Further processing of aluminium:<br />
Foil, tubes, aerosol & beverage cans<br />
361.7 -0.3 275.9 287.7 +4.3<br />
Sources: GDA, GDM, VAR, Stat. Bun<strong>de</strong>samt<br />
„Auch in <strong>de</strong>n nächsten Jahren wird<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbedarf in Deutschland<br />
kontinuierlich wachsen“, so Wellner<br />
zu <strong>de</strong>n mittelfristigen Perspektiven<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Branche. Stärkster Wachstumsträger<br />
wer<strong>de</strong> weiterhin die Automobilindustrie<br />
sein, zumal hier die spezifischen<br />
Eigenschaften <strong>de</strong>s Leichtmetalls<br />
voll zum Tragen kommen.<br />
Weitere Absatzchancen bietet die<br />
Luftfahrt, beson<strong>de</strong>rs für hochwertige<br />
Platten und Bleche aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium.<br />
Auch <strong>de</strong>r Maschinenbau weist seit<br />
einigen Jahren einen kontinuierlichen<br />
Mehrbedarf an <strong>Alu</strong>miniumprodukten<br />
aus. Neben hochwertigen Profillösungen,<br />
z. B. für Pneumatik- und Zylin<strong>de</strong>rsysteme,<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n vermehrt Platten für<br />
die Kunststoff-Formgebung geliefert.<br />
Die Bauindustrie, die seit rund einem<br />
Jahrzehnt rückläufig war, ist inzwischen<br />
ebenfalls auf <strong>de</strong>m Weg <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Besserung, wovon auch die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbranche<br />
profitieren wird.<br />
Dass man in Deutschland trotz<br />
schwieriger Rahmenbedingungen<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
produzieren kann, beweist die<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie seit Jahren,<br />
beson<strong>de</strong>rs bei Produkten mit hoher<br />
Wertschöpfung. „Dem Wettbewerbsdruck<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Niedriglohnlän<strong>de</strong>r<br />
setzen unsere Unternehmen ein<br />
hohes Qualitätsniveau, absolute<br />
Zuverlässigkeit und große Flexibilität<br />
entgegen“, so Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum.<br />
Die hohe Wettbewerbsfähigkeit<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Branche zeigt sich vor allem<br />
in ihren Exporterfolgen, rund 41<br />
Prozent <strong>de</strong>r gesamten <strong>de</strong>utschen<br />
Produktion gehen ins Ausland. Die<br />
Wachstumsraten bei <strong>de</strong>n Exporten<br />
sind in <strong>de</strong>r Tat eindrucksvoll. So<br />
stiegen die Exporte von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhalbzeug<br />
in die EU-Staaten von 2000<br />
bis 2005 um rund 20 Prozent. Die<br />
Exporte nach Nordamerika nahmen<br />
im gleichen Zeitraum, von niedrigem<br />
Niveau kommend, um 90 Prozent<br />
zu; hier waren in beson<strong>de</strong>rem Maße<br />
Walzspezialitäten für die Luftfahrt<br />
gefragt. Auch die Ausfuhren nach<br />
Südamerika, Osteuropa o<strong>de</strong>r Asien<br />
entwickelten sich in <strong>de</strong>n letzten sechs<br />
Jahren überdurchschnittlich gut.<br />
Branche vor großen Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
Doch bei aller positiven Grundstimmung:<br />
Die Branche steht vor großen<br />
Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen und muss weiterhin<br />
mit Standortnachteilen zurechtkommen.<br />
Die hohen Energiepreise<br />
sind ein Faktor, über <strong>de</strong>n immer<br />
wie<strong>de</strong>r in dieser Zeitschrift berichtet<br />
wird. Die strukturellen Nachteile <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Standorts Deutschland zeigen sich<br />
darüber hinaus in vielen weiteren<br />
wirtschaftspolitischen Facetten. Der<br />
GDA-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt dazu: „Wir brauchen<br />
weniger Bürokratie und eine Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Steuer- und Genehmigungsrechts,<br />
um im internationalen<br />
Vergleich weiter aufzuholen.“ Die europäische<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie, fügte<br />
er hinzu, wer<strong>de</strong> sich nur durch ihre<br />
eigene Innovationskraft langfristig an<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Märkten behaupten. Marktnahe<br />
Produkte mit hoher Wertschöpfung,<br />
viel Know-how und gut ausgebil<strong>de</strong>tes<br />
Personal und eine hohe Servicequalität<br />
seien die Erfolgsgaranten, unter<br />
<strong>de</strong>nen Europa als Produktionsstandort<br />
eine Zukunft habe.<br />
�<br />
79
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
outstanding export balance of tra<strong>de</strong><br />
achieved by processing businesses<br />
in Germany. Or<strong>de</strong>r intakes for rolled<br />
products were up by over 10%. For<br />
the year taken as a whole, production<br />
is expected to exceed that of last year<br />
(2005: 1.8 million t).<br />
The GDA estimates that branch<br />
turnover in 2006 will amount to some<br />
15 billion euros (2005: 13.9 billion €),<br />
most of this increase being attributable<br />
to higher aluminium prices.<br />
Transport and mechanical<br />
engineering – a powerful impulse<br />
towards growth<br />
“In the coming years too, <strong>de</strong>mand for<br />
aluminium in Germany will continue<br />
growing”, commented Wellner concerning<br />
the medium-term perspectives<br />
of the branch. The strongest impulse<br />
for growth will still be the automotive<br />
industry, all the more so since<br />
it is here that the specific properties<br />
of the light metal come fully into their<br />
own. The commercial vehicle sector<br />
could also benefit from this, since<br />
light metal superstructures are being<br />
adopted more and more.<br />
Further sales opportunities are<br />
offered by aviation, in particular for<br />
high-gra<strong>de</strong> aluminium plates and<br />
sheets. For some years mechanical<br />
The German aluminium association<br />
GDA participated as a co-operation<br />
partner at the UN international<br />
conference “Creating solutions for<br />
sustainable consumption and production”<br />
(SCP), which took place end<br />
of last year in Wuppertal, Germany.<br />
GDA was one of the few representatives<br />
of industry at the conference and<br />
reported on the contribution ma<strong>de</strong> by<br />
the branch towards economically successful,<br />
socially responsible and ecologically<br />
acceptable <strong>de</strong>velopment.<br />
The conference was organised by<br />
the Centre for Sustainable Consumption<br />
and Production (CSCP). Michael<br />
Kuhndt, Managing Director of CSCP,<br />
which was established by the United<br />
Nations Environment Programme<br />
engineering has also been using ever<br />
more aluminium products. Besi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
high-gra<strong>de</strong> section solutions, for example<br />
in pneumatic and cylin<strong>de</strong>r<br />
systems, in that market sector more<br />
plates for moulding plastics are being<br />
supplied. Even in the building industry,<br />
which was recessive for about a<br />
<strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>, the aluminium branch can<br />
look forward to gradual recovery.<br />
That successful production is still<br />
possible in Germany <strong>de</strong>spite difficult<br />
boundary conditions has been amply<br />
<strong>de</strong>monstrated by the aluminium<br />
industry for years, especially with<br />
reference to products with high value<br />
addition. “Our companies are responding<br />
to the competition pressure<br />
from countries with low labour costs<br />
with high quality standards, absolute<br />
reliability and great flexibility”, said<br />
Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum. The striking competitiveness<br />
of the branch is apparent in<br />
particular from its export successes.<br />
Around 41% of total German aluminium<br />
production goes abroad. Export<br />
growth rates are in fact impressive:<br />
for example, exports of aluminium<br />
semis to the EU states increased by<br />
around 20% between 2000 and 2005,<br />
and during the same period exports to<br />
North America grew from a low level<br />
by 90%, with <strong>de</strong>mand focused particularly<br />
on special rolled products<br />
(UNEP) and the Wuppertal Institute<br />
for Climate, Environment and Energy,<br />
said, “<strong>Alu</strong>minium is precious and<br />
should therefore be used efficiently.<br />
All the more satisfying therefore,<br />
that the German aluminium industry<br />
in particular is playing a leading<br />
role in the discussion on sustainable<br />
production and consumption. As the<br />
aluminium industry is also aware of<br />
its responsibility and strengths during<br />
the utilisation phase, in GDA we have<br />
acquired a competent partner and<br />
speaker for the conference.”<br />
The newly foun<strong>de</strong>d CSCP is the<br />
new “think tank” for socially acceptable<br />
and sustainable production and<br />
consumption worldwi<strong>de</strong>, so sustainable<br />
ad<strong>de</strong>d value is one of its princi-<br />
for the aviation industry. Exports to<br />
South America, Eastern Europe and<br />
Asia also <strong>de</strong>veloped at above-average<br />
rates over the past six years.<br />
A branch faced<br />
by major challenges<br />
Yet, <strong>de</strong>spite the optimism of the prevailing<br />
mood, the branch faces great<br />
challenges and still has to overcome<br />
location disadvantages. High energy<br />
prices are only one factor, which has<br />
frequently been commented upon in<br />
this journal. The structural disadvantages<br />
of Germany as a location also<br />
emerge in many other aspects of economic<br />
policy. On this, Bud<strong>de</strong>nbaum<br />
said, “We need less bureaucracy and<br />
an updating of tax and licensing laws<br />
if we are to keep up with international<br />
competition”.<br />
The European aluminium industry,<br />
he adds, will only hold its own in the<br />
markets in the long term by virtue of<br />
its ability to innovate. Market-orientated<br />
products with high ad<strong>de</strong>d value,<br />
a wealth of know-how, well-trained<br />
personnel and high-quality services<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> the warranties of success<br />
which Europe needs if it is to have a<br />
future as a production location.<br />
�<br />
GDA participation at UN conference on sustainability<br />
pal tasks. As GDA Managing Director<br />
Stefan Glimm explained, “The international<br />
SCP conference was an excellent<br />
forum for us to continue our<br />
dialogue with important stakehol<strong>de</strong>r<br />
groups on aluminium and its contribution<br />
to sustainable <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
as part of our ‘<strong>Alu</strong>minium for Future<br />
Generations’ initiative.” With its involvement<br />
of many years in the field of<br />
sustainability, the German aluminium<br />
industry has acted as a role mo<strong>de</strong>l for<br />
the aluminium industry in Europe and<br />
the rest of the world. “We have <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
standards for this which have<br />
since become benchmarks for the way<br />
the global aluminium industry does<br />
business,” said Stefan Glimm.<br />
�<br />
80 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
EAA launches new sustainable <strong>de</strong>velopment indicator results<br />
In 2002 the European <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Association (EAA) and its member<br />
companies embarked on a pioneering<br />
journey towards measuring<br />
sustainability. Together with the<br />
German Wuppertal Institute for<br />
Climate, Environment & Energy<br />
and the Versailles University the<br />
European aluminium industry<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped 34 measurable sustainable<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment indicators (SDI)<br />
to scrutinise the aluminium industry‘s<br />
performance during the<br />
period 1997 to 2002.<br />
The SDI cover areas as varied as energy<br />
consumption, emissions, resource<br />
use, product life cycles, employee<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment and relations, community<br />
relationships, health and safety,<br />
management efforts, competitiveness,<br />
production and revenues. The first report<br />
was issued in 2004 and showed<br />
an industry which had significantly<br />
improved since 1997. Now EAA has<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
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released the 2006 report and the data<br />
show further improvements in many<br />
different areas such as emissions, natural<br />
resource use, recycling and worker<br />
safety among others. For example,<br />
health and safety total recordable<br />
inci<strong>de</strong>nts fell 63.9% between 1997<br />
and 2005, while the industry’s fossil<br />
fuel requirements for metal production<br />
fell 30% and direct climate gas<br />
emissions reduced 43.5% for metal<br />
production.<br />
The primary aluminium sector has<br />
reduced its CO 2 emissions by 7.7% between<br />
2002 and 2005. This reduction<br />
is partly achieved through PFC emissions<br />
reduction and partly through<br />
energy consumption reduction. During<br />
this time the semi-fabrication sector<br />
reduced its emissions by an average<br />
of 5.5% per year.<br />
The use of aluminium in cars produced<br />
in Europe has been steadily<br />
increasing. Between 1997 and 2002,<br />
aluminium use per car increased, on<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
for <strong>Alu</strong>minium DC<br />
casting<br />
Drache<br />
umwelttechnik<br />
average, 6.6% per year to 117 kg per<br />
vehicle. Between 2002 and 2005 the<br />
average increase per year was 4.1%<br />
to 132 kg per vehicle.<br />
The building indicator provi<strong>de</strong>s the<br />
total quantity of aluminium used for<br />
building and construction purposes in<br />
Europe. The increase has continued:<br />
from 2.11 million tonnes in 2002 to<br />
2.5 million tonnes in 2005.<br />
The average market share of aluminium<br />
cans in Europe was 56%<br />
in 2005 compared to 50% in 2002.<br />
On average, an aluminium can only<br />
needs sixty days to be recycled into a<br />
new can and be back on the retailer’s<br />
shelf.<br />
The recycling rate for cans was<br />
52% in 2005 according to industry<br />
statistics collected on a regular basis<br />
from European countries. In the automotive<br />
sector as well as in buildings<br />
the aluminium recycling rate is now<br />
95%.<br />
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for <strong>Alu</strong>minium DC<br />
casting<br />
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81
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
The <strong>de</strong>velopment of Russia‘s packaging market<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium processing technology at the forefront<br />
With the planned merger of the<br />
two Russian aluminium concerns<br />
Rusal and Sual and the Swiss raw<br />
material concern Glencore International,<br />
the world’s largest concern<br />
in the branch – at any rate<br />
with a view to the production of<br />
aluminium and alumina – is being<br />
created. The downstream activities<br />
of this group have until now been<br />
less at the focus of international<br />
reporting. Yet here too, in the production<br />
of can stock and foils for<br />
packaging, the group could in the<br />
long term <strong>de</strong>velop into an international<br />
competitor with a strong<br />
market position.<br />
“United Company Rusal”, created by<br />
the merger of Rusal, Sual and Glencore,<br />
will produce 4 million tonnes<br />
of aluminium and 11 million tonnes<br />
of alumina per year and will employ<br />
110,000 people in 17 countries on five<br />
continents. The group will account for<br />
12.5% of global aluminium production<br />
and 16% of global alumina production.<br />
These are impressive figures.<br />
In contrast, the group’s processing<br />
sector is still more mo<strong>de</strong>st, but for all<br />
that should not be ignored. The more<br />
so since over the past few years Rusal<br />
and Sual have invested not only in<br />
the mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation of their smelters<br />
but also in that of their processing<br />
capacities. The technological gap between<br />
Russian and Western aluminium<br />
plants is gradually beginning to<br />
close. The combination of <strong>de</strong>manding<br />
product qualities with locationrelated<br />
cost advantages will make the<br />
forthcoming United Company Rusal<br />
an effective supplier on the domestic<br />
Russian market, which international<br />
concerns are keeping an eye on, and<br />
conversely a competitor in the European<br />
and international markets to be<br />
taken seriously.<br />
In total around 760,000 tonnes<br />
of primary aluminium went to the<br />
various sales sectors of the Russian<br />
market in 2005. The largest purchasers<br />
of aluminium are the building<br />
and packaging sectors. These two are<br />
about equally important and between<br />
them account for around 54% of aluminium<br />
consumption. Third place,<br />
with 9%, is held by the transport sector,<br />
whereas in the western industrialised<br />
countries it is the largest sales<br />
market for light metal structures and<br />
components. Lightweight construction,<br />
however, is not yet a major issue<br />
in Russian automotive engineering.<br />
Russian cars contain a proportion of<br />
aluminium slightly above 40 kg, while<br />
over 100 kg of the metal are built into<br />
European and American vehicles.<br />
In contrast, consumer packaging<br />
has for years been a dynamically<br />
growing sales market in Russia. This<br />
applies particularly to the market for<br />
beverage cans. It is dominated by the<br />
packaging material aluminium and is<br />
roughly equally divi<strong>de</strong>d between two<br />
producers, Rusal Rostar and Rexam.<br />
Achenbach caster…<br />
Imports of cans cover less than 5%<br />
of <strong>de</strong>mand. Rostar, a 100%-owned<br />
subsidiary of Rusal, built its first can<br />
factory with an annual capacity of 1.3<br />
billion units in 1998, in Dmitrov near<br />
Moscow. In 2004 a second can factory<br />
with annual capacity 1.7 billion units<br />
was built in St. Petersburg. There, in<br />
St. Petersburg and Moscow, are also<br />
where the most important can fillers<br />
are located.<br />
Demand for beverage cans<br />
is growing apace<br />
In Russia <strong>de</strong>mand for aluminium bev-<br />
erage cans is growing apace. As late as<br />
1999 the can market was still rather<br />
insignificant, with an annual <strong>de</strong>mand<br />
for about 258 million cans. By the end<br />
of 2006 the <strong>de</strong>mand has increased<br />
by a factor of 15, and in 2006 can<br />
production is estimated at around 4<br />
billion units per year. This headlong<br />
growth will continue in the coming<br />
years and drive can sales up to over 5<br />
billion units. The need for aluminium<br />
can stock will increase to over 90,000<br />
tpy – mainly for cans to be filled with<br />
beer, alcoholic mixed drinks and carbonated<br />
soft drinks.<br />
In recent years the two major can<br />
manufacturers Rusal and Rexam have<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> efforts to encourage this market.<br />
A marketing campaign initiated in<br />
2000 and pursued for five years aimed<br />
to provi<strong>de</strong> aluminium cans with a pre-<br />
mium image. And this succee<strong>de</strong>d: in<br />
2003 12% of Russian beer was already<br />
being sold in aluminium cans, compared<br />
with only 0.4% in 2000. The<br />
success in the market for soft drinks<br />
was similar, with the proportion of<br />
beverage cans increasing by a factor<br />
of 7 to 700 million units. Rusal itself<br />
has a 30% market share of beer cans<br />
(2005). In the first half of 2006 the<br />
company produced 15,927 t of can<br />
and lid stock, an increase of 23.5%<br />
over the same period of the year before,<br />
attributable to the commissioning<br />
of a second production line at the<br />
Rostar works in St. Petersburg.<br />
82 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Achenbach
Trend towards thinner foils<br />
The market for aluminium foils has<br />
also <strong>de</strong>veloped. Total Russian production<br />
in this sector amounted to around<br />
56,600 t in 2005. The most important<br />
sales markets are the foodstuff branch<br />
(33%) and the tobacco industry (29%).<br />
The trend is towards thinner foils of<br />
6 to 9 μm. Global food concerns such<br />
as Nestlé and Kraft Foods are increasingly<br />
turning to the Russian market<br />
and making ever-stricter <strong>de</strong>mands,<br />
for example related to surface quality<br />
and mechanical properties.<br />
Rusal produces a wi<strong>de</strong> range of<br />
foils and foil composites, mainly for<br />
confectionery and dairy products,<br />
tobacco goods and pharmaceuticals,<br />
and technical applications. These are<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> in its two factories Sayanal and<br />
Armenal, which produced just short<br />
of 19,000 t of foils in the first half of<br />
2006. This corresponds to a growth<br />
of 2.3% compared with the same period<br />
in 2005, largely attributed to a<br />
productivity boost at Sayanal. There,<br />
precisely in the sector of strip and foil<br />
production, is emerging a new inter-<br />
national competitor<br />
that plans to produce<br />
not only commodities<br />
but also quality products<br />
whose manufacture<br />
is technically<br />
sophisticated: foil<br />
qualities which need<br />
not fight shy of comparison<br />
with those<br />
provi<strong>de</strong>d by European<br />
suppliers.<br />
Sayanal, in the Republic<br />
of Khakassia,<br />
started operating in<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Rusal<br />
Peter Finnimore, in charge of<br />
sales and marketing at Rusal<br />
1995 and is the largest producer of<br />
foils and composite foils in Russia.<br />
The plant produces strip material<br />
6 to 10 mm thick in widths of 1300<br />
to 1650 mm and then rolls them to<br />
foil thicknesses down to 0.006 mm,<br />
as used for composite packaging in<br />
Western Europe as well. Some of<br />
the material is <strong>de</strong>livered directly to<br />
packaging manufacturers and some<br />
then goes for finishing. Already in<br />
2006 work to mo<strong>de</strong>rnise the rolling<br />
plant began with the collaboration of<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten in Germany.<br />
A main aim was to boost productivity<br />
…and mo<strong>de</strong>rnised foil mill at Armenal<br />
by higher rolling speeds. According to<br />
information from the company, sales<br />
extend throughout Russia and the CIS<br />
states, to Southern Asia, the American<br />
continent and Europe.<br />
The Armenal foil rolling plant in<br />
Armenia was foun<strong>de</strong>d in 2000. In October<br />
2006 mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation of the plant<br />
was completed after<br />
almost two years,<br />
again with Achenbach<br />
as the supplier.<br />
The investment programme<br />
amounted to<br />
over US$ 70 million<br />
and covered the complete<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation<br />
of six existing foil<br />
mills including accessory<br />
and environment<br />
protection equipment.<br />
The mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation<br />
programme inclu<strong>de</strong>d<br />
the installation of “supercasters”,<br />
i.e. continuous casting and rolling<br />
units. Armenal will in future produce<br />
25,000 tpy of foil. 18,000 t of this in<br />
the thickness range 6 to 9 μm. This<br />
corresponds to an efficiency boost of<br />
150%. The Armenal foil production<br />
too need not fear international comparison.<br />
Around 7,000 tpy of household<br />
foil are produced.<br />
In search of new sales markets<br />
Yet, barely has the current mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation<br />
programme been completed and<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
a capacity increase to 40,000 tpy is already<br />
being consi<strong>de</strong>red. The <strong>de</strong>clared<br />
aim of Rusal is to build Armenal up<br />
to become an international player in<br />
the foil market, as Peter Finnimore, in<br />
charge of the Sales & Marketing sections<br />
at Rusal, explained to this journal<br />
at the <strong>Alu</strong>minium Fair in October<br />
2006. His main objective is the quest<br />
for new sales markets – mainly with<br />
the European and American markets<br />
at the focus – and the establishment of<br />
long-term customer relations in Russia<br />
and worldwi<strong>de</strong>.<br />
In the future, the foil activities of<br />
Ural Foil (around 18,000 tpy) will<br />
have to be taken into account along<br />
with the above Rusal capacities. Ural<br />
Foil belongs to Sual and is the second-largest<br />
aluminium foil producer<br />
in Russia. The foil works was built<br />
in 1984 in Mikhailovsk in the Sverdlovsk<br />
region and covers the full<br />
technical range from melts, through<br />
the casting of aluminium strip (0.21 to<br />
0.40 mm) up to foil production (0.20<br />
to 0.006 mm). The mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation of<br />
the plant by ABB in 2004 concerned<br />
among other things the drive and<br />
automation technology of the coldrolling<br />
mill, including technological<br />
control systems for thickness and flatness,<br />
which has distinctly improved<br />
the foil production both qualitatively<br />
and quantitatively.<br />
�<br />
83
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
Audi takes EuroCarBody Award 2006<br />
Award for innovative TT body concept<br />
Audi is the winner of the EuroCar-<br />
Body Award from the Automotive<br />
Circle International for the innovative<br />
body concept of the TT. mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
The sports coupé beat off 13 competitors<br />
from around the world to<br />
take the award. The body of the<br />
new TT represents the first application<br />
of the Audi Space Frame<br />
(ASF) technology with a hybrid<br />
construction, featuring an elaborate<br />
composition of aluminium<br />
and steel.<br />
Audi TT Coupé body structure<br />
This prize pays tribute to the work of<br />
Audi <strong>de</strong>velopers who have again presented<br />
impressive proof, in the form<br />
of the new TT body, of how Audi leads<br />
the way in this field. In ASF technology,<br />
the body‘s supporting structure is<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> of extru<strong>de</strong>d aluminium sections<br />
and die-castings, with the aluminium<br />
sheet panels forming a positive connection<br />
and performing a load-bearing<br />
role within this structure. The<br />
components of the ASF space frame<br />
vary in shape and cross-section <strong>de</strong>pending<br />
on their function – like the<br />
bones of the human skeleton, they<br />
are ma<strong>de</strong> to fulfil their task as well as<br />
possible, while having the minimum<br />
possible weight.<br />
In the new TT, Audi has further <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
ASF technology, and ad<strong>de</strong>d<br />
high-strength steel to the material<br />
mix. <strong>Alu</strong>minium accounts for 69 per<br />
cent of the total body weight. Steel<br />
components are used at the rear of the<br />
floor assembly. The doors and boot lid<br />
are also ma<strong>de</strong> of steel. This provi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
an optimum distribution of axle loads,<br />
making for superior handling.<br />
The TT body-in-white weighs 206<br />
kg, of which 140 kg is aluminium and<br />
66 kg is steel; as an all-steel construction<br />
it would be 48 per cent heavier.<br />
The aluminium components of the<br />
ASF comprise 63 kg of sheet, 45 kg<br />
of castings and 32 kg of extru<strong>de</strong>d sections.<br />
The new form of ASF <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
for the Audi TT has qualities that are<br />
perfect for a sports car. The static torsional<br />
stiffness of the Coupé is roughly<br />
50 per cent higher than that of its pre<strong>de</strong>cessor;<br />
on the Roadster the increase<br />
is an incredible 128 per cent.<br />
Extremely resilient cast components<br />
have been used in areas subjected<br />
to high local forces and where<br />
multifunctionality is required. A prime<br />
example is the A-post no<strong>de</strong> – this is<br />
a high-tech component that connects<br />
the longitudinal member, sill, A-post<br />
and windscreen cross-member.<br />
Audi is profiting from its superior<br />
wealth of experience when it comes to<br />
joining together aluminium and steel<br />
components. Joining is performed in<br />
a variety of ways – punch-riveting,<br />
clinching and bonding. A fourth joining<br />
technology has now been ad<strong>de</strong>d<br />
to the list: self-tapping screws, inserted<br />
by robots, melt the surface of the<br />
component as a result of the friction<br />
they cause, thus penetrating fully into<br />
the material, forming a positive connection<br />
with it. Another innovative<br />
concept used on the new TT is the<br />
aluminium zero joint that is produced<br />
between the roof and the si<strong>de</strong> section<br />
during laser-welding.<br />
This technique also enhances ri<strong>de</strong><br />
comfort by reducing vibration. It took<br />
only a few simulation cycles on the<br />
computer to arrive at a structure that<br />
suppresses incipient vibration and<br />
avoids transmission paths.<br />
In terms of crash safety, too, the<br />
new TT is uncompromising. This is<br />
the second time that Audi has received<br />
the coveted award. In 2003 Europe‘s<br />
most prestigious innovation prize for<br />
body construction went to the Audi<br />
A8. The A8 also has an ASF body.<br />
Innovatives Karosseriekonzept ausgezeichnet<br />
Der Audi TT ist für sein innovatives Karosseriekonzept<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>n EuroCarBody<br />
Award <strong>de</strong>s Automotive Circle International<br />
ausgezeichnet wor<strong>de</strong>n. In <strong>de</strong>r Karosserie<br />
<strong>de</strong>s neuen TT fin<strong>de</strong>t <strong>de</strong>r ASF erstmals in<br />
hybri<strong>de</strong>r Bauweise seine Anwendung. <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
und Stahl wer<strong>de</strong>n hier aufwändig<br />
miteinan<strong>de</strong>r verbun<strong>de</strong>n. Bei <strong>de</strong>r Karosserie<br />
macht <strong>Alu</strong>minium 69 Prozent <strong>de</strong>s Gesamtgewichts<br />
aus. Stahlkomponenten fin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
sich im Heckbereich <strong>de</strong>r Bo<strong>de</strong>ngruppe.<br />
Türen und Heckklappe sind ebenfalls aus<br />
Stahl. Die Rohkarosserie <strong>de</strong>s TT wiegt 206<br />
kg, die sich auf 140 kg <strong>Alu</strong>minium und 66<br />
kg Stahl verteilen; in reiner Stahlbauweise<br />
wäre sie 48 Prozent schwerer. Der <strong>Alu</strong>miniumanteil<br />
<strong>de</strong>s ASF setzt sich aus 63 kg<br />
Blechen, 45 kg Gusskomponenten und 32<br />
kg Strangpressprofilen zusammen. Extrem<br />
belastbare Gusskomponenten kommen<br />
dort zum Einsatz, wo lokal hohe Kräfte<br />
eingeleitet wer<strong>de</strong>n und Multifunktionalität<br />
gefragt ist. Ein Musterbeispiel ist <strong>de</strong>r A-<br />
Säulen-Knoten – er ist ein Hightech-Bauteil,<br />
das Längsträger, Schweller, A-Säule und<br />
Scheibenquerträger miteinan<strong>de</strong>r verbin<strong>de</strong>t.<br />
84 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
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Tel. +49 511 7304-122<br />
Fax +49 511 7304-157<br />
www.giesel.<strong>de</strong> · vertrieb@giesel.<strong>de</strong>
MARKT UND TECHNIK<br />
Kolbenschmidt Pierburg setzt auf AGR-Kühler aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Markterfolg mit Abgasrückführung<br />
Die Kolbenschmidt Pierburg AG<br />
hat für ihr neu entwickeltes Modul<br />
zur gekühlten Abgasrückführung<br />
erste Kun<strong>de</strong>naufträge verbuchen<br />
können. Aktuell verfügt das weltweit<br />
tätige Zulieferunternehmen<br />
über Aufträge von drei namhaften<br />
europäischen Automobilherstellern,<br />
die ein Projektvolumen von<br />
insgesamt rund 300 Mio. Euro<br />
darstellen.<br />
Sowohl Diesel- als auch aufgela<strong>de</strong>ne<br />
Otto-Motoren sind angesichts <strong>de</strong>r stetig<br />
steigen<strong>de</strong>n Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen <strong>de</strong>r Abgasgesetzgebung<br />
ohne AGR-Kühlung<br />
künftig kaum mehr <strong>de</strong>nkbar. Beim<br />
Dieselmotor - ob im Pkw- o<strong>de</strong>r Nkw-<br />
Bereich - gilt das vor allem für die<br />
weitere Reduzierung <strong>de</strong>r Stickoxi<strong>de</strong><br />
(NOx). Eine beson<strong>de</strong>re Be<strong>de</strong>utung<br />
kommt hierbei <strong>de</strong>r gekühlten Abgasrückführung<br />
zu, die eine <strong>de</strong>utliche<br />
Reduzierung <strong>de</strong>s NOx-Ausstoßes ermöglicht.<br />
Das Gruppenunternehmen Pierburg<br />
GmbH setzt dabei mit seiner<br />
Entwicklung auf ein Abgasrückführ-<br />
Modul mit einem neu entwickelten<br />
Kühler aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Druckguss,<br />
<strong>de</strong>r eine kostengünstige und gewichtssparen<strong>de</strong><br />
Alternative zu <strong>de</strong>n heute üblichen<br />
E<strong>de</strong>lstahlkühlern darstellt und<br />
sich zu<strong>de</strong>m die bessere Wärmeleitung<br />
von <strong>Alu</strong>minium zunutze macht.<br />
Der Abgaskühler senkt die Abgastemperatur<br />
je nach Betriebspunkt<br />
um über 600 °C und trägt daher nicht<br />
nur wesentlich zur Reduzierung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Verbrennungstemperatur und damit<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Stickoxi<strong>de</strong>missionen bei, son<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
senkt auch die Temperaturbelastung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r nachfolgen<strong>de</strong>n Motorkomponenten.<br />
Auf <strong>de</strong>m langjährigen Know-how<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Neusser Automobilzulieferers in<br />
punkto Schadstoffreduzierung aufbauend<br />
hat das Entwicklungsteam<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m AGR-Kühler aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
eine Produktinnovation für Dieselfahrzeuge<br />
konzipiert, die sich durch<br />
eine hervorragen<strong>de</strong> Langzeitkühlleistung<br />
auszeichnet. Dies wird durch<br />
eine neuartige Abgasführung über<br />
speziell geformte Lamellen-Rippen<br />
erzielt. Das neuartige Kühlerkonzept<br />
eignet sich sowohl für Nie<strong>de</strong>r- als auch<br />
für Hochdrucksysteme und kann bei<br />
entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n Motorkonzepten ins<br />
Saugrohr integriert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Bisher bestan<strong>de</strong>n Kühler meist<br />
aus zusammengeschweißten E<strong>de</strong>lstahlblechen,<br />
was relativ hohe Fertigungskosten<br />
zur Folge hat. Ein weiterer<br />
Vorteil von <strong>Alu</strong>minium liegt<br />
darin, dass dieser Werkstoff eine wesentlich<br />
höhere Wärmeleitfähigkeit<br />
als Stahl besitzt. So lässt sich bei relativ<br />
kleinem Bauraum eine sehr hohe<br />
Kühlleistung erzielen.<br />
Die spezielle, patentierte Bauform<br />
mit unterbrochener Lamellen-Rippenstruktur<br />
ist optimal, weil die turbulente<br />
Durchmischung <strong>de</strong>r Abgasströmung<br />
durch die Unterbrechungen geför<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
wird. Sie wirkt einer direkten<br />
Versottung entgegen, för<strong>de</strong>rt <strong>de</strong>n<br />
konvektiven Wärmeaustausch und<br />
ermöglicht <strong>de</strong>n Stoff-, Druck- und<br />
Wärmeaustausch quer zur Hauptströmungsrichtung,<br />
was zu einem Selbstreinigungseffekt<br />
führt.<br />
Um <strong>de</strong>n Motor möglichst schnell<br />
auf Betriebstemperatur zu bringen,<br />
verfügt <strong>de</strong>r neue Abgaskühler über<br />
eine wahlweise elektrisch o<strong>de</strong>r pneumatisch<br />
geschaltete Bypassklappe.<br />
Über diese wer<strong>de</strong>n die Abgase über<br />
<strong>de</strong>n so genannten Bypasskanal am<br />
Kühler vorbei geleitet, bis die notwendige<br />
Betriebstemperatur <strong>de</strong>s Motors<br />
erreicht ist.<br />
Beim betriebswarmen Motor wird<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Bypass geschlossen, so dass <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Kühler seine eigentliche Funktion<br />
aufnehmen kann, nämlich die Temperaturabsenkung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r zurückgeführten<br />
Abgase. Durch die hiermit hervorgerufene,<br />
gezielte Absenkung <strong>de</strong>r Verbrennungstemperatur<br />
in Kombination<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>r entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n Sauerstoffreduktion<br />
wird die maximale<br />
Stickoxidreduzierung erreicht.<br />
Ein weiterer Vorteil <strong>de</strong>s neuen<br />
AGR-Kühlers besteht darin, dass es<br />
sich hier um ein integriertes Bauteil<br />
han<strong>de</strong>lt, bei <strong>de</strong>m die einzelnen<br />
Komponenten – also <strong>de</strong>r kühlwasserdurchströmte<br />
AGR-Kühler, die Bypassklappe,<br />
die bedarfsgerecht zwi-<br />
Kolbenschmidt Pierburg<br />
successfully marketing<br />
its EGR system<br />
Kolbenschmidt Pierburg has<br />
booked its first or<strong>de</strong>rs for the<br />
newly <strong>de</strong>veloped cooled exhaust<br />
gas recirculation (EGR) module.<br />
Presently, this globally operating<br />
auto industry supplier has or<strong>de</strong>rs<br />
on hand from three renowned<br />
European carmakers, representing<br />
a total contract volume of around<br />
300 million euros.<br />
In future, both diesel and turbocharged<br />
gas engines will be hardly<br />
conceivable without EGR cooling due<br />
to the ever stricter exhaust gas regulations.<br />
For diesel engines, whether<br />
in passenger or commercial vehicles,<br />
this is especially true of the further<br />
reduction of nitrogen oxi<strong>de</strong>s (NOx)<br />
Of special significance in this context<br />
is cooled exhaust gas recirculation<br />
enabling a drastic reduction of such<br />
emissions. This exhaust gas recirculation<br />
module from Pierburg comprises<br />
a newly <strong>de</strong>veloped cooler ma<strong>de</strong> from<br />
die-cast aluminium - a low-cost and<br />
weight-saving alternative to today’s<br />
commonly used stainless steel coolers,<br />
an option which, moreover, utilizes<br />
the better heat conductivity of<br />
aluminium.<br />
In lowering exhaust gas temperature<br />
by over 600 °C, <strong>de</strong>pending on the<br />
operating mo<strong>de</strong>, the exhaust gas cooler<br />
therefore helps reduce combustion<br />
temperatures and hence nitrogen oxi<strong>de</strong><br />
emissions while also taking some<br />
of the heat off the downstream engine<br />
components. The long standing<br />
know-how of this Neuss-based auto<br />
industry vendor in terms of emission<br />
reduction has enabled the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
team, with its aluminium EGR<br />
cooler, to <strong>de</strong>sign a product innovation<br />
for diesel engine vehicles, one characteristic<br />
for its excellent long-term<br />
cooling performance. This is achieved<br />
through innovative exhaust gas recirculation<br />
using specially shaped fins.<br />
The new cooler concept is suitable for<br />
both low- and high-pressure systems<br />
and can be integrated into the intake<br />
manifold of engines with matching<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign features.<br />
To date, coolers have mainly con-<br />
86 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
sisted of wel<strong>de</strong>d stainless steel sheet<br />
metal with its comparably high production<br />
costs. Another advantage of<br />
aluminium is its much higher heat<br />
conductivity versus steel. <strong>Alu</strong>minium’s<br />
excellent heat conductivity<br />
makes it possible to achieve a very<br />
high cooling effect even in a relatively<br />
small space.<br />
Moreover, the patented discontinuous<br />
fin construction is i<strong>de</strong>al, since the<br />
turbulent mixing of the exhaust gas<br />
flow is enhanced by these breaks. It<br />
counteracts direct fouling, promotes<br />
convective heat exchange and permits<br />
an exchange of substances, pressure<br />
and heat transverse to the mainstream<br />
direction - this having a self-cleaning<br />
effect.<br />
So that the engine reaches its operating<br />
temperature as quickly as possible,<br />
the new exhaust gas cooler has a<br />
bypass valve, actuated electrically or<br />
pneumatically. The exhaust gases are<br />
routed through this valve and the socalled<br />
bypass channel past the cooler,<br />
until the required engine operating<br />
temperature is reached.<br />
With the engine at its operating<br />
temperature, the bypass is closed, so<br />
that the cooler can perform its actual<br />
task and reduce the temperature of<br />
the recirculated exhaust gases. The<br />
effective lowering of the combustion<br />
temperature achieved through<br />
this process combined with corresponding<br />
oxygen abatement reduces<br />
nitrogen oxi<strong>de</strong> emissions to a maximum<br />
<strong>de</strong>gree. Another advantage of<br />
the new EGR cooler is that it is an<br />
integrated assembly in which the individual<br />
components - EGR cooler<br />
with its coolant flow, bypass valve alternating<br />
on-<strong>de</strong>mand between cooler<br />
and bypass operation, and EGR valve<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
EGR-cooler-module<br />
for controlling the EGR rate - merge<br />
into one EGR module. Moreover, aluminium<br />
makes it possible to combine<br />
the EGR module and intake manifold<br />
into one individual component. The<br />
result: an integrated intake manifold<br />
module with exhaust gas recirculation<br />
and cooling system.<br />
By fine-tuning a new welding technique<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped for die-cast aluminium<br />
parts, it is now possible to weld<br />
together all the internal interfaces of<br />
the module rather than use the type of<br />
temperature-resistant seals and supplementary<br />
fasteners employed until<br />
now.<br />
Additionally to meeting the already<br />
mentioned strict criteria there is also<br />
the weight advantage of the new aluminium<br />
cooler. And because of the<br />
aluminium and its inherent corrosion<br />
protection, all requirements in terms<br />
of durability are likewise met.<br />
�<br />
MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
AGR-Kühler-Modul<br />
schen Kühler- und Bypassbetrieb<br />
umschaltet, und das AGR-Ventil zur<br />
Steuerung <strong>de</strong>r AGR-Rate – sinnvoll<br />
zu einem AGR-Modul zusammengefasst<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n konnten. Zu<strong>de</strong>m erlaubt<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Werkstoff <strong>Alu</strong>minium, das AGR-<br />
Modul und das Saugrohr in einem<br />
einzigen Bauteil zu verbauen. Das<br />
Ergebnis: ein integriertes Saugrohrmodul<br />
mit Abgasrückführ- und Abgaskühlsystem.<br />
Durch die gezielte Weiterentwicklung<br />
eines neuen Schweißverfahrens<br />
für <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Druckgussteile können<br />
alle internen Schnittstellen <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Moduls geschweißt wer<strong>de</strong>n, für die<br />
bisher temperaturbeständige Dichtungen<br />
und ergänzen<strong>de</strong> Schrauben<br />
eingesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n mussten.<br />
Zusätzlich zur Erfüllung <strong>de</strong>r bereits<br />
genannten hohen Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen ergibt<br />
sich beim neuen AGR-Kühler<br />
durch die Wahl von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumdruckguss<br />
ein Gewichtsvorteil. Zu<strong>de</strong>m wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
durch die Werkstoffwahl und <strong>de</strong>n<br />
konstruktiven Korrosionsschutz alle<br />
Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen in Bezug auf Dauerhaltbarkeit<br />
erfüllt.<br />
�<br />
Pierburg-Kühlereinsatz mit <strong>de</strong>r speziellen<br />
Lamellen-Rippenstruktur<br />
Pierburg-cooling unit with the patented<br />
discontinuous fin construction<br />
Fotos: Kolbenschmidt Pierburg<br />
87
ALUMINIUM IM BAUWESEN<br />
Energieeffizientes Bauen im Fokus von<br />
Politik und Wirtschaft<br />
Energiesparen<strong>de</strong>s und ressourcenschonen<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Bauen sind die zentralen<br />
Themen <strong>de</strong>r Baubranche.<br />
Kontinuierlich steigen<strong>de</strong> Energieund<br />
Rohstoffpreise sowie neue<br />
Verordnungen und Gesetze treiben<br />
Architekten und Bauherren dazu<br />
an, Gebäu<strong>de</strong> zu bauen, die immer<br />
weniger Energie benötigen. Wie<br />
eine höhere Energieeffizienz auch<br />
von Gebäu<strong>de</strong>n erreicht wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
kann, war nicht nur Gegenstand<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Energiegipfels <strong>de</strong>r Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung<br />
im Oktober letzten Jahres,<br />
auch die EU-Kommission hat<br />
strengere Energiesparvorgaben auf<br />
ihrer politischen Agenda. So überrascht<br />
es nicht, dass die BAU 2007<br />
im Januar in München energieeffizientes<br />
Bauen zu einem ihrer<br />
Schwerpunktthemen machte.<br />
Von zentraler Be<strong>de</strong>utung bei <strong>de</strong>r Planung<br />
und Realisierung von Gebäu<strong>de</strong>n<br />
ist die äußere Hülle. Sie beansprucht<br />
zwar nur rund 15 Prozent <strong>de</strong>r Baukosten,<br />
ist aber verantwortlich für <strong>de</strong>n<br />
größten Teil <strong>de</strong>s Energieverbrauchs<br />
bei Heizung, Kühlung, Lüftung und<br />
Beleuchtung, und dies für Jahrzehnte.<br />
Optimierte Fassa<strong>de</strong>n erzielen dagegen<br />
Neue Energie-Einsparverordnung<br />
Mit <strong>de</strong>r Neuregelung <strong>de</strong>r Energie-Einsparverordnung<br />
(EnEV) zum 1. Januar 2008<br />
durch die Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung müssen<br />
Hausbesitzer einen Pass über <strong>de</strong>n Energieverbrauch<br />
ihres Gebäu<strong>de</strong>s vorlegen.<br />
Auch in Brüssel sollen die Energievorgaben<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Gebäu<strong>de</strong>-Richtlinie ab 2009 verschärft<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
CO 2 -Gebäu<strong>de</strong>sanierungsprogramm<br />
Rund drei Viertel <strong>de</strong>s Energiebedarfs im<br />
Privathaushalt wird für Raumheizung genutzt.<br />
Ein Gutteil <strong>de</strong>r Raumwärme geht<br />
durch Wän<strong>de</strong>, Fenster, Dach, Türen o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Fußbo<strong>de</strong>n verloren. Es gibt damit ein<br />
großes Potenzial, die Energieeffizienz zu<br />
steigern: In <strong>de</strong>n bestehen<strong>de</strong>n Wohngebäu<strong>de</strong>n<br />
wird im Durchschnitt fast dreimal so<br />
bereits heute einen bis zu 60 Prozent<br />
geringeren Energieverbrauch. Dies<br />
spiegelt sich auch im Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten<br />
für Fenster- und<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong>nelemente wi<strong>de</strong>r, die von 3,4<br />
W/m 2 K in <strong>de</strong>n 1980er Jahren auf inzwischen<br />
1,4 W/m 2 K gesunken sind.<br />
Schüco: Energie sparen und<br />
gewinnen<br />
So stellte <strong>de</strong>r europäische Marktführer<br />
bei Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hüllen, Schüco<br />
International KG, auf <strong>de</strong>r BAU 2007<br />
anwen<strong>de</strong>rorientierte Programmerweiterungen<br />
vor, mit <strong>de</strong>nen sich Energie<br />
einsparen und gewinnen lässt: Mit<br />
entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n architektonischen<br />
Konzepten lässt sich fast die gesamte<br />
Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hülle zur Energiegewinnung<br />
durch Licht- und Sonneneinstrahlung<br />
nutzen und hoch wärmegedämmte<br />
Produkte aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Stahl und<br />
Kunststoff tragen dazu bei Energie<br />
einzusparen.<br />
Ein Beispiel sind die Schüco Prosol-Module:<br />
Sie leiten die erzeugte<br />
Energie über ein spezielles Profil für<br />
eine ver<strong>de</strong>ckte Führung elektrischer<br />
Leitungen in Fassa<strong>de</strong>n direkt zur gewünschten<br />
Verteilung im Gebäu<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Maßnahmen <strong>de</strong>s Gesetzgebers<br />
viel Energie für Heizung und Warmwasserbereitung<br />
verbraucht, als gemäß <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen <strong>de</strong>r EnEV für Neubauten<br />
vorgeschrieben ist.<br />
Die Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung hat ihr Programm<br />
zur CO 2 -Gebäu<strong>de</strong>sanierung für <strong>de</strong>n Zeitraum<br />
2006 bis 2009 auf jährlich rund 1,4<br />
Mrd. Euro aufgestockt. Geför<strong>de</strong>rt wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Maßnahmen zur CO 2 -Min<strong>de</strong>rung und zur<br />
Einsparung von Energie in Wohngebäu<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Hierunter fallen z. B. die effizientere<br />
Gestaltung <strong>de</strong>r Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hülle durch<br />
Wärmedämmung von Dach und Außenwän<strong>de</strong>n<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r die Erneuerung <strong>de</strong>r Fenster.<br />
Außer<strong>de</strong>m ist eine finanzielle Unterstützung<br />
möglich, wenn Energiesparhäuser<br />
und Passivhäuser errichtet o<strong>de</strong>r erstmalig<br />
erworben wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Und die unter energetischen Aspekten<br />
entwickelte Fassa<strong>de</strong> SMC 50.HI mit<br />
einem hochwärmegedämmten Fenstersystem<br />
hilft Energie einzusparen.<br />
Corus Bausysteme: Solararchitektur<br />
mit Profiltafeln<br />
Corus Bausysteme zeigte auf <strong>de</strong>r Messe,<br />
wie mit seinen Profiltafeln Kalzip<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>PlusSolar eine dachintegrierte,<br />
regenerative Energiegewinnung mittels<br />
Photovoltaik möglich wird. Die<br />
Solarmodule und die <strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />
Profiltafeln wer<strong>de</strong>n dabei zu einer<br />
Einheit verschmolzen. Die Solarzellen<br />
sind ohne Aufstän<strong>de</strong>rung in die<br />
Fläche integriert. Die robuste Solarfolie<br />
wird dauerhaft auf die Profiltafeln<br />
laminiert. Da die Folie flexibel ist,<br />
können die Profiltafeln konvex o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
konkav verformt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Mit Kalzip<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>PlusSolar lassen sich Tonnen-,<br />
Shed- o<strong>de</strong>r Pultdächer ebenso einfach<br />
als Energiedach ausführen wie<br />
individuell geschwungene Formen<br />
bis zu einer maximalen Neigung von<br />
60 Grad.<br />
Alcoa setzt auf Verbundplatten<br />
Fast mutet es als Positionierung gegen<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Trend an, wenn energieeffizientes<br />
Bauen einmal nicht in das Zentrum<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Marktkommunikation gerückt<br />
wird. Alcoa Architectural Products<br />
präsentierte auf <strong>de</strong>r Bau 2007 u. a.<br />
seine Marke Reynobond und setzt<br />
auf die wachsen<strong>de</strong> Nachfrage nach<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Verbundplatten. 1,6 mal<br />
leichter als Vollaluminium sind die<br />
Sandwichelemente aus <strong>Alu</strong>miniumblechen<br />
mit Polyethylenkern sehr<br />
biegesteif und stoßfest. Außer<strong>de</strong>m<br />
<strong>de</strong>hnen sich die Paneele bei Temperaturschwankungen<br />
zwischen -50 und<br />
+ 80 °C kaum aus. Um die Nachfrage<br />
nach breiteren Verbundplatten bis<br />
2.000 mm künftig noch besser befriedigen<br />
zu können, hat das Unternehmen<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m Bau einer neuen Bandbeschichtungsanlage<br />
begonnen, die<br />
speziell <strong>Alu</strong>minium in dieser Breite<br />
einbrennlackieren kann.<br />
�<br />
88 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Verän<strong>de</strong>rungen <strong>de</strong>r Altersstruktur,<br />
Globalisierung und Verknappung<br />
von Materialien, Rohstoffen und<br />
Energie prägen die Zukunft <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Fenster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbaus. So<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Tenor einer Veranstaltung <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Instituts für Fenstertechnik (ift) im<br />
Herbst 2006, in <strong>de</strong>r die Trends <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Branche beleuchtet wur<strong>de</strong>n. Hier<br />
eine Zusammenfassung:<br />
Als zentraler Trend kristallisierte sich<br />
die Notwendigkeit <strong>de</strong>s schonen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Umgangs mit Rohstoffen und Energien<br />
heraus. Wärmeschutz und Materialoptimierungen<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung<br />
von Konstruktionen seien <strong>de</strong>shalb die<br />
bestimmen<strong>de</strong>n Themen <strong>de</strong>r Zukunft.<br />
Deutschland nehme hier weltweit eine<br />
Spitzenstellung ein. Auch die Fenster-<br />
und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbranche habe mit<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Photovoltaik und mit energetisch<br />
optimierten Bauteilen beste Chancen,<br />
diese Entwicklung erfolgreich zu nutzen.<br />
Dem ift zufolge bestimmen mehrere<br />
übergeordnete Trends die künftige<br />
Entwicklung <strong>de</strong>r Branche.<br />
Techniktrends<br />
Die heutigen Konstruktionen wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
immer vielfältiger und spezialisierter.<br />
Dies erfor<strong>de</strong>rt <strong>de</strong>shalb auch neue<br />
Konzepte für Entwicklung, Fertigung,<br />
Qualitätssicherung und Wartung. Hier<br />
bedarf es einer intensiven Information<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Verarbeiter, Monteure und<br />
Nutzer seitens <strong>de</strong>r Hersteller. Alte<br />
Themen wie Wartung und Instandhaltung<br />
bekommen dabei eine neue<br />
Be<strong>de</strong>utung.<br />
Neue Konstruktionen wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
stärker als Verbundkonstruktionen<br />
ausgeführt, die durch eine Spezialisierung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r jeweiligen Baugruppen<br />
Leistungseigenschaften wie Wärmeund<br />
Schallschutz o<strong>de</strong>r Einbruchhemmung<br />
weiter verbessern.<br />
Das ift ist ein eingetragener Verein, <strong>de</strong>r<br />
von <strong>de</strong>r Branche <strong>de</strong>r Fenster-, Fassa<strong>de</strong>n-,<br />
Tür- und Torhersteller sowie ihrer Zulieferer<br />
getragen wird.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Der Bausatzgedanke, <strong>de</strong>r Komponenten<br />
wie Rahmen, Beschläge, Glas,<br />
Randverbund, Regenschutzschiene<br />
beinhaltet, wird die alten Konstruktionsnormen<br />
ersetzen. Dies bietet<br />
Chancen für eine schnelle und einfache<br />
Variation, Differenzierung und<br />
Innovation <strong>de</strong>r Produkte.<br />
Bei <strong>de</strong>r Wärmedämmung sind die<br />
Technologien für die nächsten fünf<br />
bis zehn Jahre bekannt. Gänzlich<br />
neue Techniken für die Zeit danach<br />
sind notwendig, um zu substanziellen<br />
Verbesserungen zu kommen. Beim<br />
Isolierglas sind beispielsweise die<br />
physikalischen Grenzen <strong>de</strong>r vorhan<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Entwicklungslinie erreicht.<br />
Die ständige Verbesserung und<br />
Neuentwicklung von Solarzellen in<br />
Verbindung mit För<strong>de</strong>rprogrammen<br />
und einer Preisreduzierung ebnet<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Weg in die Fenster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbranche.<br />
Farbstoffsolarzellen eröffnen<br />
neue gestalterische Möglichkeiten.<br />
Gesellschaftstrends<br />
Die Notwendigkeit weiterer Energiesparmaßnahmen<br />
etabliert sich weltweit<br />
mit je<strong>de</strong>r neuen Erhöhung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Energiepreise als Megatrend. Deshalb<br />
sind Bauteile und Verfahren zur Energieeinsparung<br />
gefragt.<br />
Die Solarindustrie hat hervorragen<strong>de</strong><br />
Imagewerte in Bezug auf Innovation,<br />
Design und Akzeptanz und<br />
kann die Positionierung <strong>de</strong>s mo<strong>de</strong>rnen<br />
Fensters als Hightechprodukt mit<br />
höherem Preisniveau einleiten.<br />
Für Maßnahmen zur Energie- und<br />
Ressourceneinsparung gibt es national<br />
und weltweit För<strong>de</strong>rmöglichkeiten,<br />
die Investitionen anstoßen und<br />
erleichtern.<br />
Die Forschungs- und Innovationsstruktur<br />
muss sich in Deutschland<br />
auf allen Ebenen verbessern. Unternehmen,<br />
Hochschulen und Institute<br />
müssen in Kooperationen und Netzwerken<br />
leistungsfähige Produkte<br />
und Dienstleistungen entwickeln,<br />
validieren und global vermarkten.<br />
Dabei müssen neue mo<strong>de</strong>rne Formen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Arbeitsteilung, <strong>de</strong>r Finanzierung<br />
ALUMINIUM IM BAUWESEN<br />
Übergeordnete Trends im Fenster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbau<br />
Umwelt- und Energiefragen geben <strong>de</strong>n Ton an<br />
Schüco International KG<br />
Structural-Glazing-Vorhangfassa<strong>de</strong><br />
sowie <strong>de</strong>r Kommunikation genutzt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Produktnorm und CE-Kennzeichnung<br />
Die europäischen Normen <strong>de</strong>r Fenster-,<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong>n, Tür- und Torbranche<br />
sind weitestgehend eingeführt und in<br />
großen Teilen schon bin<strong>de</strong>nd. Die ersten<br />
Überarbeitungen, beispielsweise<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Fassa<strong>de</strong>nnorm DIN EN 13830<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n bereits in Angriff genommen.<br />
Alte Regeln bleiben dabei erhalten<br />
und wer<strong>de</strong>n präzisiert.<br />
Die Anbieter von <strong>Alu</strong>minium- und<br />
Kunststofffenstern sowie die RAL-<br />
Gütegemeinschaften haben für ihre<br />
Verarbeiter konsistente und regelgerechte<br />
Verfahren für die CE-Kennzeichnung<br />
und die werkseigene Produktionskontrolle<br />
erstellt. Lösungen<br />
für handwerklich strukturierte Hersteller<br />
befin<strong>de</strong>n sich in <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung.<br />
In Deutschland kann für Nachweise<br />
von Fenstern und Außentüren<br />
im Rahmen <strong>de</strong>r CE-Kennzeichnung<br />
das Cascading System (Systeminhaber<br />
stellt Herstellern die Ergebnisse<br />
89
Schüco International KG A LUMINIUM IM BAUWESEN<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Erstprüfung (ITT) zur Verfügung)<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r das Share System (mehrere Hersteller<br />
nutzen dieselben Ergebnisse<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Erstprüfung (ITT)) genutzt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Bei<strong>de</strong> Systeme sind in <strong>de</strong>r DIN<br />
EN 14351-1 verankert.<br />
Weitere Normen und Fachregeln<br />
Die EG Richtlinie 2002/91/EG zur Ermittlung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Gesamtenergieeffizienz<br />
wird in Deutschland durch die Novellierung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Energieeinsparverordnung<br />
umgesetzt. In diesem Zuge wird<br />
auch ein Energieausweis eingeführt,<br />
Fensterprofil mit Einsatzelement<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>n Energieverbrauch eines Gebäu<strong>de</strong>s<br />
transparent macht und bei<br />
Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hüllen in Metall – I<strong>de</strong>en und Konzepte für die Zukunft<br />
European Kalzip Stu<strong>de</strong>nt Award 2007<br />
Die Corus Bausysteme GmbH produziert<br />
unter <strong>de</strong>r Marke Kalzip Dach- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nsysteme<br />
aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium. International tätige<br />
Architekten nutzen Kalzip-Profiltafeln für<br />
ihre architektonischen Highlights. So gehört<br />
<strong>de</strong>r neue Barajas Airport in Madrid ebenso<br />
zu <strong>de</strong>n herausragen<strong>de</strong>n Referenzobjekten<br />
wie das BMW-Zentralgebäu<strong>de</strong> in Leipzig<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r das Imperial War Museum North<br />
Manchester von Daniel Libeskind. Unter<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Motto „Wrap a building!“ schreibt die<br />
Kalzip Business Unit erstmals <strong>de</strong>n European<br />
Kalzip Stu<strong>de</strong>nt Award 2007 aus, <strong>de</strong>r sich<br />
an Universitäten, Fachhochschulen und<br />
Design-Schulen aus ganz Europa richtet.<br />
Der Wettbewerb bietet <strong>de</strong>m aka<strong>de</strong>mischen<br />
Nachwuchs die Möglichkeit, ihre Design-<br />
Neubau, Verkauf und Neuvermietung<br />
obligatorisch zu erstellen ist.<br />
Dieser kann wahlweise über eine Bedarfsrechnung<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r eine Verbrauchsmessung<br />
erstellt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Für Wohngebäu<strong>de</strong><br />
än<strong>de</strong>rt sich gegenüber <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Methodik <strong>de</strong>r EnEV 2004 nichts. Bei<br />
Nichtwohngebäu<strong>de</strong>n müssen die Energieaufwendungen<br />
für künstliches<br />
Licht und Klimatisierung gemäß <strong>de</strong>r<br />
DIN V 18599 ermittelt wer<strong>de</strong>n, die<br />
auch für die Planung von Wohngebäu<strong>de</strong>n<br />
verwendbar ist.<br />
Brandschutznachweise können zur<br />
Zeit nach nationaler Norm DIN 4102<br />
und europäischer Norm EN 13501-1<br />
geführt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Diese sind die Grundlage<br />
für die Klassifizierung. Baustoffe<br />
mit bekannter Zusammensetzung und<br />
bekanntem Brandverhalten wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
national in DIN 4102-4 und europäisch<br />
in „CWFT-Listen“ beschrieben.<br />
Markttrends<br />
Deutschland nimmt weltweit die<br />
Führungsrolle in <strong>de</strong>r Bau- und Wohnungstechnologie<br />
ein. Dies bietet beste<br />
Chancen auch für die Fenster- und<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbranche, aktiv zu wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Eine klare Unterscheidung <strong>de</strong>r Produkte<br />
in einfache Konstruktionen, die<br />
Min<strong>de</strong>stanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen erfüllen, und<br />
vorstellungen und innovativen I<strong>de</strong>en für<br />
zukünftige Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hüllen im Kontext mo<strong>de</strong>rner<br />
architektonischer Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen zu<br />
entwickeln. Stu<strong>de</strong>nten <strong>de</strong>r Fachrichtungen<br />
Architektur und Design können ihre Vorschläge<br />
zu folgen<strong>de</strong>n Themen einreichen:<br />
• Fassa<strong>de</strong><br />
• Dach<br />
• Hybridmaterialien<br />
• Optimierung bestehen<strong>de</strong>r Systeme.<br />
Die Aufgabe steht im Spannungsfeld ganz<br />
unterschiedlicher Aspekte wie Ökologie,<br />
(Licht)Durchlässigkeit, Geometrien, Oberflächenstruktur,<br />
Anpassung an die (natürliche)<br />
Umgebung, Vielseitigkeit o<strong>de</strong>r Standardi-<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rne Hightechfenster macht das<br />
Angebot verständlicher. Hightechfenster<br />
mit Zusatznutzen sowie höchster<br />
Qualität und Gebrauchstauglichkeit<br />
eröffnen Chancen für ein Hochpreissegment.<br />
Prestigeprojekte und Events wie<br />
die Fußballweltmeisterschaft in<br />
Deutschland o<strong>de</strong>r die Olympia<strong>de</strong> in<br />
Peking o<strong>de</strong>r London wirken wie Katalysatoren<br />
für innovatives Bauen.<br />
Leistungsfähige Unternehmen können<br />
hier direkt Aufträge generieren.<br />
Kleinere Unternehmen können diese<br />
durch einen Imagetransfer für <strong>de</strong>n eigenen<br />
Markt nutzen.<br />
Deutschland und Europa sind in<br />
vielen ökologischen Marktsegmenten<br />
Weltmarktführer. Innovativen Herstellern<br />
von Fenster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>ntechnologien<br />
bieten sich so Chancen<br />
in interessanten lokalen Wachstumsmärkten<br />
wie London, Kalifornien<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r Peking, in <strong>de</strong>nen ökologische<br />
Standards immer stärker gefor<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Zukunftsstudien bieten wichtige<br />
Hinweise und Instrumente zur Bestimmung<br />
möglicher Entwicklungslinien<br />
und bei <strong>de</strong>r Planung von Innovationen.<br />
Dies gilt es seitens <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Branche zu nutzen.<br />
�<br />
sierung in <strong>de</strong>r industriellen Massenproduktion.<br />
Bewertet wer<strong>de</strong>n alle Einsendungen<br />
nach <strong>de</strong>n Kriterien Kreativität, Vision, Funktionalität,<br />
Technologie, zukunftsweisen<strong>de</strong><br />
Entwicklungen und Marktreife.<br />
Eine europäisch besetzte Architekten-Jury<br />
ermittelt die Sieger. Die ersten bei<strong>de</strong>n Gewinner<br />
bekommen neben einem Geldbetrag<br />
auch die Gelegenheit, ein mehrmonatiges<br />
Praktikum im Wiener Büro von Coop<br />
Himmelb(l)au zu absolvieren. Die offizielle<br />
Preisvergabe fin<strong>de</strong>t am 27. April 2007 im<br />
Deutschen Architektur Zentrum (DAZ) in<br />
Berlin statt. An <strong>de</strong>m Wochenen<strong>de</strong> wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
die prämierten Arbeiten zu<strong>de</strong>m im DAZ<br />
Berlin ausgestellt.<br />
Unter www.kalzip-stu<strong>de</strong>ntaward.com können<br />
interessierte Stu<strong>de</strong>nten ihre Arbeiten<br />
bis zum 15. März 2007 anmel<strong>de</strong>n und bis<br />
zum 13. April 2007 einreichen.<br />
90 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Fenstermarkt im Plus<br />
Die Hersteller von Fenstern und<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong>n gehen für 2006 erstmals<br />
seit langem wie<strong>de</strong>r von einer positiven<br />
Entwicklung für ihre Branche<br />
aus, nach<strong>de</strong>m die seit über<br />
zehn Jahren anhalten<strong>de</strong> Talfahrt<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen Bauwirtschaft gestoppt<br />
ist. Schon im Oktober 2006<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>r Glasstec verkün<strong>de</strong>te Bernhard<br />
Helbing, <strong>de</strong>r Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Verban<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>r Fenster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nhersteller<br />
(VFF) in Frankfurt:<br />
„Wir rechnen mit einem Zuwachs<br />
von über fünf Prozent.“<br />
En<strong>de</strong> 2006 zeichnete sich für <strong>de</strong>n Fenstermarkt<br />
schließlich ein Zuwachs von<br />
11,6 auf 12,5 Mio. Fenstereinheiten<br />
ab. Ein Katalysator dieser Entwicklung:<br />
die drastisch gestiegenen Energiepreise,<br />
die <strong>de</strong>n Einbau mo<strong>de</strong>rner,<br />
wärmegedämmter Fenster begünstigen.<br />
Für <strong>de</strong>n Wohnbau rechnet die<br />
Branche mit einem Zuwachs von 9,7<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Prozent, für <strong>de</strong>n Nichtwohnbau mit<br />
einem Plus von 4,6 Prozent. Der Renovierungsmarkt<br />
legte um fast zehn<br />
Prozent, <strong>de</strong>r Neubau um 5,4 Prozent<br />
zu. Für all diese Marktsegmente waren<br />
die Vorjahrszahlen noch negativ.<br />
2007 wird <strong>de</strong>r Wirtschaftsbau neben<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Renovierung die treiben<strong>de</strong> Rolle<br />
für die weiterhin positive Branchenentwicklung<br />
sein.<br />
Bei <strong>de</strong>n Rahmenmaterialien für<br />
Fenster lassen sich für 2006 und<br />
2007 lediglich Absatztrends erkennen.<br />
So nahm Kunststoff 2006 überdurchschnittlich<br />
zu, Holz lag im<br />
Gesamttrend, während <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
zurückblieb. Dies dürfte sich schon<br />
im laufen<strong>de</strong>n Jahr wie<strong>de</strong>r än<strong>de</strong>rn,<br />
wenn sich das stärkere Wachstum <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Nichtwohnbaus mit seinen höheren<br />
Anteilen von Metallfenstern und -fassa<strong>de</strong>n<br />
auswirkt. 2007 wird <strong>de</strong>shalb<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumanteil voraussichtlich<br />
überdurchschnittlich steigen. Im Fen-<br />
ALUMINIUM IM BAUWESEN<br />
ster- und Fassa<strong>de</strong>nbau steht weiterhin<br />
die Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r Wärmedämmung<br />
im Zentrum <strong>de</strong>r Aufmerksamkeit.<br />
Denn mit <strong>de</strong>r Novellierung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Energie-Einsparverordnung im Jahr<br />
2008 wer<strong>de</strong>n die Ansprüche an die<br />
Wärmedämmung <strong>de</strong>r Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hülle<br />
noch einmal erhöht. Und nach<strong>de</strong>m<br />
seit En<strong>de</strong> 2005 alle vorgehängten<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong>n das CE-Zeichen führen<br />
müssen, steht ab Herbst 2007 auch<br />
<strong>de</strong>ssen Einführung für Fenster und<br />
Außentüren bevor.<br />
Größtes <strong>de</strong>utsches Büroprojekt mit Wicona-Fassa<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Vom damaligen Kölner Oberbürgermeister<br />
Konrad A<strong>de</strong>nauer 1924<br />
eingeweiht, galten die Rheinhallen<br />
lange Zeit als eine <strong>de</strong>r mo<strong>de</strong>rnsten<br />
Messeanlagen Deutschlands. Inzwischen<br />
ist <strong>de</strong>r Abbruch <strong>de</strong>r Hallen<br />
innerhalb <strong>de</strong>r stehen gebliebenen<br />
historischen Außenmauer<br />
weitgehend abgeschlossen.<br />
Neben <strong>de</strong>m unregelmäßigen Rechteck<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Fassa<strong>de</strong> von rund 200 x 300<br />
Metern bleiben <strong>de</strong>r Messeturm, ein<br />
Wahrzeichen <strong>de</strong>r Stadtsilhouette, und<br />
das alte Portalbauwerk Atrium am<br />
Messeplatz bestehen. In die expressionistische<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong> von 1924 wird ein<br />
komplett neues riesiges Bürogebäu<strong>de</strong><br />
integriert. Als einer <strong>de</strong>r künftigen<br />
Mieter steht bereits <strong>de</strong>r Fernsehsen<strong>de</strong>r<br />
RTL fest, <strong>de</strong>r ab 2008 aus diesen<br />
historischen Hallen sen<strong>de</strong>n und hier<br />
die Deutschland-Zentrale einrichten<br />
wird. Die Bürofläche beträgt insgesamt<br />
rund 160.000 qm, RTL wird<br />
davon rund die Hälfte beanspruchen.<br />
Eine Nutzung <strong>de</strong>s Turms ist <strong>de</strong>rzeit<br />
noch offen, da er als Hochhaus gilt<br />
und so beson<strong>de</strong>ren Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
entsprechen muss.<br />
Die Hallen spalten sich auf in 14<br />
Innenhöfe mit Attika, Hallen- und<br />
Außenfassa<strong>de</strong>. Das Hauptvolumen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumfassa<strong>de</strong>n, die allein<br />
ein Gewicht von 400 bis 450 Tonnen<br />
ergeben, liegt in <strong>de</strong>n Innenhöfen. Diese<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong> wird bis zur Eröffnung im<br />
Jahre 2008 durch die Metallbaufirma<br />
Rupert App aus Leutkirch ausgeführt,<br />
die bereits mehrere Projekte dieser<br />
Größenordnung, u. a. die NordLB in<br />
Hannover, umgesetzt hat. Die technischen<br />
Voraussetzungen wur<strong>de</strong>n<br />
durch die Kölner Architekten HPP in<br />
Zusammenarbeit mit <strong>de</strong>m Fassa<strong>de</strong>nplaner<br />
AMP aus Bargtehei<strong>de</strong> gesetzt.<br />
Seit Oktober 2005 hat Hydro Building<br />
Systems aktiv zur technischen<br />
Umsetzung im Bereich Fassa<strong>de</strong>n bei<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Planern beigetragen. Die jetzige<br />
Ausführung wird in <strong>de</strong>r Wicona-Elementfassa<strong>de</strong>nkonstruktion<br />
Wictec EL<br />
umgesetzt. Bereits im Dezember 2006<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n die ersten Fassa<strong>de</strong>nelemente<br />
Norsk Hydro<br />
Quelle: VFF<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>r Baustelle erwartet. Dabei han<strong>de</strong>lt<br />
es sich um rund 4.300 Elementteile<br />
mit je 100 Kilogramm Gewicht.<br />
Kölner Messeturm und historische Außenfassa<strong>de</strong><br />
91
RECYCLING<br />
Vorbericht<br />
9. Internationaler <strong>Alu</strong>minium Recycling Kongress <strong>de</strong>r OEA<br />
Am 26. und 27. Februar 2007 steht<br />
in Köln das Recyceln von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>m Veranstaltungskalen<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
An diesen Tagen lädt die Organisation<br />
of European <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Refiners and Remelters (OEA) zum<br />
mittlerweile 9. Internationalen <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Recycling Kongress ins<br />
Hotel Maritim ein.<br />
Unternehmer und Mitarbeiter <strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumrecycling-Industrie, Metallhändler,<br />
Journalisten, Behör<strong>de</strong>nvertreter,<br />
Angehörige von Hochschulen,<br />
also alle, die mit <strong>de</strong>m Recycling<br />
von <strong>Alu</strong>minium befasst sind, wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
sich an <strong>de</strong>m Ort treffen, wo die erfolgreiche<br />
Kongress-Serie vor 17 Jahren<br />
begonnen wur<strong>de</strong>. Der Zeitpunkt <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Veranstaltung ist günstig gewählt. Die<br />
Konjunktur, das begrenzte Angebot<br />
an natürlichen Rohstoffen und <strong>de</strong>r<br />
ökologische Nutzen <strong>de</strong>s <strong>Alu</strong>miniumrecyclings<br />
haben <strong>Alu</strong>miniumschrott<br />
zu einem weltweit begehrten Rohstoff<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n lassen. Hierdurch sieht<br />
sich die europäische <strong>Alu</strong>miniumrecycling-Industrie<br />
vor neue Heraus-<br />
for<strong>de</strong>rungen gestellt, die mit einem<br />
weitreichen<strong>de</strong>n Strukturwan<strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>r<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m Recycling befassten Industrie<br />
verbun<strong>de</strong>n ist.<br />
Den Einführungsvortrag wird Sean<br />
M. Stack halten, <strong>de</strong>r Europachef von<br />
Aleris Europe, einem Unternehmen,<br />
dass sich erst seit kurzem in Europa<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>m Gebiets <strong>de</strong>s <strong>Alu</strong>miniumrecyclings<br />
engagiert. Roland Scharf-<br />
Bergmann, Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>r OEA, wird<br />
in seinem Vortrag eine Positionsbestimmung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r europäischen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumrecycling-Industrie<br />
vornehmen,<br />
die bestehen<strong>de</strong>n Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
darstellen und Wege zu ihrer Bewältigung<br />
aufzeigen. Günter Kirchner, Generalsekretär<br />
<strong>de</strong>r OEA und Vorsitzen<strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Global <strong>Alu</strong>minium Recycling<br />
Committees (GARC), stellt vor allem<br />
auf die globale Be<strong>de</strong>utung <strong>de</strong>s recycelten<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniums als Rohstoffquelle<br />
ab. In <strong>de</strong>n letzten Jahren hat vor allem<br />
<strong>de</strong>r zunehmen<strong>de</strong> Abfluss von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumschrott<br />
nach China für Unruhe<br />
gesorgt. Ob zu Recht o<strong>de</strong>r zu Unrecht<br />
wird <strong>de</strong>r Vortrag eines Repräsentanten<br />
<strong>de</strong>r chinesischen <strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />
Preview of the 9 th International <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Recycling Congress of the OEA<br />
On 26 and 27 February 2007 in Cologne, the<br />
recycling of aluminium is on the calendar of<br />
events. On those dates the Organisation of<br />
European <strong>Alu</strong>minium Refiners and Remelters<br />
(OEA) is inviting interested parties to what<br />
will then be the 9th International <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Recycling Congress. Companies and employees<br />
in the aluminium recycling industry,<br />
metal tra<strong>de</strong>rs, journalists, representatives of<br />
government authorities, in short all who are<br />
involved with the recycling of aluminium<br />
will meet at the place where this series of<br />
successful congresses began 17 years ago.<br />
The timing of the event is well chosen.<br />
The tra<strong>de</strong> position, the limited supply of<br />
natural raw materials and the ecological<br />
uses of aluminium recycling have promoted<br />
aluminium scrap to become a raw material<br />
in <strong>de</strong>mand all over the world. This presents<br />
Europe’s aluminium recycling industry with<br />
new challenges that entail far-reaching<br />
structural transformations in all aspects of<br />
recycling-related industry. The introductory<br />
lecture will be given by Sean M. Stack, Head<br />
of European operations at Aleris Europe, a<br />
company that has become engaged in the<br />
field of aluminium recycling only relatively<br />
recently. Roland Scharf-Bergmann, Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of the OEA, will <strong>de</strong>scribe the position<br />
adopted by the European recycling industry,<br />
set out the existing challenges and indicate<br />
ways to overcome them. Günter Kirchner,<br />
Secretary General of the OEA and Chair of<br />
the Global <strong>Alu</strong>minium Recycling Committees<br />
(GARC), will <strong>de</strong>al mainly with the global importance<br />
of recycled aluminium as a source<br />
of raw material. In recent years, above all<br />
the increased flow of aluminium scrap to<br />
recycling-Industrie zeigen. Die be<strong>de</strong>uten<strong>de</strong><br />
Rolle <strong>de</strong>s europäischen<br />
Metallhan<strong>de</strong>ls für die Versorgung mit<br />
sekundären Rohstoffen wird ebenso<br />
diskutiert wie das durch verstärkte<br />
Schrottexporte entstan<strong>de</strong>ne Spannungsfeld.<br />
Allein fünf Vorträge wer<strong>de</strong>n sich<br />
mit technischen Neuerungen auf<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Gebiet <strong>de</strong>r Erfassung, <strong>de</strong>r Aufbereitung<br />
und <strong>de</strong>m Einschmelzen von<br />
Schrotten und <strong>de</strong>r Verwertung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
beim Recyclingprozess anfallen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Salzschlacke beschäftigen. Der Erfolg<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Recyclingbemühungen in Europa<br />
hängt wesentlich von <strong>de</strong>n rechtlichen<br />
Rahmenbedingungen ab. Aktuell stehen<br />
weitreichen<strong>de</strong> Reformen <strong>de</strong>r EU-<br />
Abfallrahmenrichtlinie an, über die<br />
berichtet wird. Vorträge über bestehen<strong>de</strong><br />
und künftige Preisbildungsmechanismen<br />
und Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
an das Recyceln von Verpackungen<br />
run<strong>de</strong>n das Bild <strong>de</strong>r interessanten<br />
Veranstaltung ab.<br />
Näheres zum Kongress direkt bei<br />
<strong>de</strong>r OEA: Tel: +49 (0)211 451 933 o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
unter www.oea-alurecycling.org. �<br />
China has been a cause for concern. Whether<br />
or not this is justified will be examined<br />
in a lecture by a representative of China’s<br />
aluminium recycling industry. The important<br />
part played by the metal tra<strong>de</strong> in relation<br />
to supplies of secondary raw materials will<br />
be discussed as well, as also will the stresses<br />
created by rising scrap exports.<br />
No less than 5 lectures will <strong>de</strong>al with<br />
technical innovations in the fields of the collection,<br />
preparation and melting of scrap and<br />
the recovery and use of salt slags produced<br />
during the recycling process. The success<br />
of recycling efforts in Europe <strong>de</strong>pends substantially<br />
on the legal boundary conditions<br />
imposed. At present far-reaching reform of<br />
the EU’s gui<strong>de</strong>lines on waste are due, and<br />
these will be reported. Lectures on existing<br />
and future pricing mechanisms and challenges<br />
related to the recycling of packaging<br />
materials will round off the picture of this<br />
interesting event. More information on the<br />
congress at www.oea-alurecycling.org.<br />
92 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Recycling von Folienschrotten<br />
Hydro vollen<strong>de</strong>t Metallkreislauf in Neuss<br />
Eine I<strong>de</strong>e, eine Pumpe, ein paar<br />
unnachgiebige Ingenieure - so<br />
vollen<strong>de</strong>t Hydro im <strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />
Cluster Neuss <strong>de</strong>n Metallkreislauf<br />
und stärkt <strong>de</strong>n engen Verbund mit<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Nachbar-Walzwerken in<br />
Neuss und Grevenbroich.<br />
Die Gießerei im Rheinwerk Neuss von<br />
Hydro schmilzt nun jährlich 22.000<br />
Tonnen Folienschrotte aus <strong>de</strong>m Werk<br />
Grevenbroich um. „Das macht ökologisch<br />
Sinn, und es hilft im Kostenkampf<br />
angesichts <strong>de</strong>r hohen Strompreise,<br />
unsere Wettbewerbsfähigkeit<br />
zu stärken“, sagt Werkleiter Bernhard<br />
Eich.<br />
Hydro erzeugt in Deutschlands<br />
größter <strong>de</strong>utscher <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütte<br />
in Neuss jährlich 224.000 Tonnen<br />
Flüssigmetall. Dagegen liefert die Gießerei<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Werkes mittlerweile bereits<br />
320.000 Tonnen Walzbarren an <strong>Alu</strong>norf<br />
nebenan, das dann <strong>Alu</strong>minumband<br />
an das Folienwalzwerk von Hydro<br />
in Grevenbroich liefert. Die Gießerei<br />
muss das Restmaterial zumeist<br />
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ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
als Metallmasseln teuer zukaufen. Um<br />
hier zu sparen, suchte ein Team von<br />
Ingenieuren um Projektleiter Michael<br />
Jordan, zuletzt Tag und Nacht, eine<br />
Lösung für <strong>de</strong>n kostengünstigen, aber<br />
hochwertigen Folienschrott aus <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Hydro-Walzwerk in Grevenbroich.<br />
Von <strong>de</strong>r bis zu 6 Mikrometer<br />
hauchdünnen Folie, die Hydro aus<br />
Grevenbroich für Getränkeverbundkartons<br />
in viele Län<strong>de</strong>r liefert, ließen<br />
sich Prozessüberbleibsel bisher kaum<br />
einschmelzen. Denn auf <strong>de</strong>r großen<br />
Oberfläche <strong>de</strong>r Folie wirkt eine dünne<br />
Oxidschicht wie eine Isolierung. Außer<strong>de</strong>m<br />
hat zusammengepresste Folie<br />
eine Dichte, die wesentlich unter <strong>de</strong>r<br />
von flüssigem <strong>Alu</strong>minium liegt. So<br />
schwamm Folienabfall im Schmelzbad<br />
zuoberst auf <strong>de</strong>m flüssigen Metall,<br />
es entstand viel Krätze – und<br />
die dünne Folie verbrannte statt zu<br />
schmelzen. Die Ingenieure in Neuss<br />
kamen auf die I<strong>de</strong>e, eine elektromagnetische<br />
Pumpe zu verwen<strong>de</strong>n, die<br />
flüssiges Metall mit hoher Geschwindigkeit<br />
zirkulieren lässt. Das rotieren-<br />
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RECYCLING<br />
<strong>de</strong> Metall erzeugt einen Wirbelstrom<br />
im Inneren <strong>de</strong>r Pumpe, die daher<br />
„Vortex“ (Wirbel) heißt. Kommen die<br />
40 x 40 Zentimeter großen, aus Folie<br />
zusammengepressten Blöcke in <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Schmelzofen, presst die Schwerkraft<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Folienabfall in <strong>de</strong>n Wirbelstrom<br />
und unter die Oberfläche <strong>de</strong>s Metalls,<br />
wo Turbulenzströmungen entstehen.<br />
Im rotieren<strong>de</strong>n Metallstrom zersetzt<br />
sich <strong>de</strong>r Folienblock und schmilzt<br />
perfekt.<br />
Ein gutes Geschäft für bei<strong>de</strong> Standorte:<br />
„Früher konnten wir nur dicke<br />
walzblanke Schrotte umschmelzen,<br />
und unsere Kun<strong>de</strong>n mussten ihren<br />
Folienschrott bei unseren Konkurrenten<br />
einschmelzen lassen, die<br />
zu<strong>de</strong>m altmodische Technologie<br />
verwen<strong>de</strong>ten“, erklärt Gießereileiter<br />
Ulrich Bollmann. „Jetzt benutzen wir<br />
vorhan<strong>de</strong>ne Anlagen auf neue Weise,<br />
können so die dünne Folie effektiv<br />
umschmelzen – und das lohnt sich<br />
für uns und für unsere Kollegen in<br />
Grevenbroich.“<br />
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93
TECHNOLOGY<br />
Recent advances in coil coating technology<br />
N. C. Davies, Banbury<br />
The application of coatings to<br />
continuous coils has been in existence<br />
as an industrial process for<br />
more than 50 years. The <strong>de</strong>velopments<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> over that period have<br />
led to an increase in both scale<br />
and speed. Coil coating has thus<br />
become the most efficient method<br />
of coating materials, allowing end<br />
users to displace this important<br />
practice from their plants as a<br />
fixed cost and into suppliers as a<br />
variable cost.<br />
The future competitiveness of coil<br />
coating within Europe has the following<br />
drivers: product quality and differentiation,<br />
cost and line versatility,<br />
environmental compliance. Achieving<br />
these technical, economic and<br />
legislative challenges is paramount<br />
for an industry seeking to maintain<br />
and expand in a world where globalisation<br />
pressures exist.<br />
Internationally, the coil coating<br />
process is the application of thousands<br />
of tons of chemicals, paints<br />
and lacquers to millions of square<br />
metres of surface. The fact that most<br />
of these coating materials have been<br />
solvent based immediately highlights<br />
the environmental compliance challenges<br />
facing the industry. Current<br />
and emerging legislation, such as the<br />
Solvent Emission Directive (SED)<br />
[1999/13/EC] in Europe, mean that<br />
coil coaters are continuously seeking<br />
“cleaner” technologies.<br />
Additionally, the End of Life Vehicle<br />
(ELV) Directive <strong>de</strong>mands that the<br />
coatings used in automotive applications<br />
are free of heavy metals, which<br />
then impacts on the metal pretreatment<br />
(the chemical layer between<br />
substrate and paint/lacquer) chemicals<br />
that must be chromium free.<br />
Although the primary concerns with<br />
chromium focus on its hexavalent<br />
form, many packaging end-users are<br />
also <strong>de</strong>manding the withdrawal of its<br />
trivalent form which has historically<br />
been used as a pretreatment in canning<br />
and other sheet packaging.<br />
In addition to these challenges coil<br />
coaters are always looking to increase<br />
their volume through the line. The<br />
overall line speed is in general limited<br />
by the time spent in the paint/lacquer<br />
curing ovens. Time at temperature is<br />
required to cure the organic film and<br />
also extreme care must be taken in<br />
balancing the coating line’s fume exhaust<br />
system with the coating’s solvent<br />
emission volume. Advances have<br />
been ma<strong>de</strong> in waterborne systems and<br />
higher solid coatings and these will be<br />
discussed further, as will alternative<br />
cure technology processes. It should<br />
also be stressed that probably in excess<br />
of 95% of all coated products will<br />
be post-formed, so all alloys and coatings<br />
that are specified must be tolerant<br />
to controlled <strong>de</strong>formation.<br />
In coil coating for can end stock<br />
relatively thin lacquers are applied<br />
to aluminium: utilising advances in<br />
line <strong>de</strong>sign and lacquer formulations,<br />
some lines are now reported to be<br />
operating at speeds above 250m/min.<br />
This is close to the limit of speed that<br />
can be achieved by conventional roll<br />
coat application technology. Any potential<br />
speed increases beyond this<br />
limit will require alternative application<br />
technologies or processes.<br />
Cleaning<br />
The bare aluminium strip surface<br />
presented to the first process step of<br />
cleaning has residual rolling oil from<br />
the cold rolling process, oxi<strong>de</strong> films<br />
generated during the high temperature<br />
rolling passes (most evi<strong>de</strong>nt on<br />
magnesium-containing alloys where<br />
MgO segregates to the<br />
surface) and <strong>de</strong>formed or<br />
surface active layers.<br />
For painted products,<br />
corrosion susceptibility, in<br />
most instances, has been<br />
found to be controlled by<br />
surface active layers. This<br />
has only been studied<br />
in <strong>de</strong>tail during the past<br />
<strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong> [1, 2], initially<br />
through an industry-wi<strong>de</strong><br />
Brite-Euram programme<br />
focussing on filiform corrosion. These<br />
surface active layers arise from the<br />
high level of surface shear induced<br />
during rolling that transforms the<br />
near surface microstructure (Fig. 1).<br />
Deformed surfaces are characterised<br />
by an ultra-fine grain size that<br />
can be stabilised by magnesium oxi<strong>de</strong><br />
pinning in magnesium-containing<br />
alloys [3]. However, it is not the fine<br />
grain size that is responsible for the<br />
enhanced corrosion susceptibility of<br />
the surface layer. This susceptibility is<br />
promoted by the preferential precipitation<br />
of manganese-rich dispersoids<br />
during annealing treatments, which is<br />
related to the manganese solid solution<br />
level and the temperature and<br />
time of annealing.<br />
These <strong>de</strong>formed surface layers on<br />
aluminium alloys are produced most<br />
readily by hot rolling and, generally,<br />
the layer thickness of sheet and plate<br />
after hot rolling is of the or<strong>de</strong>r of a micron.<br />
The <strong>de</strong>formed layer thickness is<br />
progressively reduced by cold rolling<br />
so alloys that have been extensively<br />
cold rolled have thinner <strong>de</strong>formed<br />
layers that can more readily be removed<br />
by conventional etch cleaning<br />
operations. This means that resistance<br />
to corrosion can be improved by increasing<br />
the transfer gauge thickness<br />
so that after cold rolling the amount of<br />
surface to be removed at final gauge is<br />
0.2μm or less.<br />
The primary processes for cleaning<br />
aluminium are by spray or immersion<br />
in either acid or alkali solutions, although<br />
acid electrolytic processes are<br />
also used [4]. A line configuration may<br />
Fig. 1: 100 nm surface active layer on AA3105 cold rolled sheet<br />
94 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
also inclu<strong>de</strong> a mild pre-clean step to<br />
reduce the lubricant residues or any<br />
surface <strong>de</strong>tritus.<br />
Cleaning in alkaline solutions often<br />
produces a non-uniform surface<br />
in that aluminium and its oxi<strong>de</strong> are<br />
soluble and magnesium oxi<strong>de</strong> is relatively<br />
insoluble, hence a roughened<br />
surface can result. However, alkali<br />
cleaners are very effective in the removal<br />
of organics. On the other hand<br />
an acid cleaner will consistently attack<br />
both types of oxi<strong>de</strong>, providing a<br />
more uniform surface.<br />
For historical reasons alkali cleaning<br />
was initially the preferred cleaning<br />
option but gradually there has<br />
been a move to acid cleaners where<br />
proprietary cleaners are based on<br />
sulphuric acid and incorporate hydrofluoric<br />
acid and surfactants. The<br />
cleaners work by the sulphuric acid<br />
removing organics and oxi<strong>de</strong>s and the<br />
HF attacking both the oxi<strong>de</strong>s and the<br />
aluminium substrate: the <strong>de</strong>gree of attack<br />
can be controlled by the amount<br />
of free fluori<strong>de</strong> in solution.<br />
Pretreatment<br />
The key functions of pretreatments<br />
or conversion treatments after cleaning<br />
is both to provi<strong>de</strong> good adhesion<br />
and to provi<strong>de</strong> corrosion protection.<br />
Pretreatment application is either by<br />
a dip/spray process followed by rinsing<br />
(rinse pretreatment) or by roll<br />
coating (no-rinse pretreatment). The<br />
volume of chemicals used in both<br />
processes differs consi<strong>de</strong>rably, with<br />
the dip/spray process giving rise to<br />
a large volume of contaminated rinse<br />
water requiring treatment before disposal.<br />
On the other hand, roll coating<br />
requires a precise amount of solution<br />
to be applied uniformly across the<br />
strip which is then dried in place; the<br />
reaction with aluminium consumes<br />
all of the chemicals and no products<br />
requiring subsequent removal are<br />
formed, thus avoiding any potential<br />
environmental issues.<br />
Historically chromium based pretreatments<br />
have been used based<br />
on chromate (Cr VI) and chromephosphate<br />
(Cr III) chemistries. Being<br />
highly acidic these pretreatments<br />
have often compensated for any ina<strong>de</strong>quacies<br />
in the cleaning process. For<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
architectural products both types of<br />
chromium pretreatments have been<br />
used but, with the major carcinogenic<br />
concerns surrounding the use of Cr<br />
VI compounds, Cr VI is not used for<br />
packaging products.<br />
For rinse applications with Cr VI<br />
pretreatments the coating is formed<br />
by the reaction of solutions containing<br />
sodium dichromate and hydrofluoric<br />
acid. The HF attacks the residual surface<br />
oxi<strong>de</strong>s and aluminium, producing<br />
electrons which facilitate a redox<br />
reaction [5,6] resulting in the reduction<br />
of the hexavalent dichromate<br />
ion (Cr 2 O 7 ) to a trivalent chromium<br />
oxi<strong>de</strong> (Cr 2 O 3 ). Importantly excess<br />
Cr VI is retained in such films and,<br />
in downstream product applications<br />
where these films could be damaged,<br />
the excess hexavalent chromium reacts<br />
with water and the aluminium<br />
to produce a new conversion coating<br />
i.e. the pre-treatment system is selfrepairing.<br />
The no-rinse roll-coatable<br />
analogue of this system typically contains<br />
CrO 3 , HF and amorphous SiO 2<br />
as a carrier.<br />
For rinse applications of Cr III<br />
pretreatments, the reacting solutions<br />
contain CrO 3 , phosphoric acid and<br />
hydrofluoric acid. Similar oxidation/<br />
reduction reactions take place to the<br />
above, resulting in the <strong>de</strong>position of<br />
a trivalent chromium phosphate film.<br />
The no-rinse roll-coatable analogue of<br />
this system contains chromium phosphate,<br />
HF and a polymer, typically<br />
polyacrylic acid, which can act both<br />
as an adhesion promoter and corrosion<br />
inhibitor.<br />
As the market moves away from<br />
chromium pretreatments, the technical<br />
challenges are greater, not only because<br />
of the inherent corrosion resistance<br />
<strong>de</strong>man<strong>de</strong>d from pretreatments<br />
but also because of the less reactive<br />
nature of the Cr-free systems with<br />
the aluminium strip, thereby placing<br />
a greater emphasis on the efficiency<br />
and quality of the precursor cleaning<br />
step. Thus there is a greater <strong>de</strong>mand<br />
on non-Cr pretreatments to act as adhesion<br />
promoters with good uniform<br />
barrier properties.<br />
These adhesion and barrier aspects<br />
can be achieved by using a<br />
treatment to enhance the natural oxi<strong>de</strong><br />
layer, such as anodising or hydro-<br />
thermal treatment in water or steam.<br />
Anodising pretreatments have been<br />
used very effectively for many years<br />
although they are not in wi<strong>de</strong>spread<br />
use as coil line treatments. Coil line<br />
treatments are based on fast anodising<br />
in either sulphuric acid or phosphoric<br />
acid and these types of pretreatment<br />
have the advantages of speed, control<br />
and uniformity compared to most<br />
chemical conversion treatments (Fig.<br />
2); they rely on a balance between<br />
anodic film formation and chemical<br />
dissolution of the anodic film and are<br />
much un<strong>de</strong>r-utilised as chrome-free<br />
pretreatments.<br />
Fluorotitanic and fluorozirconic<br />
acid based pretreatments [7] are in<br />
fairly wi<strong>de</strong>spread use as chrome-free<br />
alternatives. Such pretreatments can<br />
certainly be effective but are more<br />
difficult to monitor in production<br />
compared to traditional chromebased<br />
systems. This is particularly an<br />
issue where polymeric additions are<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> to the formulation to improve<br />
performance. For such systems good<br />
adhesion is achieved through good<br />
surface coverage of a uniform film<br />
of either zirconium and/or titanium<br />
oxi<strong>de</strong>. However, adhesion is severely<br />
compromised if the film is too thick<br />
and this can lead to in-service coating<br />
failures that are unrelated to corrosion<br />
sensitivity.<br />
Pretreatment systems based on<br />
the use of adhesion promoters such<br />
as silanes [8], phosphonates and polyacrylic<br />
acids have been extensively<br />
researched. These pretreatments can<br />
certainly be very effective especially<br />
when applied as monolayers rather<br />
than thick films. They are probably<br />
most useful when used in combination<br />
with a thin anodising treatment<br />
(as a post-anodising step) or similar<br />
treatment to increase the barrier film<br />
thickness and to <strong>de</strong>velop a micro-surface<br />
roughness to enhance adhesion.<br />
Paints and lacquers<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
Architectural: The choice of a paint<br />
system <strong>de</strong>pends on a number of<br />
key factors including aesthetic appearance<br />
(sha<strong>de</strong>, gloss, roughness),<br />
mechanical properties (abrasion resistance,<br />
scratch resistance, impact<br />
resistance, formability), durability<br />
95
TECHNOLOGY<br />
Fig. 2: Schematic of electrolytic cleaning and continuous anodising film formation<br />
(colour and gloss retention, weathering<br />
resistance, corrosion resistance),<br />
environmental impact and cost.<br />
Most aluminium sheet will be rollcoated<br />
(Fig. 3) with a thin backing<br />
coat and a two-coat topcoat, although<br />
products with up to 4 layers of topcoat<br />
are available for specific applications.<br />
The initial coat is the primer, its dry<br />
thickness usually in the range of 5 to<br />
15 microns, to provi<strong>de</strong> adhesion to the<br />
pretreated metal and it may contain<br />
anti-corrosive pigments. The second<br />
coat, or topcoat, is usually in the range<br />
of 10 to 25 microns and it provi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
the colour and appearance to the final<br />
coated system along with the other<br />
key properties required to meet the<br />
product’s performance specification.<br />
An alternative approach is to produce<br />
a product with a basecoat (colour)<br />
with a clear topcoat (gloss).<br />
There are two types of resins<br />
used in <strong>de</strong>veloping liquid paints for<br />
coil coating, thermosetting and thermoplastic.<br />
The thermosets inclu<strong>de</strong><br />
acrylics, polyurethanes, polyesters<br />
and silicon polyesters. The polyesters<br />
are also used in pow<strong>de</strong>r spray applications.<br />
The thermoplastics inclu<strong>de</strong><br />
PVC-plastisols, PVDFs (polyvinyldifluori<strong>de</strong>)<br />
and polyami<strong>de</strong>-nylons. Each<br />
resin type can provi<strong>de</strong> a different balance<br />
of properties:<br />
� Polyesters provi<strong>de</strong> good all round<br />
properties including very good colour<br />
matching capability and colour retention<br />
combined with good flexibility,<br />
hardness, resistance to weathering<br />
and chemicals.<br />
� Vinyls provi<strong>de</strong> the best resistance<br />
to acid, alkalis and many solvents.<br />
The most common building block is<br />
polyvinyl chlori<strong>de</strong> (PVC). Fluorinated<br />
versions (PVDF) offer the best protection<br />
against weathering including UV<br />
resistance and for this reason they are<br />
mostly used in critical applications<br />
and prestige buildings.<br />
� Acrylics provi<strong>de</strong> high gloss plus<br />
yellowing and mar resistance.<br />
� Urethanes combine hardness and<br />
abrasion resistance coupled to good<br />
weathering performance.<br />
Packaging: Coil coating for packaging<br />
is dominated by the market for easyopen<br />
ends for beverage cans. Can<br />
end lacquers are normally applied<br />
at around 1-2.5g/m 2 on the external<br />
surface and 7-10g/m 2 on the internal.<br />
The internal coating, in particular,<br />
must withstand the high speed forming<br />
process of the end (above all the<br />
tab rivet) whilst protecting the beverage<br />
from the container (and vice<br />
versa). Historically this application<br />
was dominated by the highly ductile<br />
vinyl organosols (vinyl chlori<strong>de</strong>vinyl<br />
acetate copolymers dispersed<br />
in solvent) but recently a combination<br />
of environmental pressures and<br />
consumer health concerns has led to<br />
replacement of solvent based vinyls<br />
with variants including:<br />
� Water based<br />
� Vinyl (chlorine) free<br />
� Low BADGE (BADGE-free)<br />
� Bisphenol A-free.<br />
These <strong>de</strong>velopments are based on<br />
epoxy-ester or polyesters with enhanced<br />
flexibility.<br />
Alternative technologies<br />
In the challenges that face the coil<br />
coater, he/she is consistently examining<br />
alternative technologies. As part<br />
of continuous improvement exercises,<br />
coil coaters have worked closely with<br />
paint suppliers in the <strong>de</strong>velopment of<br />
both high-solids coatings and waterborne<br />
coatings. High solids coatings<br />
as their name implies, have a higher<br />
content of solid components than<br />
conventional solvent-borne systems.<br />
Typically coating systems with a sol-<br />
ids content of >85% fall into this<br />
category and, since they contain<br />
less solvent, they offer a significant<br />
reduction in VOC emissions<br />
compared to conventional systems.<br />
As well as reducing emissions,<br />
high-solids coatings can<br />
impart thicker application layers<br />
than conventional systems, leading<br />
to timesaving. The reduction<br />
in solvent however, means that<br />
such coatings are more sensitive to<br />
ina<strong>de</strong>quate surface preparation of the<br />
substrate.<br />
Water-borne coatings are systems<br />
that predominantly utilise water as<br />
the solvent to dissolve the bin<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
Typically up to 80% of the total solvent<br />
is water with the remain<strong>de</strong>r<br />
being organic co-solvents such as<br />
glycol ethers. Such systems benefit<br />
from large reductions in VOC emissions<br />
and an associated reduction in<br />
both fire risk and worker exposure<br />
to organic vapours. However, due to<br />
the corrosive nature of the water in<br />
the formulation, special equipment<br />
can often be required for application.<br />
Control of humidity is also critical to<br />
achieving the <strong>de</strong>sired film formation.<br />
Most resins have now been incorporated<br />
into water-borne coating formulations<br />
and they are finding wi<strong>de</strong>spread<br />
applications for packaging<br />
products. For architectural products<br />
the use of water-borne coatings has<br />
focused more on primers rather than<br />
the diverse range of paints used for<br />
topcoat functionality.<br />
Pow<strong>de</strong>r coating is another alternative,<br />
utilising 100% resin in a dry,<br />
pow<strong>de</strong>red form and working on the<br />
principle of attraction by oppositely<br />
charged species. The pow<strong>de</strong>r is <strong>de</strong>livered<br />
through a spray gun where it<br />
gains a low amperage, high-voltage<br />
positive charge.<br />
The surface to be coated is electrically<br />
groun<strong>de</strong>d so that the positively<br />
charged pow<strong>de</strong>r particles are attracted<br />
to it. The coated surface is then<br />
reacted in an oven where the pow<strong>de</strong>r<br />
melts and fuses into a smooth coating.<br />
This has been wi<strong>de</strong>ly used in the<br />
post-painting of individual parts but<br />
has had less impact, to date, in coil<br />
coating. Within Europe Otefal S.p.a. is<br />
the market lea<strong>de</strong>r for coil coating with<br />
line speeds typically operating at up<br />
96 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
to 20m/min. The speed has been limited<br />
by the array of electrostatic guns<br />
that must be synchronised to achieve<br />
uniform film coverage. However,<br />
pow<strong>de</strong>r coating has the attraction of<br />
being solvent-free and can be cured<br />
using infra-red or induction heating<br />
technologies.<br />
Other application technologies for<br />
pow<strong>de</strong>r inclu<strong>de</strong> the pow<strong>de</strong>r cloud<br />
technique <strong>de</strong>veloped by MSC of Illinois<br />
and the electro magnetic brush<br />
(EMB) application technique <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
by DSM resins in Europe. The<br />
pow<strong>de</strong>r cloud technology applies<br />
pow<strong>de</strong>r to the coil strip as it passes<br />
through a charged cloud of pow<strong>de</strong>r<br />
coating. The i<strong>de</strong>ntically charged<br />
pow<strong>de</strong>r particles repel each other and<br />
<strong>de</strong>posit on to the earthed coil strip.<br />
The EMB approach is based on technology<br />
that it is used for laser copiers<br />
and photocopiers.<br />
New <strong>de</strong>velopments in the formulation<br />
of pow<strong>de</strong>r coatings generally<br />
relate to their application in packaging<br />
products such as cans, where FDA<br />
approval is still pending. Significant<br />
advances have also been ma<strong>de</strong> in the<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment of pow<strong>de</strong>r coatings for<br />
architectural products that require<br />
superior long-term durability and<br />
also pow<strong>de</strong>rs that can form thinner<br />
applied films.<br />
Interesting <strong>de</strong>velopments in oven<br />
technology have come out of Adphos<br />
AG [9] who have <strong>de</strong>veloped nir, near<br />
infra-red ovens to be used as boosters<br />
to conventional ovens or as stand<br />
alone systems. These are small footprint<br />
modules that utilise high intensity<br />
heat emissions from the near infra-red<br />
wavelength spectrum and can<br />
cure 20 micron coatings in less than<br />
3 seconds as compared to say 20 seconds.<br />
Using lamp systems for curing<br />
also means that they are only switched<br />
on when nee<strong>de</strong>d as compared to the<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Fig. 3: Schematic of roll<br />
coat application of paint<br />
to the strip<br />
continuous power requirement of<br />
convection ovens. However, as the<br />
solvents will be rapidly driven off, the<br />
extraction system has to be extremely<br />
efficient such that the LEL (lower explosion<br />
limit) is not excee<strong>de</strong>d.<br />
Other forms of radiation curing using<br />
ultraviolet (UV) or electron beam<br />
(EB) have been practised since the<br />
late 1960s. Although the growth rates<br />
of these technologies have been relatively<br />
slow, they have been continuous.<br />
Conceptually radiation curing<br />
could solve many of the coil coaters<br />
problems; they are liquid coatings<br />
applied to the substrate surface via<br />
roll coating and cured at room temperature<br />
in seconds without volatile<br />
materials being lost from the surface.<br />
However barriers to their use exist,<br />
including the capital equipment costs<br />
involved and the limited availability<br />
of formulations for particular applications.<br />
Electron beam and ultraviolet<br />
curing have <strong>de</strong>veloped in parallel<br />
since the 1960’s due to their similarities.<br />
Companies which produce UV<br />
curable formulations will generally<br />
also produce EB curables, the main<br />
difference being that UV requires<br />
a photoinitiator in the formulation<br />
whilst EB does not. The absence of a<br />
photoinitiator is EB’s main advantage<br />
over UV since photoinitiator residues<br />
remain in cured coatings and prompt<br />
worries over health, odour etc. Hence,<br />
UV coatings have not been used in<br />
coil coating for packaging applications.<br />
There are, however, currently<br />
initiatives to obtain FDA approval for<br />
the use of radcure coatings in direct<br />
food contact.<br />
For steel coil lines a UV curing<br />
system is often incorporated at the<br />
end of galvanising lines whereas, for<br />
aluminium architectural lines, opportunities<br />
may exist for thin functional<br />
(e.g. scratch resistance) coatings above<br />
the topcoat.<br />
References<br />
[1] H. Leth-Olsen, Filiform Corrosion of<br />
Painted <strong>Alu</strong>minium Coil Materials, PhD<br />
thesis, NTNU 1996.<br />
[2] K. Nisancioglu, J. H. Nordlien, A. Afseth<br />
and G. M. Scamans, Significance of Thermomechanical<br />
Processing in Determining<br />
Corrosion Behaviour and Surface Quality<br />
of <strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloys, 7th International<br />
Conference on <strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloys their<br />
Physical and Mechanical Properties, 111-<br />
125, 2000.<br />
[3] G. M. Scamans, A. Afseth, G. E. Thompson<br />
and X. Zhou, Ultra-fine Grain Sized<br />
Mechanically Alloyed Surface Layers on<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloys, 8th International Conference<br />
on <strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloys, <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Alloys their Physical and Mechanical<br />
Properties, 1461-1466, 2002.<br />
[4] J. Ball, P. K. F. Limbach, J. D. B. Sharman,<br />
A New Electrolytic Cleaning Cell. 1st<br />
International Symposium on <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Surface Science and Technology (ASST<br />
1997), Antwerp, Belgium, May 1997,<br />
pp31-37 (ATB Metallurgie, Brussels, Ed.<br />
H. Terryn).<br />
[5] J. A. Treverton, N. C. Davies, An XPS<br />
study of Chromate Pretreatment of <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />
Metals Technology ,4, 480-489,<br />
1977.<br />
[6] J. S. Crompton, P. R. Andrews and E.<br />
McAlpine, Characteristics of a Conversion<br />
Coating on <strong>Alu</strong>minium, Surface and<br />
Interface Analysis, vol.13, no.2-3, 160-166,<br />
November 1988.<br />
[7] A. Ruiz Garzon, G. E. Thompson, P.<br />
Skeldon, T. Hashimoto, J. San<strong>de</strong>r, A. <strong>de</strong><br />
Zeeuw and P. Mitchell, Development of<br />
Zirconium-Based Conversion Coatings on<br />
AA3005 <strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloy, Proceedings<br />
of 4th International Symposium on <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Surface Science and Technology<br />
(ASST 2006), Beaune, France, May 2006.<br />
[8] T. Schmidt-Hansberg, P. Schubach,<br />
A Comparative Study of Innovative <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Pretreatments, 3rd International<br />
Symposium on <strong>Alu</strong>minium Surface Science<br />
and Technology, (ASST 2003), Bonn,<br />
Germany, May 2003, pp9-14 (ATB Metallurgie,<br />
Brussels, Ed. H. Terryn).<br />
[9] K. Bär, NIR – Booster Solutions – Pay-<br />
Back Within 12 Months! ECCA 38th Autumn<br />
Congress – Brussels, 21-23 November<br />
2004.<br />
Author<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
Dr. Nigel Davies is currently Managing<br />
Director of Innoval Technology Ltd, an<br />
in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt light metals technology consultancy<br />
based in Banbury, UK. Prior to<br />
this, he had worked for Alcan in a range<br />
of functions including having technical<br />
responsibility for Alcan’s (now Novelis’)<br />
European painted sheet division.<br />
97
FORSCHUNG<br />
Rührreibschweißen von artungleichen<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumknet- und -druckgusslegierungen<br />
Das Rührreibschweißen (Friction<br />
Stir Welding – FSW) ist ein innovativer<br />
Fertigungsprozess zum Fügen<br />
von Leichtmetallen, beson<strong>de</strong>rs<br />
von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen. Die<br />
Herstellung von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumverbindungen<br />
mit konventionellen<br />
Schmelzschweißverfahren erfüllt<br />
nicht immer und nicht bei je<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Legierung die von <strong>de</strong>r Industrie<br />
gestellten Qualitätsanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen.<br />
Das Rührreibschweißen stellt<br />
eine Alternative zu <strong>de</strong>n Schmelzschweißverfahren<br />
dar. Dies ist<br />
beson<strong>de</strong>rs auf die guten mechanischen<br />
Eigenschaften <strong>de</strong>r Schweißnähte,<br />
die Reproduzierbarkeit und<br />
die Robustheit <strong>de</strong>s Verfahrens<br />
zurückzuführen. Im Rahmen dieser<br />
Arbeit wer<strong>de</strong>n artungleiche<br />
Stumpfstoße gleicher Blechdicke<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>n Legierungen AlMg3,<br />
AlMgSi0,5 und GD ALSi10Mg hergestellt.<br />
Die Blechdicke <strong>de</strong>r eingesetzten<br />
Fügepartner beträgt 2 mm.<br />
Es wer<strong>de</strong>n die Gefügeausbildung<br />
als Folge <strong>de</strong>r eingebrachten<br />
Streckenenergie beschrieben und<br />
die mechanischen Eigenschaften<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Schweißnähte diskutiert.<br />
Beim FSW-Verfahren han<strong>de</strong>lt es sich<br />
um ein speziell zum Schweißen von<br />
a<br />
Sh. Sheikhi, J. F. dos Santos, Geesthacht<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium und <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
geeignetes Fügeverfahren.<br />
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) wur<strong>de</strong><br />
von TWI (The Welding Institute,<br />
Cambridge) entwickelt und 1991 patentiert<br />
[1].<br />
Das Reibrührschweißen erfolgt<br />
bei Temperaturen unterhalb <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Schmelzpunktes <strong>de</strong>r Fügepartner. Die<br />
Werkstoffe schmelzen nicht, son<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n lediglich plastifiziert und im<br />
Nahtbereich regelrecht ineinan<strong>de</strong>r<br />
verrührt. Da kein Schmelzbad entsteht,<br />
ist das Verfahren lageunabhängig.<br />
Das Reibrührschweißen zeichnet<br />
sich insbeson<strong>de</strong>re durch reproduzierbare<br />
und gute Schweißnahteigenschaften<br />
aus. Die Vorteile gegenüber<br />
herkömmlichen Schweißverfahren resultieren<br />
zum einen aus <strong>de</strong>m geringen<br />
Wärmeeintrag sowie <strong>de</strong>r einfachen<br />
Prozesskontrolle und -steuerung. Vorteile<br />
gegenüber <strong>de</strong>n herkömmlichen<br />
Schmelzschweißverfahren sind weiterhin:<br />
ein geringer Verzug, keine<br />
Poren- und Rissbildung und keine<br />
Entmischung <strong>de</strong>r Legierungsbestandteile.<br />
Eine spezielle Behandlung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Fügekanten vor <strong>de</strong>m Schweißen ist<br />
nicht notwendig. Es sind we<strong>de</strong>r Zusatzwerkstoffe<br />
noch Schutzgase erfor<strong>de</strong>rlich,<br />
auch muss kein speziell geschultes<br />
Personal eingesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
was zu sehr geringen Betriebskosten<br />
führt. Beim Reibrührschweißen wird<br />
ein zylin<strong>de</strong>rförmiges Werkzeug (Abb.<br />
1-a) eingesetzt. Das Werkzeug besteht<br />
aus einem Stift (Pin), <strong>de</strong>r in <strong>de</strong>r Werkzeugschulter<br />
befestigt wird und nahezu<br />
verschleißfrei funktioniert. Die<br />
modulare Ausführung <strong>de</strong>s Werkzeugs<br />
erlaubt die Anpassung.<br />
b<br />
Abb. 1a) Werkzeug für das Reibrührschweißen; 1b) Prozessablauf beim Schweißen<br />
Zum Schweißen wird gemäß Abb.<br />
1-b das rotieren<strong>de</strong> Werkzeug langsam<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n Fügebereich eingebracht.<br />
Infolge <strong>de</strong>r Rotationsbewegung <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Werkzeugs sowie <strong>de</strong>s aufgebrachten<br />
Druckes wird zwischen Schulter und<br />
Blechen Reibungswärme erzeugt,<br />
die zum Plastifizieren <strong>de</strong>s Materials<br />
unter <strong>de</strong>r Schulter führt. Nach ausreichen<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Plastifizierung wird das<br />
rotieren<strong>de</strong> Werkzeug unter einer bestimmten<br />
Vorschubgeschwindigkeit<br />
(Schweißgeschwindigkeit) entlang<br />
<strong>de</strong>s zu schweißen<strong>de</strong>n Bereiches geführt.<br />
Die Rotationsrichtung und die<br />
Translationsbewegung <strong>de</strong>s Werkzeuges<br />
überlagern sich. Auf <strong>de</strong>r einen<br />
Seite <strong>de</strong>r Fügelinie sind die Bewegungsvektoren<br />
gleichgerichtet und<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>r an<strong>de</strong>ren Seite wirken sie entgegengesetzt<br />
zueinan<strong>de</strong>r. Die Seite<br />
mit gleicher Richtung <strong>de</strong>r Rotationsund<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Translationsbewegung wird<br />
mit Advancing-Seite bezeichnet. Die<br />
Retreating-Seite beschreibt die Seite<br />
mit entgegengesetzter Richtung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Rotations- und <strong>de</strong>r Translationsbewegung.<br />
Das charakteristische Bild einer<br />
mit FSW produzierten Naht ist in Abb.<br />
2 dargestellt.<br />
In <strong>de</strong>r Mitte <strong>de</strong>r Naht liegt <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Nugget o<strong>de</strong>r die Rührzone mit einer<br />
zwiebelartigen Struktur. Dieser Bereich<br />
entsteht durch <strong>de</strong>n hohen Verformungsgrad<br />
im Bereich <strong>de</strong>s Stiftes<br />
sowie <strong>de</strong>r Reibungstemperatur. Die<br />
Form <strong>de</strong>s Nuggets ist abhängig von<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Schweißparametern. Das Gefüge<br />
in diesem Bereich ist feinkörnig ca. �<br />
2-5 μm [2]. Die zwiebelförmige Struktur<br />
entsteht dabei durch die Rotation<br />
98 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Abb. 2: Gefüge <strong>de</strong>r FSW-Naht<br />
und <strong>de</strong>n Vorschub <strong>de</strong>s Werkzeuges.<br />
Der thermomechanisch beeinflusste<br />
Bereich schließt sich am Rand <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Nuggets an. Das Material ist in diesem<br />
Bereich aufgrund <strong>de</strong>s Rühreffektes<br />
und <strong>de</strong>s Temperaturfel<strong>de</strong>s thermisch<br />
beeinflusst und plastisch verformt<br />
[2]. Die Wärmeeinflusszone schließt<br />
an diesem Bereich an. Dieser Bereich<br />
ist nicht <strong>de</strong>formiert, erfährt jedoch<br />
aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r Temperatureinwirkung<br />
eine Verän<strong>de</strong>rung <strong>de</strong>s Gefüges infolge<br />
von Ausscheidungen. Infolge <strong>de</strong>r<br />
unterschiedlichen Bereiche in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Schweißnaht variieren die mechanischen<br />
Kennwerte quer zur Naht.<br />
So ist die Festigkeit im Bereich <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Nuggets innerhalb <strong>de</strong>r Schweißnaht<br />
am höchsten, in Einzelfällen (5xxx-<br />
Legierungen, die nicht kalt verfestigt<br />
sind) kann eine höhere Festigkeit als<br />
im Grundwerkstoff erreicht wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
FSW zeichnet sich durch reproduzierbare<br />
und gute Schweißnahteigenschaften<br />
aus. Die Vorteile gegenüber<br />
herkömmlichen Schweißverfahren<br />
resultieren zum einen aus <strong>de</strong>m gerin-<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
gen Wärmeeintrag und zum an<strong>de</strong>ren<br />
daraus, dass jegliche <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
mit diesem Verfahren geschweißt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n können.<br />
Mit <strong>de</strong>m Rührreibschweißen sind<br />
sämtliche artgleiche und artungleiche<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen schweißbar.<br />
Diese können in verschie<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Nahtkonfigurationen (wie Stumpfstoß,<br />
Stumpfstoß/Parallelstoß, Überlappstoß,<br />
Parallelstoß, T-Stöße und<br />
Kehlnaht) hergestellt wer<strong>de</strong>n [3].<br />
Material<br />
Im folgen<strong>de</strong>n sind Beispiele für artungleiche<br />
Rührreibschweißnähte dargestellt.<br />
Die Schweißversuche wur<strong>de</strong>n<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>n folgen<strong>de</strong>n Werkstoffen gemäß<br />
Tabelle 1 durchgeführt. Dabei wur<strong>de</strong>n<br />
artungleiche Stumpfstöße gleicher<br />
Blechdicke mit <strong>de</strong>n Legierungen<br />
AlMg3, AlMgSi0,5/6060-T4 und GD<br />
ALSi10Mg hergestellt. Die Blechdicke<br />
<strong>de</strong>r eingesetzten Fügepartner<br />
beträgt 2 mm. Die mechanischen<br />
Eigenschaften wie z. B. Dehngrenze<br />
Mechanische<br />
Legierung<br />
Eigenschaften AlMg/5754-O AlMgSi0.5/6060-T4 GD AlSi10Mg<br />
R [MPa] p0,2 120 90 150<br />
R [MPa] m 220 185 288<br />
A [%] 26 27 6<br />
Vikershärte HV0,2 59 62 88<br />
Biegewinkel [°] 160 160 30<br />
Tabelle 2: Mechanische Eigenschaften <strong>de</strong>r verwen<strong>de</strong>ten Werkstoffe<br />
R p0,2 , Zugfestigkeit R m , Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung<br />
A <strong>de</strong>r verwen<strong>de</strong>ten Grundwerkstoffe<br />
variiert gemäß Tabelle 2 sehr. Alle<br />
Schweißnähte wur<strong>de</strong>n mit einem<br />
Werkzeug bestehend aus einem �<br />
13 mm konkaven Schulter- und einem<br />
� 5 mm Stiftbereich hergestellt.<br />
Ergebnisse<br />
Die Entwicklung einer FSW-Verbindung<br />
mit abnehmen<strong>de</strong>r Streckenenergie<br />
bei einer Drehzahl von 2000 min -1 ,<br />
ist am Beispiel AlMg3 - DGAlSi10Mg<br />
in Abb. 3 dargestellt. Bei dieser Werkstoffkombination<br />
wur<strong>de</strong> ein sprö<strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumdruckguss mit einer nicht<br />
aushärtbaren, gewalzten <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
gefügt. Bei kleinen<br />
Vorschüben und <strong>de</strong>mentsprechend<br />
großer Wärmeeinbringung zeigt sich<br />
<strong>de</strong>utlich die Struktur <strong>de</strong>s Nugget. Mit<br />
abnehmen<strong>de</strong>r Streckenenergie verschlechtert<br />
sich optisch die Durchmischung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Kernbereiches und<br />
führt zu Fehlern in <strong>de</strong>r Schweißnaht.<br />
Typischer Weise sind diese Fehler<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>r Advancing-Seite <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone<br />
zu fin<strong>de</strong>n. Die Streckenenergie q s<br />
[J/mm] wird als Quotient <strong>de</strong>s theoretischen<br />
Energiestroms q [W] und <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Schweißgeschwindigkeit v sch [mm/s]<br />
ermittelt [4].<br />
q s = (4/3 x � x ��x Fz x N x r sch ) / v sch<br />
[J/mm] (Gleichung 1)<br />
Der Energiestrom q [W] ergibt<br />
sich aus <strong>de</strong>m Reibungskoeffizienten<br />
� = 0,2, <strong>de</strong>r Schweißkraft Fz [N], <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Drehzahl N [s -1 ] und <strong>de</strong>m Schulterradius<br />
r sch [m]. Der Reibungskoeffizient<br />
verän<strong>de</strong>rt sich mit <strong>de</strong>m Plastifizierungsgrad<br />
bzw. mit <strong>de</strong>r Erhöhung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Temperatur [5]. Die Erhöhung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Schweißparameter (Kraft und Drehzahl)<br />
führt zu einer Erhöhung <strong>de</strong>s Energiestroms.<br />
Langsamere Schweißgeschwindigkeiten<br />
führen zu einer Erhöhung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Streckenenergie und umgekehrt.<br />
Es muss betont wer<strong>de</strong>n, dass<br />
die Gleichung 1 die Streckenenergie<br />
Zusammensetzung in Gewichts-%<br />
Legierung<br />
Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Ni Zn Ti Al<br />
AlMg3/5754-O 0,189 0,301 0,053 0,251 2,66 0,056 --- 0,033 0,033 Rest<br />
AlMgSi0.5/6060-T4 0,3-0,6 0,1-0,3 0,1 0,1 0,35-0,6 0,05 --- 0,15 0,1 Rest<br />
GD AlSi10Mg 9,0-11,0 1,0 1,0 0,001-0,4 0,00-0,5 --- 0,1 0,15 --- Rest<br />
Tab. 1: Chemische Zusammensetzung <strong>de</strong>r verwen<strong>de</strong>ten Werkstoffe<br />
FORSCHUNG<br />
99
FORSCHUNG<br />
Abb. 3: Entstehung von Bin<strong>de</strong>fehler in Abhängigkeit von <strong>de</strong>r Streckenenergie<br />
nicht richtig beschreiben kann, da die<br />
Wärmeentwicklung durch die Verformung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Gefüges nicht berücksichtigt<br />
wird.<br />
Mit optimierten Schweißparametern<br />
können fehlerfreie Schweißnähte<br />
produziert wer<strong>de</strong>n. Der Querschliff<br />
in Abb. 4 stellt eine Stumpfstoßverbindung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Legierungen AlMg3 und<br />
AlMgSi0,5 (von links nach rechts) dar.<br />
Durch die unterschiedliche Ätzung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Werkstoffe ist <strong>de</strong>r Materialverbund<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone zu erkennen.<br />
Die Schweißnaht einer rührreibgeschweißten<br />
Druckgusslegierung<br />
GD AlSi10Mg mit <strong>de</strong>r Legierung<br />
AlMgSi0,5 ist in Abb. 5 und mit <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Legierung AlMg3 in Abb. 6 dargestellt.<br />
Es ist <strong>de</strong>utlich zu sehen, dass die Materialpaarung<br />
in Abb. 6 zu einer bes-<br />
Abb. 4: Makroschliff FSW-Schweißverbindung<br />
AlMg3/AlMgSi0,5<br />
Abb. 5: Makroschliff FSW-Schweißverbindung<br />
GD AlSi10Mg/AlMgSi0,5<br />
Abb. 6: Makroschliff FSW-Schweißverbindung<br />
GD AlSi10Mg/AlMg3<br />
seren Mischung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Fügepartner<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone<br />
führt.<br />
Der Verlauf<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Spannungs-<br />
Dehnungs-Diagrammes<br />
<strong>de</strong>r<br />
AlMg3/GDAl-<br />
Si10Mg-Verbindung<br />
ist, stellvertretend<br />
für<br />
die weiteren<br />
Verbindungen,<br />
in Abb. 7 dargelegt.<br />
Die Verbindungenerreichen<br />
somit<br />
eine Zugfestigkeit von R m = 225 MPa,<br />
welche <strong>de</strong>m Wert <strong>de</strong>s Grundwerkstoffes<br />
AlMg3 in etwa entspricht.<br />
Die verbleiben<strong>de</strong>n Proben erreichen<br />
bei<strong>de</strong> eine Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung von A = 12<br />
%. Mit ihren Materialeigenschaften,<br />
Abb. 7: Spannungs-Dehnungskurven<br />
Abb. 8: Bruchlage von geschweißten Zugproben<br />
bewegen sie sich zwischen <strong>de</strong>m sprö<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Druckguss und <strong>de</strong>m duktilen<br />
Walzblech.<br />
Im Zugversuch versagten die Proben<br />
parallel zur Schweißnaht im Bereich<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Fügepartners mit <strong>de</strong>r geringeren<br />
Festigkeit. Die Lage <strong>de</strong>s Bruches<br />
ist in Abb. 8 abgebil<strong>de</strong>t.<br />
Die Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung A bezieht sich<br />
auf die Anfangslänge L 0 <strong>de</strong>r Proben.<br />
Bei einer FSW-Verbindung setzt sich<br />
nun diese Länge nicht aus einem homogen<br />
Stück, son<strong>de</strong>rn aus verschie<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Zonen mit unterschiedlichen<br />
Legierungen und Eigenschaften zusammen.<br />
Daher konzentriert sich die<br />
Dehnung hauptsächlich auf einem<br />
Bereich innerhalb <strong>de</strong>r Probe und führt<br />
zu einer relativ niedrigen Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung.<br />
Die in Tabelle 3 angegebenen<br />
Werte für R P0,2 , R m , <strong>de</strong>r Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung<br />
A und <strong>de</strong>s Biegewinkels stellen <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Durchschnitt aus min<strong>de</strong>stens drei artgleichen<br />
Proben dar.<br />
100 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
a<br />
b<br />
c
Die Zugfestigkeit <strong>de</strong>r geschweißten<br />
Proben erreicht im Verhältnis zum<br />
jeweils schwächeren Fügepartner<br />
gemäß Tabelle 3 97 % für die erste<br />
Verbindung, 94 % für die zweite Verbindung<br />
und 100% für die dritte Verbindung.<br />
Die Duktilität <strong>de</strong>r Schweißnähte<br />
kann durch <strong>de</strong>n Biegewinkel<br />
ausgedruckt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Bei <strong>de</strong>r Werkstoffkombination<br />
1 wird <strong>de</strong>r gleiche<br />
Biegewinkel erreicht wie bei <strong>de</strong>n<br />
eingesetzten Grundwerkstoffen. Die<br />
Werkstoffkombinationen 2 und 3 zeigen<br />
einen <strong>de</strong>utlichen höheren Biegewinkel<br />
im Vergleich zum Druckguss.<br />
Dies ist zum einen auf die gute Vermischung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Grundwerkstoffe und<br />
zum an<strong>de</strong>ren auf die Reduzierung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Korngröße in <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone zurückzuführen.<br />
Die Erhöhung <strong>de</strong>r Duktilität<br />
durch ein feinkörniges Gefüge infolge<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Rührreibschweißens wird in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Literatur [6, 7] mit unterschiedlichen<br />
Versuchen bewertet.<br />
Aufgrund <strong>de</strong>s Schweißvorganges<br />
entsteht eine sehr feinkörnige Struktur<br />
im Bereich <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone <strong>de</strong>r Nähte,<br />
dies kann am besten aus <strong>de</strong>m Vergleich<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Mikrostruktur <strong>de</strong>s Druckgusses<br />
im Grundwerkstoff und im<br />
Nugget ver<strong>de</strong>utlicht wer<strong>de</strong>n (Abb. 9).<br />
Die Korngröße im unbeeinflussten<br />
Grundwerkstoff beträgt 20 bis 30 μm.<br />
Aufgrund <strong>de</strong>s Schweißverfahrens entsteht<br />
ein rekristallisiertes Gefüge mit<br />
einer Korngröße von etwa 5 μm. Dies<br />
führt zu einer Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r Duktilität<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Druckgusslegierung. Darüber<br />
hinaus können Fehler im Druckguss<br />
wie z. B. Poren o<strong>de</strong>r Risse im Bereich<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Rührzone behoben wer<strong>de</strong>n [6].<br />
Somit bietet das Rührreibschweißen<br />
die Möglichkeiten, das Gefüge <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Werkstoffes lokal, <strong>de</strong>r Belastung entsprechend,<br />
zu verän<strong>de</strong>rn.<br />
Zusammenfassung<br />
Das Schweißen von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
kann fehlerfrei realisiert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Eine Einschränkung hinsichtlich<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Werkstoffkombination aus unter-<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
schiedlichen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
besteht nicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit<br />
wur<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Einsatz <strong>de</strong>s Verfahrens<br />
am Beispiel von artungleichen<br />
Mischverbindungen <strong>de</strong>monstriert<br />
und bewertet.<br />
Es konnte gezeigt wer<strong>de</strong>n, dass <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Materialfluss in <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone sich<br />
abhängig von <strong>de</strong>r Streckenenergie<br />
verhält. Die Abnahme <strong>de</strong>r Streckenenergie<br />
resultierte aus <strong>de</strong>r Bildung<br />
von Fehlstellen im Materialverbund<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Rührzone – ein Hinweis auf die<br />
falsche Parameterkombination.<br />
Mit <strong>de</strong>r richtigen Parameterkombination<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n fehlerfreie artungleiche<br />
Stumpfstöße mit <strong>de</strong>n Legierungen<br />
AlMg3, AlMgSi0,5 / 6060-T4 und GD<br />
ALSi10Mg hergestellt. Die Zugproben<br />
versagten im jeweils schwächeren<br />
Grundwerkstoff weit entfernt von<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Naht. Aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r feinen Mikrostruktur<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n Schweißnähten<br />
konnte eine Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r Duktilität<br />
gegenüber <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>s Druckgusses<br />
festgestellt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Die Betrachtung <strong>de</strong>s Gefüges<br />
ver<strong>de</strong>utlicht, dass eine Kornfeinung<br />
insbeson<strong>de</strong>re <strong>de</strong>s Gusswerkstoffes<br />
stattgefun<strong>de</strong>n hat. Somit besteht die<br />
Möglichkeit, <strong>de</strong>n Rührreibprozess<br />
zur gezielten lokalen Än<strong>de</strong>rung <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Gefüges und als Reparaturverfahren<br />
für typische Unregelmäßigkeiten in<br />
Gussbauteilen (wie oberflächennahe<br />
Risse etc.) einzusetzen.<br />
Danksagung<br />
Die Autoren bedanken sich bei C.<br />
Schilling und M. Nüchtern für die<br />
Durchführung <strong>de</strong>r Versuche ganz<br />
herzlich.<br />
Literatur<br />
1. W. M. Thomas, D. E. Nicholas, C. J.<br />
Needham: Improvements relating to friction<br />
welding; Patent No. EP 0 615 480 B1;<br />
1994.<br />
2. I. Ballerstein: Feasibility study of friction<br />
stir welding of ship components; Diploma<br />
thesis; Technical University Ham-<br />
Werkstoffkombinationen R [MPa] P0,2 R [MPa] m A [%] Biegewinkel [°]<br />
AlMg3 / AlMgSi0.5 100 180 12 160<br />
AlMgSi0.5 / GD AlSi10Mg 90 175 10 75<br />
AlMg3 / GD AlSi10Mg 110 225 12 75<br />
Tab. 3: Mechanische Eigenschaften <strong>de</strong>r FSW-Proben<br />
Abb. 9: Gefüge <strong>de</strong>r Druckgusslegierung im<br />
Grundwerkstoff (a) und in <strong>de</strong>r Rührzone (b)<br />
burg-Harburg; 2000.<br />
3. P. L. Threadgill: Friction stir welding<br />
– the state of the art –; TWI Research Report;<br />
1999.<br />
4. O. T. Midling, G. Rorvik: Effect of tool<br />
shoul<strong>de</strong>r material on heat input during<br />
friction stir welding; 1st International<br />
Symposium on Friction Stir Welding 14-<br />
16 June 1999; California, USA; 1999.<br />
5. C. M. Chen, R. Kovacevic: Finite element<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>ling of friction stir welding<br />
- thermal and thermmechanical analysis;<br />
International Journal of Machine Tools<br />
& Manufacture; 2003; Vol. 43, p. 1319-<br />
1326.<br />
6. W. M. Thomas, D. G. Staines, I. M. Norris,<br />
and E. R. Watts: Friction Stir Welding<br />
– Process Developments; 12th International<br />
Conference on the Joining of Materials<br />
(JOM-12); Helsingor, Denmark; 20-23<br />
March 2005.<br />
7. S. Sheikhi, J. F. dos Santos: Eigenschaften<br />
von rührreibgeschweißten <strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />
Mischverbindungen; Schlüsseltechnologie<br />
Leichtmetallguss im Automobilbau,<br />
17./18. November 2005 - Bad Nauheim.<br />
Autoren<br />
FORSCHUNG<br />
Dr. Jorge F. dos Santos leitet die Gruppe<br />
Fügetechnologie am Institut für Werkstoffforschung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s GKSS Forschungszentrums<br />
Geesthacht GmbH.<br />
Dr.-Ing. Sharam Sheikhi ist Projektingenieur<br />
am Institut für Werkstoffforschung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s GKSS.<br />
101<br />
a<br />
b
VERANSTALTUNGEN<br />
22 nd ASK Metal Forming: „Forming the Future”<br />
Presenter: Institute of Metal Forming<br />
(IBF) and Institute of Ferrous<br />
Metallurgy (IEHK), RWTH Aachen<br />
University, 8 and 9 March 2007.<br />
New materials, forming procedures,<br />
machines and comprehensive simulation<br />
and optimisation methods are<br />
the basis for rapid improvements in<br />
the <strong>de</strong>velopment of the forming technology.<br />
In many cases this leads to increasingly<br />
powerful, customised endproducts<br />
and cost-effective process<br />
chains. The 22 nd ASK Metal Forming<br />
will inclu<strong>de</strong> contributions from the<br />
scientific and industrial communities,<br />
encompassing a broad spectrum<br />
of topics from the seemingly classic to<br />
state-of-the-art future technologies.<br />
Forging and rolling can open up<br />
new markets and ensure market<br />
The Coatings Summit<br />
5 to 6 February 2007, Vienna, Austria<br />
Top-level speakers from Asia, America<br />
and Europe, from global groups<br />
and medium-sized power players, will<br />
share their insight into vital and emerging<br />
issues of the coatings industry.<br />
They will i<strong>de</strong>ntify trends and discuss<br />
key drivers, be it the changing nature<br />
of sourcing and manufacturing, market<br />
entry strategies or new regions to<br />
source creativity and innovation.<br />
Further information:<br />
European Coatings Conference<br />
Tel: +49 (0)511 9910-270<br />
esther.schwencke@coatings.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.coatings.<strong>de</strong><br />
R+T 2007<br />
10. bis 14. Februar 2007, Stuttgart<br />
Themenschwerpunkte <strong>de</strong>r internationalen<br />
Fachmesse in Stuttgart sind <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Rolla<strong>de</strong>n-, Jalousie- und Markisenbau<br />
sowie <strong>de</strong>r Sonnenschutz, Tor- und<br />
Fensterbau. Das Fachpublikum erstreckt<br />
sich auch auf Architekten und<br />
Fachplaner.<br />
Weitere Infos:<br />
Messe Stuttgart<br />
Tel: +49 (0)711 2589-0<br />
info@messe-stuttgart.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.messe-stuttgart.<strong>de</strong><br />
shares by material <strong>de</strong>velopment,<br />
process simulations and process<br />
monitoring. Moreover, it is possible<br />
to overcome the past limitations<br />
of forming technology by applying<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rn <strong>de</strong>velopments. For example,<br />
new flexible forming procedures like<br />
strip profile rolling, incremental sheet<br />
forming or flexible ring profile rolling<br />
enable the cost-effective production<br />
of small lot sizes and bad optimised<br />
lightweight products. Miniaturisation<br />
opens up new markets for micro-parts<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> of metal. Mo<strong>de</strong>rn simulation<br />
techniques and material mo<strong>de</strong>ls support<br />
the process planning by predictions<br />
of grain structure, part quality<br />
and process capability.<br />
Simultaneously to the lectures,<br />
there will be an exhibition, where interested<br />
companies will present prod-<br />
Bauen und Energie<br />
15. bis 18. Februar 2007, Wien<br />
Die internationale Messe für alle, die<br />
beim Bauen, Renovieren, Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisieren,<br />
und Energie sparen auf Kosteneffizienz<br />
und Qualität achten.<br />
Weitere Infos:<br />
Reed Exhibitions Messe Wien<br />
Tel: +43 (0)1 727 20-0<br />
info@messe.at<br />
www.messe.at<br />
3. Landshuter Leichtbau-Colloquium<br />
22. und 23. Februar 2007, Landshut<br />
Das Colloquium zum Thema „Leichtbau<br />
- von <strong>de</strong>r I<strong>de</strong>e zum Produkt“ bietet<br />
ein Forum, um ausgesuchte Leichtbaulösungen<br />
zu präsentieren. Der Leichtbau<br />
soll dabei über <strong>de</strong>n gesamten Produktlebenszyklus<br />
von <strong>de</strong>r I<strong>de</strong>e bis zum<br />
fertigen Produkt und <strong>de</strong>ssen Wie<strong>de</strong>rverwertung<br />
diskutiert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Weitere Infos:<br />
Fachhochschule Landshut<br />
Tel: +49 (0)871 506 134<br />
info@leichtbau-cluster.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.leichtbau-cluster.<strong>de</strong><br />
2007 SME Annual Meeting Exhibit<br />
25 to 28 February 2007, Denver, U.S.<br />
The meeting covers a broad range of<br />
topics regarding mineral and metallur-<br />
ucts and services. In the afternoon of<br />
the second day, the participants will<br />
get the facility to attend <strong>de</strong>monstrations<br />
at the constructions of the IBF of<br />
the RWTH Aachen. There is also the<br />
opportunity to visit the IEHK and the<br />
Centre of Metal Construction.<br />
The Colloquium is addressed to all<br />
responsible persons in the steel- and<br />
non-ferrous metal industry <strong>de</strong>aling<br />
with the production, <strong>de</strong>sign, plant<br />
construction, manufacturing, inspection<br />
and applications of innovative<br />
products. All presentations will be<br />
translated simultaneously into English.<br />
Further information:<br />
Dipl.-lng. Marcus Urban<br />
Tel: +49 (0)241 8095927<br />
ask@ ibf.rwth-aachen.<strong>de</strong><br />
www. ibf. rwth-aachen .<strong>de</strong><br />
gical processing. SME will celebrate its<br />
50 year anniversary.<br />
Further information:<br />
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration<br />
Tel: +1(303) 973-9550<br />
meetings@smenet.org<br />
www.smenet.org<br />
TMS 2007 Annual Meeting Exhibition<br />
25 Feb. to 1 March 2007, Orlando, U.S.<br />
More than 140 exhibitors from some<br />
20 countries will present solutions to<br />
technical challenges in a vast array of<br />
areas: e.g. cast shop technology, emerging<br />
materials, environmental management,<br />
industrial process control and<br />
automation, primary production equiment<br />
and services, technology resources,<br />
surface processes.<br />
Further information:<br />
The Minerals, Metals & Materials<br />
Society<br />
Tel: +1(724) 776 9000<br />
mtgserv@tms.org<br />
www.tms.org<br />
7. KBU-Kolloquium: Bergbauliche Abfälle<br />
und Emissionshan<strong>de</strong>l<br />
1. und 2. März 2007, Aachen<br />
Eine gemeinsame Tagung <strong>de</strong>s Lehrund<br />
Forschungsgebietes Berg- und<br />
102 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Umweltrecht <strong>de</strong>r RWTH Aachen und<br />
<strong>de</strong>r GDMB Gesellschaft für Bergbau,<br />
Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik.<br />
Die Themen sind unter an<strong>de</strong>rem:<br />
Die Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen an die<br />
Verwertung mineralischer Abfälle,<br />
die Verordnung mineralische Abfälle,<br />
Einsatzmöglichkeiten bergbaulicher<br />
Abfälle für Baustoffe, Emissionshan<strong>de</strong>lsrecht,<br />
NAP II.<br />
Weitere Infos:<br />
GDMB<br />
Tel: +49 (0)5323 937 90<br />
gdmb@dgmb.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.gdmb.<strong>de</strong><br />
EFB-Kolloquium „Blechverarbeitung“<br />
06. und 07. März 2007, Fellbach<br />
Das Kolloquium steht unter <strong>de</strong>m Leitthema<br />
„Neue Wege zum wirtschaftlichen<br />
Leichtbau – Innovative Lösungen<br />
zur Blechumformung und mechanischen<br />
Fügetechnik“. In <strong>de</strong>n einzelnen<br />
Sektionen wer<strong>de</strong>n die aktuellen Fragestellungen<br />
zu höchstfesten Stählen und<br />
an<strong>de</strong>ren Werkstoffen sowie zu Verfahren<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Fügetechnik und Simulation<br />
im Leichtbau aufgegriffen.<br />
Weitere Infos:<br />
Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft<br />
für Blechverarbeitung<br />
Tel: +49 (0)511 97175-0<br />
info@efb.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.efb.<strong>de</strong><br />
metall München<br />
07 to 10 March 2007, Munich, Germany<br />
European specialist tra<strong>de</strong> fair for metalworking<br />
in industry and tra<strong>de</strong>. The fair<br />
will present solutions for areas such as<br />
tool machines, precision tools, components,<br />
component modules and accessories,<br />
manufacturing and process<br />
automation, measuring technology and<br />
quality assurance.<br />
Further information:<br />
Gesellschaft für Handwerksmessen<br />
Tel: +49 (0)89 949 55-0<br />
messe@ghm.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.ghm.<strong>de</strong><br />
Metal Build 2007<br />
12 to 15 March 2007, Moscow, Russia<br />
Metal Build 2007 is the fifth anniversary<br />
exhibition of metal in construction<br />
and architecture, covering all<br />
questions from materials for metal<br />
constructions to their processings up<br />
to finished products.<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Fortbildung<br />
Einführung in die Technologie <strong>de</strong>s <strong>Alu</strong>miniums, 12.-14.02.2007, Aachen<br />
DGM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkun<strong>de</strong>, Tel.: 069 75306 757,<br />
E-Mail: np@dgm.<strong>de</strong>, www.dgm.<strong>de</strong><br />
Die neue Gefahrstoffverordnung in <strong>de</strong>r Praxis, 13.-14.02.2007, Stuttgart<br />
VDI Wissensforum, Tel.: 0211 6214 201,<br />
E-Mail: wissensforum@vdi.<strong>de</strong>, www.vdi-wissensforum.<strong>de</strong><br />
Neue Werkstoffnormung und neue Werkstoffbezeichnungen für<br />
metallische Werkstoffe in Europa, 15.02.2007, Essen<br />
Haus <strong>de</strong>r Technik, Tel.: 0201 1803 344,<br />
E-Mail: information@hdt-essen.<strong>de</strong>, www.hdt-essen.<strong>de</strong><br />
Betriebswirtschaftliche Grundlagen für technische Führungskräfte<br />
22.-23.02.2007, Mainz<br />
Ostbayer. Technologie-Transfer-Institut (Otti), Tel.: 0941 29688 21,<br />
E-Mail: margit.zierl@otti.<strong>de</strong>, www.otti.<strong>de</strong><br />
Der Sicherheitsbeauftragte, 26.-27. Februar 2007, Hannover<br />
TÜV Nord Aka<strong>de</strong>mie, Tel: 0511 986 1910,<br />
E-Mail: bcramer@tuev-nord.<strong>de</strong>, www.tuevnordaka<strong>de</strong>mie.<strong>de</strong><br />
Systematische Beurteilung technischer Scha<strong>de</strong>nsfälle<br />
11.-16.03.2007, Ermatingen, CH<br />
DGM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkun<strong>de</strong>, Tel.: 069 75306 757,<br />
E-Mail: np@dgm.<strong>de</strong>, www.dgm.<strong>de</strong><br />
Einführung in die Metallkun<strong>de</strong> für Ingenieure und Techniker,<br />
13.-16.03.2007, Darmstadt<br />
DGM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkun<strong>de</strong>, Tel.: 069 75306 757,<br />
E-Mail: np@dgm.<strong>de</strong>, www.dgm.<strong>de</strong><br />
Trends in <strong>de</strong>r Nutzfahrzeugindustrie, 20.-21.03.2007, München<br />
Euroforum, Tel.: 0211 9686 3611,<br />
E-Mail: theresia.strehler@euroforum.com, www.euroforum.<strong>de</strong><br />
Further information:<br />
Tel: +7 (495) 956-48-22<br />
metalbuild@m-expo.ru<br />
www.metal-build.ru<br />
DFO-Leichtmetall-Tagung<br />
20. und 21. März 2007, Neuss<br />
Thema <strong>de</strong>r Tagung: Die Oberflächenbehandlung<br />
von Leichtmetallen. Im<br />
Vor<strong>de</strong>rgrund stehen die Vorbehandlung,<br />
anodische Oxidation und PVD-<br />
/Plasmabeschichtung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium.<br />
Es wer<strong>de</strong>n mo<strong>de</strong>rne Korrosions- und<br />
Verschleißschutzsysteme vorgestellt.<br />
Weitere Tagungsthemen betreffen <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Werkstoff Magnesium.<br />
Weitere Infos:<br />
Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft für<br />
Oberflächenbehandlung e. V. (DFO)<br />
Tel: +49 (0)2131 40 811 10<br />
service@dfo-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
www.dfo-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
EVENTS<br />
Russia <strong>Alu</strong>minium Casting Conference<br />
27 to 29 March 2007, Moscow, Russia<br />
The conference is organised by <strong>Alu</strong>sil-<br />
MVT un<strong>de</strong>r the assistance of Russian<br />
Association of Foundrymen and <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Extru<strong>de</strong>rs Association. Subjects<br />
are: markets, applications and<br />
research, melt preparation, ingot and<br />
continuous casting, manufacture of<br />
castings, environment and safety. The<br />
conference will be supplemented by<br />
the exhibition of state-of-the-art casting<br />
equipment and technologies.<br />
Further information:<br />
Tel: +7 (495) 785-2005<br />
main@alusil.ru<br />
www.alusil.net<br />
103
UMWELTPREIS<br />
BDI-Umweltpreiswettbewerb 2007/08<br />
Umweltfreundlichkeit siegt<br />
Der Bun<strong>de</strong>sverband <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen<br />
Industrie (BDI) hat <strong>de</strong>n Umweltpreiswettbewerb<br />
für die Industrie<br />
2007/08 erneut ausgeschrieben.<br />
Der Wettbewerb ist Teil <strong>de</strong>s europäischen<br />
Umweltpreises <strong>de</strong>r EU-<br />
Kommission. Die Sieger <strong>de</strong>r nationalen<br />
Wettbewerbe nehmen damit<br />
auch auf europäischer Ebene teil.<br />
Insgesamt benennt <strong>de</strong>r BDI-Umweltwettbewerb<br />
fünf Preiskategorien.<br />
Preiskategorien<br />
• Umweltfreundliche Technologien<br />
• Umweltfreundliche Produkte<br />
• Umweltorientierte Unternehmensführung<br />
• Umweltschutz-Technologietransfer<br />
in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenlän<strong>de</strong>r<br />
und Staaten Osteuropas<br />
• Kreislaufwirtschaft, Recycling und<br />
Abfallmanagement.<br />
Über die nationalen Preisträger und<br />
die Benennungen zum europäischen<br />
Wettbewerb entschei<strong>de</strong>t eine Jury<br />
aus namhaften Persönlichkeiten aus<br />
Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Politik und<br />
Umweltorganisationen. Vorgeschaltet<br />
ist eine fachliche Prüfung durch<br />
das Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemund<br />
Innovationsforschung (ISI) in<br />
Karlsruhe. Der Beurteilung <strong>de</strong>r eingehen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Bewerbungen liegen – neben<br />
<strong>de</strong>n allgemeinen Kriterien Umweltentlastung,<br />
Ressourcenschonung, wirtschaftlicher<br />
sowie gesellschaftlicher<br />
Nutzen (Nachhaltigkeit) und Innovationsleistung<br />
– folgen<strong>de</strong> spezifische<br />
Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen in <strong>de</strong>n einzelnen Preiskategorien<br />
zugrun<strong>de</strong>:<br />
Umweltfreundliche Technologien<br />
• Entwicklung innovativer Verfahren<br />
zur Verringerung von Umwelt<br />
belastungen an <strong>de</strong>r Quelle ihres<br />
Entstehens sowie zur Schonung<br />
von Ressourcen.<br />
• Erfüllung von Umweltstandards<br />
und Umweltentlastungen über<br />
gesetzliche Vorgaben hinaus.<br />
• Vorrang integrierter Prozesse vor<br />
104<br />
end-of-pipe-Lösungen sowie von<br />
Verfahren und Technologien mit<br />
größerer Anwendungsbreite.<br />
Umweltverträgliche Produkte<br />
• Umweltentlastung durch innovative,<br />
ökoeffiziente Produkte<br />
und Dienstleistungen.<br />
• Einbeziehung von Ressourcenschonung,<br />
Energieeffizienz, Recycling-<br />
und Entsorgungsfreundlichkeit<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Produktentwicklung<br />
und -gestaltung.<br />
• Beson<strong>de</strong>re Berücksichtigung neuer<br />
Produkte, die bereits am Markt<br />
vorhan<strong>de</strong>ne Güter verbessern<br />
bzw. ersetzen und zumin<strong>de</strong>st als<br />
Prototyp vorliegen.<br />
Umweltorientierte<br />
Unternehmensführung<br />
• Entwicklung einer integrierten<br />
umweltorientierten Unternehmenspolitik,<br />
z. B. in Form ganzheitlicher<br />
Umweltschutzkonzepte o<strong>de</strong>r Umweltleitlinien.<br />
• Art und Grad <strong>de</strong>r Einbeziehung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Belegschaft in das Unternehmenskonzept,<br />
beispielsweise durch Ausund<br />
Weiterbildung in Umweltfragen.<br />
• Kommunikation mit externen<br />
Zielgruppen.<br />
• Übernahme von Produktverantwortung,<br />
z. B. durch Rücknahmeund<br />
Recyclinggarantien.<br />
Umweltschutz-Technologietransfer<br />
Diese Kategorie bezieht Technologien<br />
und Produkte wie auch das Umweltschutzmanagement<br />
ein. Dabei sind<br />
folgen<strong>de</strong> Kriterien wichtig:<br />
• Beispielhafte Zusammenarbeit mit<br />
einem privaten Partner o<strong>de</strong>r einer<br />
öffentlichen Einrichtung im Sinne<br />
einer langfristig tragfähigen Entwicklung.<br />
• Lösung eines spezifischen regionalen<br />
Umweltproblems unter Berücksichtigung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r speziellen An-<br />
for<strong>de</strong>rungen sowie <strong>de</strong>r vorhan<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Ressourcen und Fähigkeiten<br />
in diesen Län<strong>de</strong>rn.<br />
• Eignung zur weiteren Verbreitung<br />
und künftigen Weiterentwicklung.<br />
Kreislaufwirtschaft, Recycling<br />
und Abfallmanagement<br />
• Entwicklung von hochwertigen-<br />
Recyclingmaßnahmen (produktionsintegrierte<br />
Verfahren wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
unter <strong>de</strong>r Kategorie „Umweltfreundliche<br />
Technologien“ erfasst).<br />
• Innovative und effiziente Systeme<br />
zur Sammlung, Verwertung und<br />
zum Wie<strong>de</strong>reinsatz von Material,<br />
Komponenten und Produkten.<br />
• Vermarktung und Wie<strong>de</strong>rverwendung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r rezyklierten Materialien<br />
und Produkte.<br />
• Ressourcenschonen<strong>de</strong>s und kosteneffizientes<br />
Abfallmanagement.<br />
Teilnahmebedingungen<br />
Am BDI-Wettbewerb können Unternehmen<br />
und Organisationen aus <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Industrie teilnehmen. Institutionen,<br />
die nicht <strong>de</strong>m industriellen Bereich<br />
angehören, sind teilnahmeberechtigt,<br />
wenn ihr Projekt in Zusammenarbeit<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>r Industrie entwickelt wur<strong>de</strong><br />
und bereits industrielle Anwendung<br />
gefun<strong>de</strong>n hat. Ferner sollten die Projekte<br />
die Ausrichtung auf eine nachhaltige<br />
Entwicklung erkennen lassen,<br />
über gesetzliche Vorschriften und<br />
Auflagen hinausgehen und sich entwe<strong>de</strong>r<br />
in operationaler Phase o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
praktizierter Anwendung befin<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Die Bewerbungsunterlagen zur Teilnahme<br />
am BDI-Umweltpreiswettbewerb<br />
für die <strong>de</strong>utsche Industrie<br />
2005/06 sind bis spätestens 15. Juni<br />
2007 einzureichen. Die Bekanntgabe<br />
<strong>de</strong>r nationalen Preisträger und die<br />
Verleihung <strong>de</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>ellen Auszeichnungen<br />
erfolgen im Rahmen <strong>de</strong>r BDI-<br />
Jahrestagung voraussichtlich im Juni<br />
2008 in Berlin mit einer begleiten<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Ausstellung für die Preisträger. Die<br />
<strong>de</strong>taillierten Bewerbungsformalitäten<br />
sind auf <strong>de</strong>r Homepage <strong>de</strong>s BDI abrufbar.<br />
�<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Virtual Fabrication of <strong>Alu</strong>minium Products<br />
This book contains the results of a major<br />
project of the European aluminium<br />
industries and their aca<strong>de</strong>mic partners<br />
on “virtual fabrication”. Its three<br />
chapters give an overview over:<br />
1. The production, processing and<br />
quality <strong>de</strong>tails of semi-finished products<br />
(sheet and extrusions) of some<br />
typical conventional wrought aluminium<br />
alloys and products.<br />
2. The fundamental physical processes<br />
and recent mo<strong>de</strong>lling approaches<br />
of casting, <strong>de</strong>formation and annealing<br />
processes and microstructures.<br />
3. Their integration and application<br />
in “through process simulations” of<br />
plant production.<br />
“Virtual fabrication“ <strong>de</strong>fines a new<br />
tool to simulate industrial processes<br />
with integrated mo<strong>de</strong>ls that can predict<br />
related properties and applied to<br />
many purposes, such as:<br />
• Improvement of industrial production<br />
processes and product quality<br />
• Improvement of research and <strong>de</strong>-<br />
Umschlüsselung DIN zu EN<br />
Europäische <strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerkstoffe<br />
Der europäische Binnenmarkt benötigt<br />
gemeinsame Normen, die die<br />
Einschränkungen für <strong>de</strong>n freien Warenverkehr<br />
abbauen helfen. Die se<br />
europäische Normung hat auch mit<br />
Blick auf <strong>de</strong>n Werkstoff <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
zu großen Verän<strong>de</strong>rungen geführt. In<br />
relativ kurzer Zeit mussten die nationalen<br />
Normen durch europäische<br />
Normen ersetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n, in <strong>de</strong>nen Bezeichnungssysteme<br />
und Zustandsbezeichnungen<br />
für Werkstoff geän<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Um <strong>de</strong>m Anwen<strong>de</strong>r die Umschlüsselung<br />
alt/neu für <strong>Alu</strong>minium und<br />
seine Le gie rungen zu erleichtern,<br />
sollte ein einfach zu handhaben<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Hilfsmittel erarbeitet wer<strong>de</strong>n. Damit<br />
war <strong>de</strong>r Startschuss für das Beuth-Pocket<br />
gefallen.<br />
Die lange Zeit <strong>de</strong>r Erstellung ver<strong>de</strong>utlicht,<br />
wie viel Arbeit in <strong>de</strong>m<br />
handlichen, kleinformatigen Nachschlagewerk<br />
steckt. Es durchdringt<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
velopment quality for process and<br />
product optimization<br />
• Design of microstructural states<br />
and resulting specific material properties<br />
• Design most effective and efficient<br />
fabrication and processing routes<br />
• Reduce significantly the number<br />
of expensive test runs in productive<br />
plants<br />
• Reduce cost and time to market of<br />
new products and processes<br />
• Standardize aluminium alloys for<br />
application and to enhance recyclability.<br />
The targeted audience groups are:<br />
• industrial production engineers<br />
working on fabrication and processing<br />
sites<br />
• engineers <strong>de</strong>aling with product<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment and aluminium applications<br />
• scientists and stu<strong>de</strong>nts working<br />
in aca<strong>de</strong>mic and industrial research<br />
laboratories.<br />
das Dickicht und ermöglicht einen<br />
schnellen Zugriff auf oft mühsam zusammengesuchte<br />
Fakten: Das Nachschlagewerk<br />
bringt Transparenz in<br />
die Fülle <strong>de</strong>r Norm-Dokumente. Es<br />
klärt die Be<strong>de</strong>utung von Kürzeln und<br />
Kennzeichen, vermittelt wichtige Informationen<br />
für <strong>de</strong>n betrieblichen<br />
Alltag und verweist nicht zuletzt auf<br />
die gängigen Normen.<br />
Herausgekommen ist das Beuth<br />
Pocket “Europäische <strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerk<br />
stoffe“, das in 1. Auflage 2006<br />
zweisprachig <strong>de</strong>utsch/englisch erschienen<br />
ist.<br />
Beuth Pocket<br />
H.-W. Wenglorz, Europäische <strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerkstoffe<br />
/ European <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Materials<br />
1. Aufl. 2006. 294 S. 21 x 10,5 cm.<br />
Brosch. 29,80 Euro.<br />
ISBN 978-3-410-16287-2<br />
Beuth Verlag GmbH<br />
NEW BOOKS<br />
Virtual Fabrication of <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Products, Jürgen Hirsch (Editor)<br />
Hardcover, 406 pages,<br />
October 2006<br />
£85.00 / €127.50<br />
ISBN: 3-527-31363-X<br />
Bei zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen (ZfP)<br />
wird verstärkt auf die Kombination verschie<strong>de</strong>ner<br />
Verfahren gesetzt, um die<br />
Sicherheit unserer technischen Umgebung<br />
zu erhöhen. Sowohl für kombinierte<br />
Me tho<strong>de</strong>n wie auch für Einzelprüfungen<br />
stellen zwei DIN-Taschenbücher (TB) das<br />
normentechnische Knowhow zur Verfügung.<br />
DIN-TB 56 „Materialprüfnormen<br />
für metallische Werkstoffe 2“ enthält die<br />
Normen und Norm-Entwürfe für die Volumenverfahren<br />
<strong>de</strong>r ZfP. Ergänzend dazu<br />
ist DIN-TB 370 „Materialprüfnormen für<br />
metallische Werkstoffe 4“ erschienen, das<br />
die Normen zu Oberflächenverfahren und<br />
zu an<strong>de</strong>ren ZfP-Verfahren umfasst.<br />
DIN-TB 56, Materialprüf normen für metalli<br />
sche Werkstoffe 2. 7. Aufl. 2006. 640<br />
S. A5. Brosch. 125,30 Euro. ISBN 978-3-<br />
410-16300-8. Beuth-Verlag GmbH<br />
DIN-TB 370, Materialprüfnormen für<br />
me tallische Werkstoffe 4. 2006. 560 S.<br />
A5. Brosch. 106,90 Euro. ISBN 978-3-410-<br />
16313-8., Beuth Verlag GmbH<br />
105
FIRMENSCHRIFTEN<br />
SECO/Warwick<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Annealing Furnaces<br />
SECO/Warwick provi<strong>de</strong>s customengineered<br />
aluminium coil and foil<br />
annealing furnaces with capacities<br />
ranging from single coil modular furnaces<br />
to multi-zone furnaces with<br />
tight zone control. The company<br />
continues to <strong>de</strong>velop technologies to<br />
improve equipment performance and<br />
efficiency. Two significant improvements<br />
for coil and foil processing<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong>:<br />
Messerfabrik Neuenkamp<br />
Neuer Schneidtechnik-Katalog<br />
Die Messerfabrik Neuenkamp GmbH,<br />
ein Mitglied <strong>de</strong>r internationalen<br />
Dienes-Gruppe, bietet eine breite Palette<br />
von Serviceleistungen rund um<br />
die Schneidtechnik. Zielgruppe ist die<br />
verarbeiten<strong>de</strong> Industrie von Stahl und<br />
NE-Metallen.<br />
Ein neuer Produktkatalog gibt einen<br />
Überblick über das Produkt- und<br />
Serviceprogramm, angefangen bei<br />
Rollscherenmessern über Distanz-<br />
und Druckverteilungsringe, Sepa-<br />
Schüco International<br />
Nachhaltigkeitsbericht „SustainIng“<br />
Effiziente Lösungen und nachhaltige<br />
Produkte, die höchste Ansprüche hinsichtlich<br />
Komfort und Design erfüllen,<br />
müssen kein Wi<strong>de</strong>rspruch sein. In <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Natur gibt es zahlreiche Beispiele für<br />
<strong>de</strong>n perfekten Umgang mit Energie<br />
und Material. Vor diesem Hintergrund<br />
beschäftigt sich <strong>de</strong>r aktuelle Schüco-<br />
Nachhaltigkeitsbericht „SustainIng“<br />
mit natürlichen Ansätzen für die zukunftsorientierte<br />
Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hülle. Die<br />
68-seitige Broschüre rich tet sich vor<br />
allem an Investoren und Architekten.<br />
Sie informiert über <strong>de</strong>n nachhaltigen<br />
Umgang mit <strong>de</strong>r Umwelt sowie darü-<br />
� Mass flow <strong>de</strong>sign to protect load<br />
surfaces that are vulnerable to damage<br />
during high atmosphere flow.<br />
� Vortex flow jet heating that reduces<br />
cycle time by taking advantage<br />
of the high heat transfer produced<br />
through convection heating.<br />
The updated brochure is available<br />
online at www.secowarwick.com or<br />
via e-mail (info@secowarwick.com)<br />
for a print copy.<br />
rierwerkzeuge, komplette Schnei<strong>de</strong>einheiten<br />
bis hin zu Messerträgersystemen<br />
und zur Poliermaschine.<br />
Die abgebil<strong>de</strong>ten Mo<strong>de</strong>lle stehen<br />
beispielhaft für eine Vielzahl individueller<br />
Konfigurationen, die auf spezielle<br />
Kun <strong>de</strong>nanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen entwickelt<br />
wer <strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Der Katalog ist in <strong>de</strong>utscher und<br />
englischer Sprache erhältlich und<br />
kann unter info@neuenkamp.<strong>de</strong> angefor<strong>de</strong>rt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
ber, wie sich Gebäu<strong>de</strong>hüllen an die<br />
weltweit unterschiedlichen Klimaverhältnisse<br />
anpassen lassen. Außer<strong>de</strong>m<br />
präsentiert <strong>de</strong>r Bericht überraschen<strong>de</strong><br />
Analogien aus <strong>de</strong>r Welt <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Bionik. „SustainIng“ beschreibt nicht<br />
allein mögliche Zukunftsszenarien,<br />
son<strong>de</strong>rn zeigt auch vorhan<strong>de</strong>ne Lösungsmöglichkeiten<br />
auf. Prominente<br />
Wissenschaftler wie Ernst Ullrich von<br />
Weizsäcker kommen zu Wort.<br />
Die Broschüre liegt in <strong>de</strong>utscher<br />
und englischer Sprache vor und kann<br />
unter www.schueco.<strong>de</strong>/architekten<br />
angefor<strong>de</strong>rt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
106 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Schuitema, H.<br />
„Heavy duty“ Magnesium. Entwicklung und Druckguss-Produktion<br />
eines 6-Zylin<strong>de</strong>r Magnesium Bedplate<br />
Druckgusspraxis 6/2006, S. 243-246<br />
Nach <strong>de</strong>n neuen EU-Vorschriften, die ab 2008 die Grenzwerte<br />
für Schadstoffe weiter reduzieren, dürfen Pkw nicht mehr als<br />
140 g/km CO 2 ausstoßen. Dies erfor<strong>de</strong>rt weitere Anstrengungen<br />
zur Gewichtsmin<strong>de</strong>rung: durch verbesserte Effizienz <strong>de</strong>r Verbrennung<br />
(„innermotorische Maßnahmen“), Reduzierung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Antriebsverluste im Antriebsstrang, aerodynamische Feinarbeit<br />
und Gewichtsoptimierung durch die Verwendung leichter<br />
Werkstoffe. Ein süd<strong>de</strong>utscher OEM hat sich für die Verwendung<br />
von mehr Magnesium entschie<strong>de</strong>n, um das Gewicht <strong>de</strong>s Motors<br />
zu reduzieren. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist die Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Gewichtsverteilung (geringere Belastung <strong>de</strong>r Vor<strong>de</strong>rachse), was<br />
zum dynamischeren Fahrverhalten beiträgt. Die Verwendung<br />
von Magnesium in einer Größenordnung von 20 kg gilt bis jetzt<br />
als einzigartig im mo<strong>de</strong>rnen Motorenbau. In <strong>de</strong>r Vergangenheit<br />
gab es keine geeigneten Legierungen, die die gefor<strong>de</strong>rten Werte<br />
für mechanische Festigkeit und Kriechverhalten bei hoher thermischer<br />
und dynamischer Belastung aufweisen. 3 Bild.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Werkstoffeigenschaften<br />
Sequeria, W., Kind, R., An<strong>de</strong>rsen, S., Greeless, G.<br />
Voraussage und Validierung von Verformungen und Eigenspannungen<br />
in einem <strong>Alu</strong>miniumdruckgussteil mit Betrachtung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r für <strong>de</strong>n Druckgießprozeß relevanten Parameter<br />
Druckgusspraxis 6/2006, S. 235-242<br />
Das Druckgießverfahren bietet eine exzellente Dimensionsgenauigkeit<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Herstellung dünnwandiger NE-Gussteile.<br />
Trotz<strong>de</strong>m treten während <strong>de</strong>r Produktion an manchen Gussteilen<br />
Maßhaltigkeitsprobleme auf. Die Tatsache, dass <strong>de</strong>r Formhohlraum<br />
innerhalb <strong>de</strong>r notwendigen Toleranzen liegt, und das<br />
unregelmäßige Auftreten <strong>de</strong>r Fehler machen die Suche nach<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Ursache <strong>de</strong>s Problems schwierig. Es ist nicht sinnvoll, die<br />
Belastungsanalyse eines Teils durchzuführen, wenn die sich<br />
während <strong>de</strong>s Gießprozesses entwickeln<strong>de</strong>n Eigenspannungen<br />
unbekannt sind. Schwanken<strong>de</strong> Temperaturverteilungen im<br />
Gussteil sind beim Druckgießen hauptsächlich durch Wandstärkenübergänge<br />
sowie durch die Anordnung von Kühlelementen<br />
und durch die Formsprüheinrichtung begrün<strong>de</strong>t. Nach<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Entnahme aus <strong>de</strong>r Form erfährt das Teil eine thermische<br />
Behandlung, die von <strong>de</strong>r Abkühlung auf Raumtemperatur an<br />
ruhen<strong>de</strong>r Luft bis zur Abschreckung in einem Kühlmedium reichen<br />
kann. Die Abkühlung führt zu Verformungen und Eigenspannungen<br />
im Gussteil – eine <strong>de</strong>r Hauptursachen für Dimensionsabweichungen<br />
im Druckgussteil. Der Artikel diskutiert<br />
die Verformung eines Sicherheitsbauteiles aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium, die<br />
mittels computergestützter Verifizierung ermittelt wur<strong>de</strong>. Die<br />
Ergebnisse wer<strong>de</strong>n mit <strong>de</strong>n Resultaten verglichen, die aus <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Anwendung eines Prozessoptimierungstools für die Abkühlung<br />
von Druckgussteilen von <strong>de</strong>r Formentnahme auf Raumtemperatur<br />
erhalten wur<strong>de</strong>n. Die Ausbildung von Eigenspannungen und<br />
ihre praktische Be<strong>de</strong>utung wer<strong>de</strong>n diskutiert. 13 Bild., 9 Que.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Formguss<br />
R. P. Pawlek<br />
Dramatic changes in primary aluminium smelting between<br />
1984 and 2005<br />
ALUMINIUM 82 (2006) 12, p. 1206 pp.<br />
Although still using basically century-old technology, the primary<br />
aluminium industry has again doubled in capacity during<br />
the last twenty years. This is a dramatic increase, even if<br />
the 1984 figures for several of then communist economies are<br />
uncertain. On a macro-economic scale, this industry has been<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
LITERATURE SERVICE<br />
transformed more than most by global forces: by the rise of<br />
market economies in China and the former Soviet republics,<br />
and by rising energy costs. In the next twenty years, even with<br />
practically inexhaustible ores, primary aluminium capacity will<br />
be overtaken by recycled aluminium due to energy costs. 6 images,<br />
2 Tab.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Industrie<br />
B. Rieth<br />
Coil Coating – weltweit ein Wachstumsmarkt<br />
ALUMINIUM 82 (2006) 12, p. 1170 pp.<br />
„Finish first – fabricate later” – unter diesem Slogan wird das<br />
Coil Coating zunehmend als eine kostengünstige Alternative<br />
zur konventionellen Stücklackierung eingesetzt. Organische<br />
Beschichtungslinien vereinen chemische, thermische und<br />
mechanische Prozesse und bieten <strong>de</strong>n Anwen<strong>de</strong>rn ein breites<br />
Spektrum an Funktions-, Farb- und Dekorvarianten. Nachfolgend<br />
soll – losgelöst von <strong>de</strong>n technischen Details – ein Überblick<br />
über Märkte, Anlagentechnik und die Akteure gegeben<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n. 11 Bild.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Oberflächenbehandlung<br />
Anon.<br />
Die <strong>de</strong>utsche Gießereiindustrie – eine Branche mit Perspektiven<br />
ALUMINIUM 82 (2006) 12, p. 1163 pp.<br />
Deutschland zählt heute weltweit zu <strong>de</strong>n führen<strong>de</strong>n Gießereinationen.<br />
Hinter <strong>de</strong>n bevölkerungsreichen Län<strong>de</strong>rn China, USA,<br />
Russland und Japan steht Deutschland an fünfter Stelle in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Welt. In Europa ist die <strong>de</strong>utsche Gießereibranche seit Jahren mit<br />
Abstand führend. Wie lässt sich dieser Erfolg angesichts <strong>de</strong>r allgemein<br />
beklagten Standortnachteile in Deutschland erklären?<br />
Dieser Frage geht <strong>de</strong>r Bericht nach. Für 2006 ist die Gießereibranche<br />
optimistisch, das hohe Rekordniveau aus <strong>de</strong>m Vorjahr<br />
zumin<strong>de</strong>st halten zu können. Diese Zuversicht wird durch <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Verlauf <strong>de</strong>s ersten Halbjahres 2006 bestätigt. 4 Bild.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Formguss<br />
Kraynik, A. M.<br />
The Structure of Random Foam<br />
Advanced Engineering Materials 2006, 8, No. 9, S. 900-906<br />
Surface Evolver mo<strong>de</strong>ls of soap foam with a wi<strong>de</strong> range of<br />
cell-size distributions are used to investigate random cellular<br />
morphology. Geometric properties of foams and foam cells are<br />
analyzed. A simple accurate theory relates the total surface area<br />
of foam to the cell-size distribution. The total surface area is<br />
approximately equal to the total edge length when both quantities<br />
are scaled by average cell volume. Voronoi structures are<br />
significantly different from foams, which raises questions over<br />
their use for predicting structure-property relationships. 22 images,<br />
13 sources.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Werkstoffe, Metallkun<strong>de</strong><br />
McElwain, D.L.S., Roberts, A.P., Wilkins, A. H.<br />
Yield Functions for Porous Materials with Cubic Symmetry<br />
Using Different Definitions of Yield<br />
Advanced Engineering Materials, 2006, 8, No. 9, S. 870-876<br />
Plastic yield criteria for porous ductile materials are explored<br />
numerically using the finite-element technique. The cases of<br />
107<br />
�
LITERATURSERVICE<br />
spherical voids arranged in simple cubic, body-centred cubic<br />
and face-centred cubic arrays are investigated with void volume<br />
fractions ranging from 2 % through to the percolation limit (over<br />
90%). Arbitrary triaxial macroscopic stress states and two <strong>de</strong>finitions<br />
of yield are explored. The numerical data <strong>de</strong>monstrates<br />
that the yield criteria <strong>de</strong>pend linearly on the <strong>de</strong>terminant of<br />
the macroscopic stress tensor for the case of simple-cubic and<br />
body-centred cubic arrays – in contrast to the famous Gurson-<br />
Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) formula – while there is no such<br />
<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce for face-centred cubic arrays within the accuracy<br />
of the finite-element discretisation. The data are well fit by a<br />
simple extension of the GTN formula which is valid for all void<br />
volume fractions, with yield-function convexity constraining<br />
the form of the extension in terms of parameters in the original<br />
formula. Simple cubic structures are more resistant to shear,<br />
while body-centred and face-centred structures are more resistant<br />
to hydrostatic pressure. The two yield surfaces corresponding<br />
to the two <strong>de</strong>finitions of yield are not related by a simple<br />
scaling.10 images, 21 sources.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Werkstoffe, Metallkun<strong>de</strong><br />
Shashikala, A.R., Rani, R.U., Sharma, A.. K., Mayanna, S.M.,<br />
Untersuchungen zur selektiven Schwarzverchromung auf<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen für Solaranwendungen / Studies on<br />
solar selective black chrome plating on aluminium alloys<br />
Galvanotechnik 10/2006, S. 2387-2400<br />
Selektive Solarbeschichtungen absorbieren die Sonneneinstrahlung<br />
und wan<strong>de</strong>ln sie in Wärmeenergie für <strong>de</strong>n Hausgebrauch<br />
und industrielle Anwendungen um. Die Schwarzverchromung<br />
wird häufig aufgrund ihrer haltbaren, nicht reflektieren<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Oberfläche und ihrer beständigen optischen Eigenschaften<br />
für Automobile, Phototechnik, Solarkollektoren und optische<br />
Geräte verwen<strong>de</strong>t. Schwarzchromschichten wer<strong>de</strong>n auf verschie<strong>de</strong>ne<br />
Werkstoffe wie Kupfer o<strong>de</strong>r Stahl abgeschie<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Trotz neuer Entwicklungen wer<strong>de</strong>n zur Herstellung dünner<br />
Schichten Chrom(VI)elektrolyte eingesetzt. In <strong>de</strong>r vorliegen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Studie wird die Auswirkung verschie<strong>de</strong>ner Unterschichten<br />
(cyanidisches/nicht cyanidisches Kupfer, galvanisches und<br />
stromloses Nickel) auf die Stabilität und solare Selektivität von<br />
Schwarzchromschichten auf <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen untersucht.<br />
8 Bild., 23 Que. Beitrag in dt. u. engl. Sprache).<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Oberflächenbehandlung<br />
Stratemeier, S., Senk, D., Grosse, A., Kurth, B.<br />
Eigenschaften von mechanisch hergestelltem Desoxidationsaluminium<br />
stahl und eisen 126 (2006) Nr. 11, S. 45-55<br />
Im Jahr 2004 wur<strong>de</strong>n in <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen Stahlindustrie rund 76.000<br />
t <strong>Alu</strong>minium verbraucht. Dieses sog. „Desoxidationsaluminium“<br />
wird in <strong>de</strong>r Stahlmetallurgie als Granalien und Einteilern eingesetzt,<br />
die aus <strong>Alu</strong>miniumschrotten umgeschmolzen wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Eine mögliche Alternative zu thermisch hergestelltem Desoxidationsaluminium<br />
ist die Verwendung von sauberem granulierten<br />
Al-Schrott. Der Beitrag untersucht die Eignung von mechanisch<br />
hergestelltem Desoxidationsaluminium aus Schrotten für <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Einsatz in <strong>de</strong>r Stahlmetallurgie. 10 Bild, 5 Que.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Gewinnung<br />
Nogowizin, B.<br />
Geometrische Gestaltung <strong>de</strong>r Gießläufe für Druckgussstücke<br />
Druckgusspraxis 6/2006, S. 247-253<br />
Die Ausschnitttechnik erstreckt sich nicht nur auf <strong>de</strong>n Anschnitt,<br />
son<strong>de</strong>rn auch auf die Gestaltung und die Anordnung <strong>de</strong>r Gießläufe,<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Überläufe und <strong>de</strong>r Entlüftung. Der Artikel thematisiert<br />
die Darstellung <strong>de</strong>r geometrischen Gestaltung <strong>de</strong>r Elemente und<br />
ihre Berechnungen für die Gießlauf-Anschnittsysteme, die zur<br />
Entwicklung <strong>de</strong>r erfor<strong>de</strong>rlichen computergestützten Entwurfsprogramme<br />
angewandt wer<strong>de</strong>n können. Es ist nicht das Ziel,<br />
wie ein Gießlaufanschnittsystem für ein bestimmtes Gussstück<br />
zu konstruieren sei, vielmehr wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf die<br />
verschie<strong>de</strong>nen Einflussgrößen bei <strong>de</strong>r Gestaltung von Gießläufen<br />
gelenkt. 7 Bild., 5 Que.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Formguss<br />
Pidvysotskyy, V., Matuszyk, P.J., Bloching, H.<br />
Analysis of the Influence of the Specimen Shape on the<br />
Zone of Homogeneous Stress in Tensile Test / Untersuchung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Einflusses <strong>de</strong>r Probenform im Bereich homogener Spannungen<br />
beim Zugversuch (Beitrag in engl. Sprache)<br />
MP Materialprüfung 2006, 10, S. 498-503<br />
Im vorliegen<strong>de</strong>n Beitrag wer<strong>de</strong>n die Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen<br />
zum Einfluss <strong>de</strong>r Probengeometrie und <strong>de</strong>r Einspannlänge<br />
auf die homogene Dehnung in <strong>de</strong>r Originalprüflänge<br />
vorgestellt. Alle Versuche wur<strong>de</strong>n mit einem austenitischen<br />
Stahl 316 L und bei verschie<strong>de</strong>nen Querschnitten <strong>de</strong>r Flachproben<br />
durchgeführt. Die Berechnungen <strong>de</strong>s Verformungsprozesses<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n mittels <strong>de</strong>r Finite-Elemente-Metho<strong>de</strong> unter Nutzung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Programms Abaqus/Explicit ausgeführt. Es wer<strong>de</strong>n die<br />
Korrelation zwischen <strong>de</strong>r Dehnungsverteilung in <strong>de</strong>n Proben<br />
und verschie<strong>de</strong>nen Parametern, wie zum Beispiel <strong>de</strong>m Übergangsradius<br />
und <strong>de</strong>r Einspannlänge, beleuchtet. 9 Bild., 9 Que.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Werkstoffeigenschaften<br />
Haberkorn, G., Blümcke, E.W., Thoma, K.<br />
Durchgängige Betrachtung einer Stanznietverbindung mit<br />
Fokus auf dynamische Belastungen<br />
MP Materialprüfung 2006, 10, S. 486-492<br />
Im Zuge <strong>de</strong>s Leichtbaus von Fahrzeugkarosserien kommen<br />
neben einer Vielzahl von Materialien auch zahlreiche unterschiedliche<br />
Fügetechniken zur Anwendung. Um diese in <strong>de</strong>r numerischen<br />
Berechnung zu berücksichtigen, sind umfangreiche<br />
Kenntnisse <strong>de</strong>r Phänomenologie <strong>de</strong>r Verbindung einschließlich<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Versagens notwendig. Es wird eine Möglichkeit <strong>de</strong>r Untersuchung<br />
von mechanischen Verbindungen am Beispiel <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Stanznietverbindung aufgezeigt. Dies umfasst die Kombination<br />
von Versuchen und <strong>de</strong>r numerischen Simulation, welche bei<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Prozesssimulation beginnt und über ein Detailmo<strong>de</strong>ll hin<br />
zum abstrahierten Simulationsmo<strong>de</strong>ll für die Gesamtfahrzeugberechnung<br />
führt. Erste Ergebnisse wer<strong>de</strong>n vorgestellt und auf<br />
ihre Relevanz im Kontext einer Gesamtfahrzeug-Crashsimulation<br />
hin bewertet. 11 Bild., 8 Que.<br />
ALUMINIUM 1/2 (2007) Verbin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Für Schrifttum zum Thema „<strong>Alu</strong>minium“ ist <strong>de</strong>r Gesamtverband <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie e.V. (GDA)<br />
<strong>de</strong>r kompetente Ansprechpartner. Die hier referierten Beiträge repräsentieren lediglich einen Ausschnitt<br />
aus <strong>de</strong>m umfassen<strong>de</strong>n aktuellen Bestand <strong>de</strong>r GDA-Bibliothek.<br />
Die von <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Zentrale seit <strong>de</strong>n dreißiger Jahren kontinuierlich aufgebaute Fach-Bibliothek<br />
wird duch <strong>de</strong>n GDA weitergeführt, ausgebaut und auf die neuen Medien umgestellt. Sie steht allen<br />
Interessenten offen.<br />
Ansprechpartner ist Dr. Karsten Hein, E-Mail: karsten.hein@aluinfo.<strong>de</strong><br />
108 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Patentblatt November 2006<br />
Al-Legierung für lithographisches Blech.<br />
Alcan International Ltd., Montreal, Quebec,<br />
CA. (C22C 21/00, OS 102 42 018,<br />
AT 11.09.2002)<br />
Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Mn-Legierung für Bauanwendungen,<br />
die hohe Festigkeit und<br />
hohe Duktilität erfor<strong>de</strong>rn. Alcan Rolled<br />
Products Ravenswood LLC, Ravenswood,<br />
W.Va., US; Alcan Rhenalu, Paris,<br />
FR. (C22C 21/12, EPA 1 641 952, EP-AT<br />
26.05.2004)<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Al-Mg-<br />
Si-Legierung mit hervorragen<strong>de</strong>r Bake-<br />
Har<strong>de</strong>nability und Falzbarkeit. Nippon<br />
Light Metal Co. Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, JP.<br />
(C22F 1/05, EPA 1 702 995, EP-AT<br />
13.12.2004)<br />
Zn-Al-Eutektoid-Feuerverzinkung von<br />
nicht rosten<strong>de</strong>m Stahl. University of Cincinnati,<br />
Cincinatti, Ohio, US. (C23C 2/06,<br />
1 709 21, EP-AT 21.01.2005)<br />
Kupfer enthalten<strong>de</strong>r, mehrfädiger<br />
NbÌ3ÌAl-Supraleitungsdraht und Verfahren<br />
zu <strong>de</strong>ssen Herstellung. Japan,<br />
vertreten durch <strong>de</strong>n Generaldirektor <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Nationalen Metallforschungsinstitutes,<br />
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JP. (H01B 12/10, PS<br />
100 55 628, AT 09.11.2000)<br />
Herstellungsverfahren für einen ultrafeinen<br />
Multifilament-Supraleiterdraht aus<br />
Nb3(Al, Ge) o<strong>de</strong>r Nb3(Al, Si). JAPAN as<br />
represented by NATIONAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE FOR METALS, Tsukuba,<br />
JP. (H01L 39/24, EP 1 058 321, EP-AT<br />
05.06.2000)<br />
Zeolithkatalysator, Träger auf Basis von<br />
Silizium-<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Matrix und Zeolith<br />
und Verfahren zum Hydrocracken von<br />
Kohlenwasserstoffchargen. Institut Français<br />
du Pétrole, Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts<strong>de</strong>-Seine,<br />
FR. (B01J 29/08, EPA 1 711 260,<br />
EP-AT 16.12.2004)<br />
Kontinuierlich graviertes, laminiertes<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium und <strong>de</strong>ssen Benutzung in<br />
Paneelen. Lloveras Calvo, Juan, San Feliu<br />
<strong>de</strong> Codinas, ES. (B21B 15/00, EPA 1 710<br />
026, EP-AT 06.04.2005)<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Kokillenguss<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m Zweck eine Gefügeverbesserung<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>n gegossenen<br />
Teilen zu erreichen. Fuchs, Hermann,<br />
57520 Steinebach, DE. (B22D 21/04, OS<br />
10 2005 001 243, AT 11.01.2005)<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bauteils<br />
durch Fügen mit <strong>Alu</strong>minium. Rolls-Royce<br />
Deutschland Ltd & Co KG, 15827 Dahlewitz,<br />
DE. (B23K 1/19, OS 102 38 551,<br />
AT 22.08.2002)<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
Tube aus Metall, insbeson<strong>de</strong>re <strong>Alu</strong>minium.<br />
Karl Höll GmbH & Co KG, 40764<br />
Langenfeld, DE. (B65D 35/16, GM 203 16<br />
148, AT 18.10.2003)<br />
Vorrichtung zur Sicherung von als Paket<br />
gelagerten <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Stranggussprodukten,<br />
so genannten Masseln, zu Transportzwecken.<br />
Signo<strong>de</strong> System GmbH,<br />
46535 Dinslaken, DE. (B65D 85/20, GM<br />
20 2006 012 782, AT 21.08.2006)<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sinterkörpern<br />
aus Yttrium-<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Granat<br />
und ein Formkörper. NGK Insulators,<br />
Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi, JP. (C04B 35/44, EP<br />
1 433 764, EP-AT 22.12.2003)<br />
Behan<strong>de</strong>ln von Abstandhaltern in gestapelten<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Blöcken. Alcoa Inc.,<br />
Pittsburgh, Pa., US. (C21D 1/70, EP 1 215<br />
289, EP-AT 11.12.2001)<br />
Reinigung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Gusslegierungen<br />
mittels Zugabe von Bor. Bayerische<br />
Motoren Werke AG, 80809 München,<br />
DE. (C22B 21/06, EP 1 264 903,<br />
EP-AT 03.05.2003)<br />
Verstellbare <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Dachhaken mit<br />
Einrastfunktion zur Befestigung von<br />
Solarmodulen und Solarthermieanlagen<br />
auf Dächern und Schrägdächern. Citak,<br />
Fatma, 33689 Bielefeld, DE. (E04D 13/18,<br />
OS 10 2005 058 065, AT 06.12.2005)<br />
Mehrschichtiges Gleitteil aus einer auf<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium basieren<strong>de</strong>n Legierung.<br />
Daido Metal Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi, JP.<br />
(F16C 33/12, PS 10 2004 025 557, AT<br />
25.05.2004)<br />
Isolierverbund für <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Profile.<br />
Henkenjohann, Johann, 33415 Verl,<br />
DE. (F16S 3/02, GM 298 21 183, AT<br />
26.11.1998)<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Strahlungsplatte für eine<br />
Unter<strong>de</strong>cke. Riello, Franco, Milano, IT;<br />
Riello, Andrea, Milano, IT; Donati, Giuseppe,<br />
Cenate Sopra, Bergamo, IT; Donati,<br />
Francesco, Cenate Sopra, Bergamo,<br />
IT. (F24D 3/16, EPA 1 703 215, EP-AT<br />
22.02.2005)<br />
Detektorbän<strong>de</strong>r enthaltend <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />
Silizium, Titan und Zirkonium. Oeste,<br />
Franz Dietrich, 35274 Kirchhain, DE.<br />
(G01N 27/26, OS 10 2005 021 625, AT<br />
05.05.2005)<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung zur Herstellung<br />
von Gussformteilen. Alcoa Inc., Pittsburgh,<br />
Pa., US. (C22C 21/00, EPA 1 709<br />
210, EP-AT 31.01.2005)<br />
Verschleißfester gestreckter Körper aus<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung, Herstellungsverfahren<br />
dafür und Kolben für Auto-Klimaanlage.<br />
Sumitomo Electric Industries,<br />
Ltd., Osaka, JP; Toyoda Automatic Loom<br />
PATENTE<br />
Works, Ltd., Kariya, Aichi, JP. (C22C<br />
21/02, OS 102 32 159, AT 16.07.2002)<br />
Verfahren zum Herstellen einer hochscha<strong>de</strong>nstoleranten<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung.<br />
Corus <strong>Alu</strong>minium Walzprodukte<br />
GmbH, 56070 Koblenz, DE. (C22F 1/04,<br />
WO 2005 049878, WO-AT 29.10.2004)<br />
Einrichtung zur Herstellung gegossener<br />
Halbfabrikate aus Leichtmetall. Stolfig,<br />
Peter, 85290 Geisenfeld, DE. (B22D 21/04,<br />
OS 10 2005 024 025, AT 21.05.2005)<br />
Verfahren zum Leichtmetall-Legierungs-<br />
Sintern. Schwäbische Hüttenwerke<br />
GmbH, 73433 Aalen, DE. (C22C 1/04,<br />
EPA 1 709 209, EP-AT 26.11.2004)<br />
Sinterkörper auf Eisenbasis mit hervorragen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Eigenschaften zum Einbetten<br />
durch Eingießen in Leichtmetall-Legierung<br />
und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung.<br />
NIPPON PISTON RING CO., LTD.,<br />
Saitama, JP; Fuji Jukogyo K.K., Tokio/Tokyo,<br />
JP. (C22C 33/02, PS 103 60 824, AT<br />
23.12.2003)<br />
Maschinenteil aus einer Leichtmetall-<br />
Gusslegierung, insbeson<strong>de</strong>re Pleuel<br />
für Hubkolbenmaschinen. Bayerische<br />
Motoren Werke AG, 80809 München,<br />
DE. (F16C 7/02, PS 43 32 444, AT<br />
23.09.1993)<br />
Sammelbehälter für Magnesium o. dgl.<br />
Thielemann, Frank, 63776 Mömbris, DE.<br />
(F16L 3/14, GM 20 2005 008 220, AT<br />
25.05.2005)<br />
Druckgussbauteil, aus Magnesium, vornehmlich<br />
zur Verwendung in Kraftfahrzeugen.<br />
Volkswagen AG, 38440 Wolfsburg,<br />
DE. (F16S 5/00, OS 100 02 262, AT<br />
19.01.2000)<br />
Verfahren zu Herstellung elektrisch<br />
ALUMINIUM veröffentlicht unter<br />
dieser Rubrik regelmäßig einen Überblick<br />
über wichtige, <strong>de</strong>n Werkstoff<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium betreffen<strong>de</strong> Patente. Die<br />
ausführlichen Patentblätter und auch<br />
weiterführen<strong>de</strong> Informationen dazu<br />
stehen <strong>de</strong>r Redaktion nicht zur Verfügung.<br />
Interessenten können diese<br />
beziehen o<strong>de</strong>r einsehen bei <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Mittel<strong>de</strong>utschen Informations-, Patent-,<br />
Online-Service GmbH (mipo),<br />
Julius-Ebeling-Str. 6,<br />
D-06112 Halle an <strong>de</strong>r Saale,<br />
Tel. 0345/29398-0<br />
Fax 0345/29398-40,<br />
www.mipo.<strong>de</strong><br />
Die Gesellschaft bietet darüber hinaus<br />
weitere „Patent“-Dienstleistungen<br />
an.<br />
109<br />
�
PATENTE<br />
leitfähiger und optimal haftfähiger<br />
Oberflächenbereiche auf chemisch und/<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r galvanisch beschichteten und/o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
lackierten Spritzgussteilen aus Magnesiumlegierungen.<br />
Fa. Alfred R. Franz,<br />
82538 Geretsried, DE. (C25D 5/00, PS<br />
198 51 278, AT 06.11.1998)<br />
Schutzschicht für eine aluminiumhaltige<br />
Legierung für <strong>de</strong>n Einsatz bei hohen<br />
Temperaturen, sowie Verfahren zur<br />
Herstellung einer solchen Schutzschicht.<br />
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428<br />
Jülich, DE.(C23C 8/02, EPA 1 706 518,<br />
EP-AT 20.11.2004)<br />
Verfahren zum Umformen eines Ausgangsprofils<br />
od. dgl. Werkstückes sowie<br />
Profil dafür. Alcan Technology &<br />
Management AG, Neuhausen am Rheinfall,<br />
CH. (B21D 26/02, PS 199 55 506, AT<br />
18.11.1999)<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verpackungsmaterials.<br />
Alcan Technology &<br />
Management Ltd., Neuhausen am Rheinfall,<br />
CH. (B32B 37/12, EPA 1 621 333, EP-<br />
AT 01.07.2004)<br />
Verbundplatte mit zwei Deckschichten<br />
und einem Kern sowie <strong>de</strong>ren Verwendung<br />
und Herstellung. Alcan Technology<br />
& Management AG, Neuhausen am<br />
Rheinfall, CH. (B32B 5/16, PS 43 17 315,<br />
AT 25.05.1993)<br />
Stossfängersystem. Alcan Technology &<br />
Management AG, Neuhausen am Rheinfall,<br />
CH. (B60R 19/26, GM 20 2005 016<br />
564, AT 20.10.2005)<br />
Stoßstange mit Halterungen. Alcan<br />
Technology & Management AG, Neuhausen<br />
am Rheinfall, CH. (B60R 19/34, OS 10<br />
2006 019 653, AT 25.04.2006)<br />
Flexibler Träger mit elektrisch leitfähiger<br />
Struktur. Alcan Technology & Management<br />
Ltd., Neuhausen am Rheinfall,<br />
CH. (H01B 7/08, EPA 1 704 572, EP-AT<br />
17.12.2004)<br />
Verfahren zum Verschließen eines Behälters<br />
sowie Schraubverschluss hierfür.<br />
Alcoa Deutschland GmbH Verpackungswerke,<br />
67547 Worms, DE. (B67C 7/00,<br />
OS 199 42 507, AT 07.09.1999)<br />
Halterungselemente für Bauplatten. Corus<br />
Bausysteme GmbH, 56070 Koblenz,<br />
DE. (E04D 3/36, EP 1 147 270, EP-AT<br />
04.01.2000)<br />
Verkleidungsblech. Corus Bausysteme<br />
GmbH, 56070 Koblenz, DE. (E04F 13/12,<br />
GM 200 16 964, AT 27.09.2000)<br />
Bandkanten-Planheitssteuerung. Hydro<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland GmbH, 53117<br />
Bonn, DE. (B21B 37/32, PS 102 06 758,<br />
AT 19.02.2002)<br />
Gießform zum Gießen von Metallschmelze.<br />
Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium <strong>Alu</strong>cast GmbH,<br />
66763 Dillingen, DE. (B22C 1/20, OS 10<br />
2005 023 051, AT 13.05.2005)<br />
Dauergießform und Gießformeinsatz.<br />
Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium Mandl&Berger GmbH,<br />
Linz, AT. (B22C 9/06, PS 10 2005 054<br />
616, AT 16.11.2005)<br />
Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zum Fügen<br />
von min<strong>de</strong>stens zwei Bauteilen aus<br />
artverschie<strong>de</strong>nen Werkstoffen. Hydro<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland GmbH, 51149<br />
Köln, DE. (B23K 20/12, OS 10 2005 019<br />
758, AT 28.04.2005)<br />
Fassa<strong>de</strong> o<strong>de</strong>r Glasdach in Brandschutzausführung<br />
mit einer aus vertikalen<br />
und horizontalen Profilen bestehen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tragkonstruktion. Norsk Hydro ASA,<br />
Oslo, NO. (E04B 1/94, EP 1 120 504, EP-<br />
AT 20.01.2001)<br />
Verbin<strong>de</strong>r für Rahmen von Fenstern,<br />
Türen, Fassa<strong>de</strong>n und <strong>de</strong>rgleichen Konstruktionen.<br />
Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo,<br />
NO. (E04B 2/96, EP 1 249 550, EP-AT<br />
10.04.2002)<br />
Deckleiste für Fenster. Norsk Hydro<br />
ASA, Oslo, NO. (E06B 3/30, EPA 1 712<br />
719, EP-AT 04.04.2006)<br />
Einbausystem für <strong>de</strong>n Einbau eines Paneelran<strong>de</strong>s<br />
in einen Pfosten. Norsk Hydro<br />
ASA, Oslo, NO. (E06B 3/54, EPA 1<br />
710 386, EP-AT 04.04.2006)<br />
Tür, Fenster o<strong>de</strong>r ähnliches mit einer<br />
drehen<strong>de</strong>n Abdichtung zwischen Flügel<br />
und Rahmen. Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo,<br />
NO. (E06B 7/22, EPA 1 712 723, EP-AT<br />
04.04.2006)<br />
Lagervorrichtung für einen Sandbehälter,<br />
<strong>de</strong>r in einer Formvorrichtung für<br />
verlorenen Guss vibriert wird. Fata <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
S.p.A., Rivoli, IT. (B22C 15/10,<br />
EP 1 153 679, EP-AT 09.05.2000)<br />
Metallschmelzentransportbehälter. Nippon<br />
Crucible Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, JP;<br />
Daiki <strong>Alu</strong>minium Industry Co., Ltd., Yaoshi,<br />
Osaka, JP. (B22D 35/00, EPA 1 702<br />
700, EP-AT 23.07.2004<br />
Gelän<strong>de</strong>anpassbarer Zaun. ALTEC <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Technik Hans-J. Gebauer GmbH,<br />
56727 Mayen, DE. (E04H 17/14, GM 298<br />
10 603, AT 12.06.1998)<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Fensterbankabschlusses.<br />
RBB <strong>Alu</strong>minium Profiltechnik<br />
AG, 54531 Wallscheid, DE. (E06B<br />
1/70, PS 102 50748, AT 31.10.2002)<br />
Fenster- o<strong>de</strong>r Türpfosten. Reynaers <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />
N.V., Duffel, BE. (E06B 3/263,<br />
EPA 1 705 334, EP-AT 13.02.2006)<br />
Zylin<strong>de</strong>rblock für eine Brennkraftma-<br />
schine und Verfahren zur Herstellung<br />
eines Zylin<strong>de</strong>rblocks. KS <strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />
Technologie AG, 74172 Neckarsulm,<br />
DE. (F02F 1/00, PS 10 2004 005 458, AT<br />
04.02.2004)<br />
Profilanordnung und Einfassprofil für<br />
eine Profilanordnung. MayTec <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Systemtechnik GmbH, 85221 Dachau,<br />
DE. (F16B 5/06, GM 203 21 258, AT<br />
24.04.2003)<br />
Beschichtung für einen Solarabsorber.<br />
ALANOD <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Veredlung<br />
GmbH & Co. KG, 58256 Ennepetal, DE.<br />
(F24J 2/48, PS 10 2004 060 982, AT<br />
17.12.2004)<br />
Zarge für ein Fenster o<strong>de</strong>r eine Tür in<br />
wärmegedämmter Ausführung. Hermann<br />
Gutmann Werke GmbH, 91781<br />
Weißenburg, DE. (E06B 1/32, PS 100 40<br />
497, AT 18.08.2000)<br />
Halteprofil sowie Fenster- o<strong>de</strong>r Türkonstruktion.<br />
Hermann Gutmann Werke<br />
AG, 91781 Weißenburg, DE. (E06B 3/58,<br />
OS 10 2005 023 257, AT 20.05.2005)<br />
Patentblatt Dezember 2006<br />
Verfahren zur Herstellung einer auf<br />
Al-Mg-Si basieren<strong>de</strong>n <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungsplatte<br />
mit hervorragen<strong>de</strong>r Bake-<br />
Har<strong>de</strong>nability. Nippon Light Metal Co.<br />
Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, JP. (C22C 1/05, EPA<br />
1 715 067, EP-AT 22.12.2004)<br />
Cr-Al-Stahl für Hochtemperaturanwendungen.<br />
Sandvik Intellectual Property<br />
AB, Sandviken, SE. (C22C 38/06, EPA 1<br />
721 023, EP-AT 21.12.2005)<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Zirkonium-Antiperspirantien<br />
mit verbesserter Wirksamkeit.<br />
Reheis, Inc., Berkeley Heights, N.J., US.<br />
(A61K 8/00, EPA 1 715 831, EP-AT<br />
19.01.2005)<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Fahrzeugfelge und Verfahren<br />
zum Herstellen einer solchen. bdbreyton-<strong>de</strong>sign<br />
GmbH, 78333 Stockach,<br />
DE. (B22D 17/14, OS 10 2005 026 829,<br />
AT 09.06.2005)<br />
Fortsetzung <strong>de</strong>r Dezember-Auswertung in<br />
<strong>de</strong>r nächsten Ausgabe <strong>de</strong>r ALUMINIUM.<br />
Für<br />
Abonnenten<br />
www.alu-archiv.<strong>de</strong><br />
Wissen auf Abruf<br />
110 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
International Journal for Industry, Research and Application<br />
How do your products and services come to appear every month in the<br />
list of supply sources, on the internet – www.<strong>Alu</strong>-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong> – and in the<br />
annual list of supply sources published by ALUMINIUM ?<br />
� Please mark the main group relevant to you<br />
� Extrusion � Rolling technology<br />
� Foundry � Smelting technology<br />
� Indicate the sub-group and/or key word<br />
(if necessary, ask us for the list of key words)<br />
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ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
We will gladly send you a quotation!<br />
111
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
1<br />
Smelting technology<br />
Hüttentechnik<br />
1.1 Raw materials<br />
1.2 Storage facilities for smelting<br />
1.3 Ano<strong>de</strong> production<br />
1.4 Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding<br />
1.5 Casthouse (foundry)<br />
1.6 Casting machines<br />
1.7 Current supply<br />
1.8 Electrolysis cell (pot)<br />
1.9 Potroom<br />
1.10 Laboratory<br />
1.11 Emptying the catho<strong>de</strong> shell<br />
1.12 Catho<strong>de</strong> repair shop<br />
1.13 Second-hand plant<br />
1.14 <strong>Alu</strong>minium alloys<br />
1.2 Storage facilities<br />
for smelting<br />
Lagermöglichkeiten<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Hütte<br />
Möller Materials Handling GmbH<br />
Ha<strong>de</strong>rslebener Straße 7<br />
D-25421 Pinneberg<br />
Telefon: 04101 788-0<br />
Telefax: 04101 788-115<br />
E-Mail: info@moeller-mh.com<br />
Internet: www.moeller-mh.com<br />
Kontakt: Herr Dipl.-Ing. Timo Letz<br />
OUTOKUMPU Technology GmbH<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2203 / 9921-0<br />
www.outokumputechnology.com<br />
� Conveying systems<br />
bulk materials<br />
För<strong>de</strong>ranlagen für Schüttgüter<br />
(Hüttenaluminiumherstellung)<br />
Möller Materials Handling GmbH<br />
Internet: www.moeller-mh.com<br />
see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />
� Unloading/Loading equipment<br />
Entla<strong>de</strong>-/Bela<strong>de</strong>einrichtungen<br />
Möller Materials Handling GmbH<br />
Internet: www.moeller-mh.com<br />
see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />
1.3 Ano<strong>de</strong> production<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>nherstellung<br />
OUTOKUMPU Technology GmbH<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2203 / 9921-0<br />
www.outokumputechnology.com<br />
1.1 Rohstoffe<br />
1.2 Lagermöglichkeiten in <strong>de</strong>r Hütte<br />
1.3 Ano<strong>de</strong>nherstellung<br />
1.4 Ano<strong>de</strong>nschlägerei<br />
1.5 Gießerei<br />
1.6 Gießmaschinen<br />
1.7 Stromversorgung<br />
1.8 Elektrolyseofen<br />
1.9 Elektrolysehalle<br />
1.10 Labor<br />
1.11 Ofenwannenentleeren<br />
1.12 Katho<strong>de</strong>nreparaturwerkstatt<br />
1.13 Gebrauchtanlagen<br />
1.14 <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
� Auto firing systems<br />
Automatische Feuerungssysteme<br />
RIEDHAMMER GmbH<br />
D-90332 Nürnberg<br />
E-Mail: goe<strong>de</strong>.frank@riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Exhaust gas treatment<br />
Abgasbehandlung<br />
ALSTOM Norway AS<br />
Tel. +47 22 12 70 00<br />
Internet: www.environment.power.alstom.com<br />
� Hydraulic presses for<br />
prebaked ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Hydraulische Pressen zur<br />
Herstellung von Ano<strong>de</strong>n<br />
LAEIS GmbH<br />
Am Scheerleck 7, L-6868 Wecker, Luxembourg<br />
Phone:+352 27612 0<br />
Fax: +352 27612 109<br />
E-Mail: info@laeis-gmbh.com<br />
Internet: www.laeis-gmbh.com<br />
Contact: Dr. Alfred Kaiser<br />
� Open top and closed<br />
type baking furnaces<br />
Offene und geschlossene Ringöfen<br />
RIEDHAMMER GmbH<br />
D-90332 Nürnberg<br />
E-Mail: goe<strong>de</strong>.frank@riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />
1.4 Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>nanschlägerei<br />
OUTOKUMPU Technology GmbH<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2203 / 9921-0<br />
www.outokumputechnology.com<br />
� Removal of bath residues from<br />
the surface of spent ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Entfernen <strong>de</strong>r Badreste von <strong>de</strong>r Oberfläche<br />
<strong>de</strong>r verbrauchten Ano<strong>de</strong>n<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
Hornstraße 19<br />
D-45964 Gladbeck<br />
Telefon 02043 / 9738-0<br />
Telefax 02043 / 9738-50<br />
� Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong><br />
elements to the pot room<br />
Transport <strong>de</strong>r fertigen Ano<strong>de</strong>nelemente<br />
in Elektrolysehalle<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
Stadtseestraße 12<br />
D-74189 Weinsberg<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 7134 / 52-228<br />
Fax +49 (0) 7134 / 52-203<br />
E-Mail vertrieb@vollert.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet www.vollert.<strong>de</strong><br />
Hovestr. 10 . D-48431 Rheine<br />
Telefon + 49 (0) 59 7158-0<br />
Fax + 49 (0) 59 7158-209<br />
E-Mail info@windhoff.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet www.windhoff.<strong>de</strong><br />
112 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
1.5 Casthouse (foundry)<br />
Gießerei<br />
INOTHERM INDUSTRIEOFEN-<br />
UND WÄRMETECHNIK GMBH<br />
Konstantinstraße 1a<br />
D 41238 Mönchengladbach<br />
Telefon +49 (02166) 987990<br />
Telefax +49 (02166) 987996<br />
E-Mail: info@inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
Stopinc AG<br />
Bösch 83 a<br />
CH-6331 Hünenberg<br />
Tel. +41/41-785 75 00<br />
Fax +41/41-785 75 01<br />
E-Mail: interstop@stopinc.ch<br />
Internet: www.stopinc.ch<br />
� Transport of liquid metal<br />
to the casthouse<br />
Transport von Flüssigmetall<br />
in Gießereien<br />
� Dross skimming of<br />
liquid metal<br />
Abkrätzen <strong>de</strong>s Flüssigmetalls<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Melting/holding/casting<br />
furnaces<br />
Schmelz-/Halte- und Giessöfen<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SIGNODE® SYSTEM GMBH<br />
Packaging Equipment<br />
Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />
Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />
Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />
Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />
E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />
Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />
Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
MARX GmbH & Co. KG<br />
www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
see Melt operations 4.13<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
Windhoff Bahn- und<br />
Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Measurement & Testing<br />
Temperaturmessung<br />
Gießereiprodukte – Foundry Products<br />
Balthasar Floriszstraat 34-36/oh<br />
NL-1071 VD AMSTERDAM<br />
Tel.: +31 20 693-5209, Fax -5762<br />
Internet: www.srsamsterdam.com<br />
� Metal treatment in the<br />
holding furnace<br />
Metallbehandlung in Halteöfen<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Transfer to the<br />
casting furnace<br />
Überführung in Gießofen<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
Drache Umwelttechnik<br />
GmbH<br />
Werner-v.-Siemens-Straße 9/24-26<br />
D 65582 Diez/Lahn<br />
Telefon 06432/607-0<br />
Telefax 06432/607-52<br />
Internet: www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
Windhoff Bahn- und<br />
Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Treatment of casthouse<br />
off gases<br />
Behandlung <strong>de</strong>r Gießereiabgase<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Degassing, filtration and<br />
grain refinement<br />
Entgasung, Filtern, Kornfeinung<br />
Drache Umwelttechnik<br />
GmbH<br />
Werner-v.-Siemens-Straße 9/24-26<br />
D 65582 Diez/Lahn<br />
Telefon 06432/607-0<br />
Telefax 06432/607-52<br />
Internet: www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
� Bone ash<br />
Knochenasche<br />
IMPERIAL-OEL-IMPORT<br />
Bergstraße 11, D 20095 Hamburg<br />
Tel. 040/338533-0, Fax: 040/338533-85<br />
E-Mail: info@imperial-oel-import.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Furnace charging with<br />
molten metal<br />
Ofenbeschickung mit Flüssigmetall<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
1.6 Casting machines<br />
Gießmaschinen<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Pig casting machines<br />
(sow casters)<br />
Masselgießmaschine (Sowcaster)<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
� Rolling and extrusion ingot<br />
and T-bars<br />
Formatgießerei (Walzbarren o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Pressbolzen o<strong>de</strong>r T-Barren)<br />
Cast-Tec GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Fertigungstechnik & Service<br />
D-44536 Lünen, Brunnenstraße 138<br />
Telefon: 02306/20310-0<br />
Telefax: 02306/20310-11<br />
E-Mail: Info@cast-tec.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.cast-tec.<strong>de</strong><br />
113
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Vertical semi-continuous<br />
DC casting<br />
Vertikales Stranggießen<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
� Horizontal continuous casting<br />
Horizontales Stranggießen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Scales<br />
Waagen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Sawing<br />
Sägen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Heat treatment of extrusion<br />
ingot (homogenisation)<br />
Formatebehandlung<br />
(homogenisieren)<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Casthouse machines<br />
Gießereimaschinen<br />
Cast-Tec GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Fertigungstechnik & Service<br />
see Casting machines 1.6<br />
1.7 Current supply<br />
Stromversorgung<br />
� Busbars<br />
Stromschienen<br />
Cast-Tec GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Fertigungstechnik & Service<br />
see Casting machines 1.6<br />
1.8 Electrolysis cell<br />
(pot)<br />
Elektrolyseofen<br />
� Insulating bricks<br />
Isoliersteine<br />
Promat GmbH – Techn. Wärmedämmung<br />
Scheifenkamp 16, D-40878 Ratingen<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2102 / 493-0, Fax -493 115<br />
verkauf3@promat.<strong>de</strong>, www.promat.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Pot feeding systems<br />
Beschickungseinrichtungen<br />
für Elektrolysezellen<br />
Möller Materials Handling GmbH<br />
Internet: www.moeller-mh.com<br />
see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />
� Slurries and parting agents<br />
Schlichten und Trennmittel<br />
ESK Ceramics GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Max-Schaidhauf-Straße 25<br />
87437 Kempten, Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 831 5618-0, Fax: -345<br />
Internet: www.esk.com<br />
1.9 Potroom<br />
Elektrolysehalle<br />
T.T. Tomorrow Technology S.p.A.<br />
Via <strong>de</strong>ll’Artigianato 18<br />
Due Carrare, Padova 35020, Italy<br />
Telefon +39 049 912 8800<br />
Telefax +39 049 912 8888<br />
E-Mail: gmagarotto@tomorrowtechnology.it<br />
Contact: Giovanni Magarotto<br />
� Ano<strong>de</strong> changing machine<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>nwechselmaschine<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Tapping vehicles<br />
Schöpffahrzeuge<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Crustbreakers<br />
Krustenbrecher<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Dry absorption units for<br />
electrolysis exhaust gases<br />
Trockenabsorptionsanlage für<br />
Elektrolyseofenabgase<br />
ALSTOM Norway AS<br />
Tel. +47 22 12 70 00<br />
Internet: www.environment.power.alstom.com<br />
� Ano<strong>de</strong> transport equipment<br />
Ano<strong>de</strong>n Transporteinrichtungen<br />
GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� HF Measurementtechnology<br />
HF Messtechnik<br />
OPSIS AB<br />
Box 244, S-24402 Furulund, Schwe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tel. +46 (0) 46-72 25 00, Fax -72 25 01<br />
E-Mail: info@opsis.se<br />
Internet: www.opsis.se<br />
114 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
2 Extrusion<br />
Strangpressen<br />
2.1 Extrusion billet preparation<br />
2.2 Extrusion equipment<br />
2.3 Section handling<br />
2.4 Heat treatment<br />
2.5 Measurement and control equipment<br />
2.6 Die preparation and care<br />
2.7 Second-hand extrusion plant<br />
2.8 Consultancy, expert opinion<br />
2.9 Surface finishing of sections<br />
2.10 Machining of sections<br />
2.11 Equipment and accessories<br />
2.12 Services<br />
www.otto-junker-group.com<br />
Jägerhausstr. 22<br />
D – 52152 Simmerath<br />
Telefon: +49 2473 601 0<br />
Telefax: +49 2473 601 600<br />
E-Mail: info@otto-junker.<strong>de</strong><br />
Kontakt: Herr Teichert<br />
Rudolf-Diesel-Str. 1-3<br />
D – 78239 Rielasingen-Worblingen<br />
Telefon +49 7731 5998-0<br />
Telefax +49 7731 5998-90<br />
E-Mail info@elhaus.<strong>de</strong><br />
Kontakt: Herr Dr. Menzler<br />
De Chamotte 4<br />
NL – 4191 GT GELDERMALSEN<br />
Telefon: +31 345 574141<br />
Telefax: +31 345 576322<br />
E-Mail: info@thermcon.com<br />
Kontakt: Herr Schmidt<br />
Kingsbury Road<br />
Curdworth<br />
UK - SUTTON COLDFIELD B76 9EE<br />
Telefon: +44 1675 470551<br />
Telefax: +44 1675 470645<br />
E-Mail: info@otto-junker.co.uk<br />
Kontakt: Mr. Beard<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
2.1 Pressbolzenbereitstellung<br />
2.2 Strangpresseinrichtungen<br />
2.3 Profilhandling<br />
2.4 Wärmebehandlung<br />
2.5 Mess- und Regeleinrichtungen<br />
2.6 Werkzeugbereitstellung und -pflege<br />
2.7 Gebrauchte Strangpressanlagen<br />
2.8 Beratung, Gutachten<br />
2.9 Oberflächenveredlung von Profilen<br />
2.10 Profilbearbeitung<br />
2.11 Ausrüstungen und Hilfsmittel<br />
2.12 Dienstleistungen<br />
2.1 Extrusion billet<br />
preparation<br />
Pressbolzenbereitstellung<br />
SIGNODE® SYSTEM GMBH<br />
Packaging Equipment<br />
Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />
Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />
Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />
Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />
E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />
Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />
Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />
� Billet heating furnaces<br />
Öfen zur Bolzenerwärmung<br />
Am großen Teich 16+27<br />
D-58640 Iserlohn<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-43<br />
E-Mail: verkauf@ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
MARX GmbH & Co. KG<br />
www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
see Melt operations 4.13<br />
Sistem Teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />
DES San. Sit. 102 SOK No: 6/8<br />
Y.Dudullu, TR-34775 Istanbul/Turkey<br />
Tel.: +90 216 420 86 24<br />
Fax: +90 216 420 23 22<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
� Billet heating units<br />
Anlagen zur Bolzenerwärmung<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
OTTO JUNKER (UK) LTD.<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Billet transport and<br />
storage equipment<br />
Bolzen-Transport- und<br />
Lagereinrichtungen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Hot shears<br />
Warmscheren<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
2.2 Extrusion equipment<br />
Strangpresseinrichtungen<br />
Oilgear Towler GmbH<br />
Im Gotthelf 8<br />
D 65795 Hattersheim<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 6145 3770<br />
Fax +49 (0) 6145 30770<br />
E-Mail: info@oilgear.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.oilgear.<strong>de</strong><br />
115
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
Josefstraße 10<br />
D-51377 Leverkusen<br />
Tel. 0214 / 734-01<br />
Fax 0214 / 734-1000<br />
E-Mail: info@sms-eumuco.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.sms-eumuco.com<br />
� Containers<br />
Rezipienten<br />
KIND & CO., EDELSTAHLWERK, KG<br />
Bielsteiner Straße 128-130<br />
D-51674 Wiehl<br />
Telefon: +49 (0) 2262 / 84 0<br />
Telefax: +49 (0) 2262 / 84 175<br />
E-Mail: info@kind-co.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.kind-co.<strong>de</strong><br />
S+C MÄRKER GmbH<br />
Steel Technologies<br />
D-51779 Lindlar-Kaiserau<br />
Postfach 11 40<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2266 / 92 211<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2266 / 92 509<br />
E-Mail: extrusion@schmidt-clemens.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.sc-maerker.<strong>de</strong><br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Extrusion<br />
Strangpressen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
OTTO JUNKER (UK) LTD.<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Press control systems<br />
Pressensteuersysteme<br />
Oilgear Towler GmbH<br />
see Extrusion Equipment 2.2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Temperature measurement<br />
Temperaturmessung<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Heating and control<br />
equipment for intelligent<br />
billet containers<br />
Heizungs- und Kontrollausrüstung<br />
für intelligente Blockaufnehmer<br />
MARX GmbH & Co. KG<br />
www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
see Melt operations 4.13<br />
2.3 Section handling<br />
Profilhandling<br />
SIGNODE® SYSTEM GMBH<br />
Packaging Equipment<br />
Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />
Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />
Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />
Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />
E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />
Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />
Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />
� Homogenising furnaces<br />
Homogenisieröfen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Packaging equipment<br />
Verpackungseinrichtungen<br />
H+H HERRMANN + HIEBER GMBH<br />
För<strong>de</strong>rsysteme für Paletten<br />
und schwere Lasten<br />
Rechbergstraße 46<br />
D-73770 Denkendorf/Stuttgart<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 711 /93467-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 711 /3460911<br />
E-Mail: info@herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
Hinterbergstrasse 26<br />
CH-6330 Cham, Switzerland<br />
Tel.: +41 41 741 5741<br />
Fax: +41 41 741 5760<br />
E-mail: bold.ch@fromm-pack.com<br />
Internet: www.fromm-pack.com<br />
Sales Contact: Benno Arnet<br />
� Puller equipment<br />
Ausziehvorrichtungen/Puller<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Section cooling<br />
Profilkühlung<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
116 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
� Section saws<br />
Profilsägen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Section store equipment<br />
Profil-Lagereinrichtungen<br />
H+H HERRMANN + HIEBER GMBH<br />
För<strong>de</strong>rsysteme für Paletten<br />
und schwere Lasten<br />
Rechbergstraße 46<br />
D-73770 Denkendorf/Stuttgart<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 711 /93467-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 711 /3460911<br />
E-Mail: info@herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />
KASTO Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Industriestr. 14, D-77855 Achern<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 7841 61-0 / Fax: +49 (0) 7841 61 300<br />
kasto@kasto.<strong>de</strong> / www.kasto.<strong>de</strong><br />
Hersteller von Band- und Kreissägemaschinen<br />
sowie Langgut- und Blechlagersystemen<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
� Section transport equipment<br />
Profiltransporteinrichtungen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
� Stackers / Destackers<br />
Stapler / Entstapler<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Stretching equipment<br />
Reckeinrichtungen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Transport equipment for<br />
extru<strong>de</strong>d sections<br />
Transporteinrichtungen<br />
für Profilabschnitte<br />
H+H HERRMANN + HIEBER GMBH<br />
För<strong>de</strong>rsysteme für Paletten<br />
und schwere Lasten<br />
Rechbergstraße 46<br />
D-73770 Denkendorf/Stuttgart<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 711 /93467-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 711 /3460911<br />
E-Mail: info@herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
2.4 Heat treatment<br />
Wärmebehandlung<br />
� Extrusion<br />
Strangpressen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
OTTO JUNKER (UK) LTD.<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Heat treatment furnaces<br />
Wärmebehandlungsöfen<br />
INOTHERM INDUSTRIEOFEN-<br />
UND WÄRMETECHNIK GMBH<br />
see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />
Sistem Teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />
see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
Industrivägen 2, 43892 Härryda, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tel. +46 (0) 301 31510<br />
Fax +46 (0) 301 30479<br />
E-Mail: office@iut.se<br />
Internet: www.iut.se<br />
� Custom <strong>de</strong>signed heat<br />
processing equipment<br />
Kun<strong>de</strong>nspezifische<br />
Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />
Sistem Teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />
see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />
Do you need<br />
more<br />
information?<br />
E-Mail:<br />
Schwichtenberg@giesel.<strong>de</strong><br />
117
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
� Homogenising furnaces<br />
Homogenisieröfen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
see Heat treatment 2.4<br />
Sistem Teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />
see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />
2.5 Measurement and<br />
control equipment<br />
Mess- und Regeleinrichtungen<br />
� Extrusion plant control systems<br />
Presswerkssteuerungen<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Hardness measuring<br />
instuments, portable<br />
Härtemessgerät, tragbar<br />
Form+Test Seidner & Co. GmbH<br />
D-88491 Riedlingen<br />
Telefax 07371/9302-98<br />
E-Mail: linke@formtest.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Temperatur measurement<br />
Temperaturmessung<br />
ELHAUS INDUSTRIEANLAGEN GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
2.6 Die preparation and care<br />
Werkzeugbereitstellung<br />
und -pflege<br />
Castool Tooling Solutions<br />
(North America)<br />
21 State Crown Bvld<br />
Scarborough Ontario Canada MIV 4B1<br />
Tel.: +1 416 297 1521<br />
Fax: +1 416 297 1915<br />
E-Mail: sales@castool.com<br />
Internet: www.castool.com<br />
Sales Contact: Danny Dann<br />
SMS Eumuco GmbH<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
� Die heating furnaces<br />
Werkzeuganwärmöfen<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
see Heat treatment 2.4<br />
MARX GmbH & Co. KG<br />
www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
see Melt operations 4.13<br />
Sistem Teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />
see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />
� Extrusion dies<br />
Strangpresswerkzeuge<br />
Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />
Ludwigsallee 57<br />
D-52052 Aachen<br />
Telefon: 02 41 /918-500<br />
Telefax: 02 41 /918-5010<br />
E-Mail: info.holding@haarmann-gruppe.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.haarmann-gruppe.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Har<strong>de</strong>ning technology<br />
Härtetechnik<br />
Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />
see Die preparation and care 2.6<br />
2.7 Second-hand<br />
extrusion plant<br />
Gebr. Strangpressanlagen<br />
Qualiteam International/ExtruPreX<br />
Champs Elyséesweg 17, NL-6213 AA Maastricht<br />
Tel. +31-43-3 25 67 77<br />
Internet: www.extruprex.com<br />
2.10 Machining of sections<br />
Profilbearbeitung<br />
� Processing of Profiles<br />
Profilbearbeitung<br />
Tensai (International) AG<br />
Extal Division<br />
Steinengraben 40<br />
CH-4051 Basel<br />
Telefon +41 (0) 61 284 98 10<br />
Telefax +41 (0) 61 284 98 20<br />
E-Mail: tensai@tensai.com<br />
2.11 Equipment and<br />
accessories<br />
Ausrüstungen und<br />
Hilfsmittel<br />
� Inductiv heating equipment<br />
Induktiv beheizte<br />
Erwärmungseinrichtungen<br />
Am großen Teich 16+27<br />
D-58640 Iserlohn<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-43<br />
E-Mail: verkauf@ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Ageing furnace for extrusions<br />
Auslagerungsöfen für<br />
Strangpressprofile<br />
LOI Thermprocess GmbH<br />
Am Lichtbogen 29<br />
D-45141 Essen<br />
Germany<br />
Telefon +49 (0) 201 / 18 91-3 10<br />
Telefax +49 (0) 201 / 18 91-53 10<br />
E-Mail: info@loi.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.loi.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sistem Teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />
see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />
2.12 Services<br />
Dienstleistungen<br />
Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />
see Die preparation and care 2.6<br />
118 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
3<br />
Rolling mill technology<br />
Walzwerktechnik<br />
3.1 Casting equipment<br />
3.2 Rolling bar machining<br />
3.3 Rolling bar furnaces<br />
3.4 Hot rolling equipment<br />
3.5 Strip casting units and accessories<br />
3.6 Cold rolling equipment<br />
3.7 Thin strip / foil rolling plant<br />
3.8 Auxiliary equipment<br />
3.9 Adjustment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />
3.10 Process technology / Automation technology<br />
3.11 Coolant / lubricant preparation<br />
3.12 Air extraction systems<br />
3.13 Fire extinguishing units<br />
3.14 Storage and dispatch<br />
3.15 Second-hand rolling equipment<br />
3.16 Coil storage systems<br />
3.17 Strip Processing Lines<br />
3.1 Casting equipment<br />
Gießanlagen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
� Melting and holding furnaces<br />
Schmelz- und Warmhalteöfen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
Geschäftsbereich <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Konstanzer Straße 37<br />
Postfach 170<br />
CH 8274 Tägerwilen<br />
Telefon +41/71/6666666<br />
Telefax +41/71/6666688<br />
E-Mail: aluminium@maerz-gautschi.ch<br />
Kontakt: Stefan Blum, Tel. +41/71/6666621<br />
� Metal filters<br />
Metallfilter<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Filling level indicators<br />
and controls<br />
Füllstandsanzeiger und -regler<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
� Melt purification units<br />
Schmelzereinigungsanlagen<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
3.2 Rolling bar machining<br />
Walzbarrenbearbeitung<br />
� Band saws / Bandsägen<br />
SMS Meer GmbH<br />
Ohlerkirchweg 66<br />
D-41069 Mönchengladbach<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2161 / 35 00<br />
Fax +49 (0) 2161 / 35 06 67<br />
E-Mail: info@sms-meer.com<br />
Internet: www.sms-meer.com<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
3.1 Gießanlagen<br />
3.2 Walzbarrenbearbeitung<br />
3.3 Walzbarrenvorbereitung<br />
3.4 Warmwalzanlagen<br />
3.5 Bandgießanlagen und Zubehör<br />
3.6 Kaltwalzanlagen<br />
3.7 Feinband-/Folienwalzwerke<br />
3.8 Nebeneinrichtungen<br />
3.9 Adjustageeinrichtungen<br />
3.10 Prozesstechnik / Automatisierungstechnik<br />
3.11 Kühl-/Schmiermittel-Aufbereitung<br />
3.12 Abluftsysteme<br />
3.13 Feuerlöschanlagen<br />
3.14 Lagerung und Versand<br />
3.15 Gebrauchtanlagen<br />
3.16 Coil storage systems<br />
3.17 Bandprozesslinien<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
� Bar scalping<br />
Barrenfräsen<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />
� Slab milling machines<br />
Barrenfräsmaschinen<br />
SMS Meer GmbH<br />
see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />
119
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
3.3 Rolling bar furnaces<br />
Walzbarrenvorbereitung<br />
� Homogenising furnaces<br />
Homogenisieröfen<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
see Heat treatment 2.4<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
� Annealing furnaces<br />
Glühöfen<br />
EBNER Industrieofenbau Ges.m.b.H.<br />
Ruflinger Str. 111, A-4060 Leonding<br />
Tel. +43 / 732 / 68 68<br />
Fax +43 / 732 / 68 68-1000<br />
Internet: www.ebner.cc<br />
E-Mail: sales@ebner.cc<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
see Heat treatment 2.4<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
schwartz GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Heat treatment 2.4<br />
� Bar heating furnaces<br />
Barrenanwärmanlagen<br />
EBNER Industrieofenbau Ges.m.b.H.<br />
see Annealing furnaces 3.3<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
� Roller tracks<br />
Rollengänge<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
3.4 Hot rolling equipment<br />
Warmwalzanlagen<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
SIEMAG GmbH<br />
Obere Industriestraße 8<br />
D-57250 Netphen<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-503<br />
E-Mail: metals@siemag.com<br />
Internet: www.siemag.com<br />
� Coil transport systems<br />
Bundtransportsysteme<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
Windhoff Bahn- und<br />
Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Drive systems / Antriebe<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
� Hot rolling units /<br />
complete plants<br />
Warmwalzanlagen/Komplettanlagen<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: http://www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
� Rolling mill mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation<br />
Walzwerksmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
� Spools / Haspel<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
� Toolings / Werkzeuge<br />
see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />
Do you need<br />
more<br />
information?<br />
E-Mail:<br />
Schwichtenberg@giesel.<strong>de</strong><br />
120 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
3.5 Strip casting units<br />
and accessories<br />
Bandgießanlagen und<br />
Zubehör<br />
� Cores & shells for continuous<br />
casting lines<br />
Cores & shells for continuous<br />
casting lines<br />
Bruno Presezzi, Officine Meccaniche<br />
Via per Ornago 8<br />
I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />
Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />
Fax +39 039 6081373<br />
E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />
Internet: www.presezzicaster.com<br />
Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />
� Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />
for continuous casting lines<br />
Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />
for continuous casting lines<br />
Bruno Presezzi, Officine Meccaniche<br />
Via per Ornago 8<br />
I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />
Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />
Fax +39 039 6081373<br />
E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />
Internet: www.presezzicaster.com<br />
Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />
� Twin-roll continuous casting<br />
lines (complete lines)<br />
Twin-roll continuous casting lines<br />
(complete lines)<br />
Bruno Presezzi, Officine Meccaniche<br />
Via per Ornago 8<br />
I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />
Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />
Fax +39 039 6081373<br />
E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />
Internet: www.presezzicaster.com<br />
Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />
3.6 Cold rolling equipment<br />
Kaltwalzanlagen<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
SIEMAG GmbH<br />
Obere Industriestraße 8<br />
D-57250 Netphen<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-503<br />
E-Mail: metals@siemag.com<br />
Internet: www.siemag.com<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
SIGNODE® SYSTEM GMBH<br />
Packaging Equipment<br />
Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />
Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />
Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />
Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />
E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />
Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />
Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />
� Coil transport systems<br />
Bundtransportsysteme<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
Windhoff Bahn- und<br />
Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Coil annealing furnaces<br />
Bundglühöfen<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
see Heat treatment 2.4<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
schwartz GmbH<br />
see Cold colling equipment 3.6<br />
www.vits.com<br />
see Cold rolling equipment 3.6<br />
� Cold rolling units /<br />
complete plants<br />
Kaltwalzanlagen/Komplettanlagen<br />
Danieli Fröhling<br />
Finkenstrasse 19<br />
D-57462 Olpe<br />
Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-200<br />
E-Mail: d.neumann@danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sales Contact: Detlef Neumann<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: http://www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
� Drive systems<br />
Antriebe<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
� Heating furnaces<br />
Anwärmöfen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
Vits Systems GmbH<br />
Winkelsweg 172<br />
D-40764 Langenfeld<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2173 / 798-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2173 / 798-244<br />
E-Mail: mt@vits.<strong>de</strong>, Internet: www.vits.com<br />
� Process optimisation systems<br />
Prozessoptimierungssysteme<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
121
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
� Process simulation<br />
Prozesssimulation<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Cold colling equipment 3.6<br />
� Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />
Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />
Bruno Presezzi, Officine Meccaniche<br />
Via per Ornago 8<br />
I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />
Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />
Fax +39 039 6081373<br />
E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />
Internet: www.presezzicaster.com<br />
Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />
� Roll exchange equipment<br />
Walzenwechseleinrichtungen<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
Windhoff Bahn- und<br />
Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />
see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />
� Rolling mill mo<strong>de</strong>rnization<br />
Walzwerkmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Strip rolling mills<br />
Bandwalzwerke<br />
Danieli Fröhling<br />
Finkenstrasse 19<br />
D-57462 Olpe<br />
Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-200<br />
E-Mail: d.neumann@danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sales Contact: Detlef Neumann<br />
� Strip shears<br />
Bandscheren<br />
Danieli Fröhling<br />
Finkenstrasse 19<br />
D-57462 Olpe<br />
Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-200<br />
E-Mail: d.neumann@danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sales Contact: Detlef Neumann<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
� Trimming equipment<br />
Besäumeinrichtungen<br />
Danieli Fröhling<br />
Finkenstrasse 19<br />
D-57462 Olpe<br />
Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-200<br />
E-Mail: d.neumann@danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sales Contact: Detlef Neumann<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Hot rolling equipment 3.4<br />
3.7 Thin strip /<br />
foil rolling plant<br />
Feinband-/Folienwalzwerke<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
SIGNODE® SYSTEM GMBH<br />
Packaging Equipment<br />
Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />
Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />
Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />
Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />
E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />
Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />
Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />
� Coil annealing furnaces<br />
Bundglühöfen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
schwartz GmbH<br />
see Cold colling equipment 3.6<br />
www.vits.com<br />
see Thin strip / foil rolling plant 3.7<br />
� Heating furnaces<br />
Anwärmöfen<br />
INOTHERM INDUSTRIEOFEN-<br />
UND WÄRMETECHNIK GMBH<br />
see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting equipment 3.1<br />
Vits Systems GmbH<br />
Winkelsweg 172<br />
D-40764 Langenfeld<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2173 / 798-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2173 / 798-244<br />
E-Mail: mt@vits.<strong>de</strong>, Internet: www.vits.com<br />
� Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />
Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />
Bruno Presezzi, Officine Meccaniche<br />
Via per Ornago 8<br />
I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />
Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />
Fax +39 039 6081373<br />
E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />
Internet: www.presezzicaster.com<br />
Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />
122 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
� Rolling mill mo<strong>de</strong>rnization<br />
Walzwerkmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Thin strip / foil rolling mills /<br />
complete plant<br />
Feinband- / Folienwalzwerke /<br />
Komplettanlagen<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: http://www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
3.9 Adjustment <strong>de</strong>vices /<br />
Adjustageeinrichtungen<br />
� Transverse cutting units<br />
Querteilanlagen<br />
Danieli Fröhling<br />
Finkenstrasse 19<br />
D-57462 Olpe<br />
Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-200<br />
E-Mail: d.neumann@danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sales Contact: Detlef Neumann<br />
� Longitudinal splitting units<br />
Längsteilanlagen<br />
Danieli Fröhling<br />
Finkenstrasse 19<br />
D-57462 Olpe<br />
Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 27 61 / 894-200<br />
E-Mail: d.neumann@danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.danieli-froehling.<strong>de</strong><br />
Sales Contact: Detlef Neumann<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
� Sheet and plate stretchers<br />
Blech- und Plattenstrecker<br />
SMS Meer GmbH<br />
see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />
� Cable sheathing presses<br />
Kabelummantelungspressen<br />
SMS Meer GmbH<br />
see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />
� Cable undulating machines<br />
Kabelwellmaschinen<br />
SMS Meer GmbH<br />
see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />
3.10 Process technology /<br />
Automation technology<br />
Prozesstechnik /<br />
Automatisierungstechnik<br />
4Production AG<br />
Produktionsoptimieren<strong>de</strong> Lösungen<br />
A<strong>de</strong>nauerstraße 20, D-52146 Würselen<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2405 / 4135-0<br />
info@4production.<strong>de</strong>, www.4production.<strong>de</strong><br />
SIEMAG GmbH<br />
Obere Industriestraße 8<br />
D-57250 Netphen<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-503<br />
E-Mail: metals@siemag.com<br />
Internet: www.siemag.com<br />
� Process control technology<br />
Prozessleittechnik<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Process technology/<br />
Automation technology 3.10<br />
Unitechnik Cieplik & Poppek AG<br />
D-51674 Wiehl, www.unitechnik.com<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
� Strip thickness measurement<br />
and control equipment<br />
Banddickenmess- und<br />
-regeleinrichtungen<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
ABB Automation Technologies AB<br />
Force Measurement<br />
S-72159 Västeras, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Phone: +46 21 342000<br />
Fax: +46 21 340005<br />
E-Mail: pressductor@se.abb.com<br />
Internet: www.abb.com/pressductor<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Process technology/<br />
Automation technology 3.10<br />
� Strip flatness measurement<br />
and control equipment<br />
Bandplanheitsmess- und<br />
-regeleinrichtungen<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: http://www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
123
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
ABB Automation Technologies AB<br />
Force Measurement<br />
S-72159 Västeras, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Phone: +46 21 342000<br />
Fax: +46 21 340005<br />
E-Mail: pressductor@se.abb.com<br />
Internet: www.abb.com/pressductor<br />
3.11 Coolant / lubricant<br />
preparation<br />
Kühl-/Schmiermittel-<br />
Aufbereitung<br />
� Rolling oil recovery and<br />
treatment units<br />
Walzöl-Wie<strong>de</strong>raufbereitungsanlagen<br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: http://www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
� Filter for rolling oils and<br />
emulsions<br />
Filter für Walzöle und Emulsionen<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Rolling oil rectification units<br />
Walzölrektifikationsanlagen<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
see Coolant / lubricant preparation 3.11<br />
3.12 Air extraction systems<br />
Abluft-Systeme<br />
� Exhaust air purification<br />
systems (active)<br />
Abluft-Reinigungssysteme (aktiv)<br />
Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />
Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />
SMS Demag Aktiengesellschaft<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />
D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-0<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-49 02<br />
Internet: http://www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
E-Mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Geschäftsbereiche:<br />
Warmflach- und Kaltwalzwerke<br />
Wiesenstraße 30<br />
D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />
Telefon: (02733) 29-0<br />
Telefax: (02733) 29-28 52<br />
Bandanlagen<br />
Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />
D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Telefon: (0211) 8 81-5100<br />
Telefax: (0211) 8 81-5200<br />
� Filtering plants and systems<br />
Filteranlagen und Systeme<br />
Dantherm Filtration GmbH<br />
Industriestr. 9, D-77948 Friesenheim<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 7821 / 966-0, Fax: - 966-245<br />
E-Mail: info.<strong>de</strong>@danthermfiltration.com<br />
Internet: www.danthermfiltration.com<br />
3.14 Storage and dispatch<br />
Lagerung und Versand<br />
SIEMAG GmbH<br />
Obere Industriestraße 8<br />
D-57250 Netphen<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-503<br />
E-Mail: metals@siemag.com<br />
Internet: www.siemag.com<br />
3.16 Coil storage systems<br />
Bundlagersysteme<br />
SIEMAG GmbH<br />
Obere Industriestraße 8<br />
D-57250 Netphen<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 2738 / 21-503<br />
E-Mail: metals@siemag.com<br />
Internet: www.siemag.com<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
3.17 Strip Processing Lines<br />
Bandprozesslinien<br />
� Strip Processing Lines<br />
Bandprozesslinen<br />
Bergwerk- und Walzwerk-<br />
Maschinenbau GmbH<br />
Mercatorstraße 74 – 78<br />
D-47051 Duisburg<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 203-9929-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 203-9929-400<br />
E-Mail: bwg@bwg-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.bwg-online.com<br />
� Colour Coating Lines<br />
Bandlackierlinien<br />
www.bwg-online.com<br />
see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />
� Strip Annealing Lines<br />
Bandglühlinien<br />
www.bwg-online.com<br />
see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />
� Stretch Levelling Lines<br />
Streckrichtanlagen<br />
www.bwg-online.com<br />
see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />
� Lithographic Sheet Lines<br />
Lithografielinien<br />
www.bwg-online.com<br />
see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />
124 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
4 Foundry<br />
Gießerei<br />
4.1 Work protection and ergonomics<br />
4.2 Heat-resistant technology<br />
4.3 Conveyor and storage technology<br />
4.4 Mould and core production<br />
4.5 Mould accessories and accessory materials<br />
4.6 Foundry equipment<br />
4.7 Casting machines and equipment<br />
4.8 Handling technology<br />
4.9 Construction and <strong>de</strong>sign<br />
4.10 Measurement technology and materials testing<br />
4.11 Metallic charge materials<br />
4.12 Finshing of raw castings<br />
4.13 Melt operations<br />
4.14 Melt preparation<br />
4.15 Melt treatment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />
4.16 Control and regulation technology<br />
4.17 Environment protection and disposal<br />
4.18 Dross recovery<br />
4.2 Heat-resistent technology<br />
Feuerfesttechnik<br />
� Refractories<br />
Feuerfeststoffe<br />
Silca Service- und Vertriebsgesellschaft<br />
für Dämmstoffe mbH<br />
Auf <strong>de</strong>m Hüls 6, D-40822 Mettmann<br />
Tel. 02104/97270, Fax 02104/76902<br />
E-Mail: info@silca-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.silca-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
Promat GmbH – Techn. Wärmedämmung<br />
Scheifenkamp 16, D-40878 Ratingen<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 2102 / 493-0, Fax -493 115<br />
verkauf3@promat.<strong>de</strong>, www.promat.<strong>de</strong><br />
� Casting laun<strong>de</strong>r linings<br />
Gießrinnenauskleidungen<br />
Silca Service- und Vertriebsgesellschaft<br />
für Dämmstoffe mbH<br />
Auf <strong>de</strong>m Hüls 6, D-40822 Mettmann<br />
Tel. 02104/97270, Fax 02104/76902<br />
E-Mail: info@silca-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.silca-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
4.3 Conveyor and storage<br />
technology<br />
För<strong>de</strong>r- und Lagertechnik<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
4.5 Mold accessories and<br />
accessory materials<br />
Formzubehör, Hilfmittel<br />
� Fluxes<br />
Flussmittel<br />
Solvay Fluor GmbH<br />
Hans-Böckler-Allee 20<br />
D-30173 Hannover<br />
Telefon +49 (0) 511 / 857-0<br />
Telefax +49 (0) 511 / 857-2146<br />
Internet: www.solvay-fluor.<strong>de</strong><br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
4.6 Foundry equipment<br />
Gießereianlagen<br />
Cast-Tec GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Fertigungstechnik & Service<br />
D-44536 Lünen, Brunnenstraße 138<br />
Telefon: 02306/20310-0<br />
Telefax: 02306/20310-11<br />
E-Mail: Info@cast-tec.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.cast-tec.<strong>de</strong><br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
� Planning<br />
Projektierung<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
� Construction<br />
Bau<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
4.1 Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie<br />
4.2 Feuerfesttechnik<br />
4.3 För<strong>de</strong>r- und Lagertechnik<br />
4.4 Form- und Kernherstellung<br />
4.5 Formzubehör, Hilfsmittel<br />
4.6 Gießereianlagen<br />
4.7 Gießmaschinen und Gießeinrichtungen<br />
4.8 Handhabungstechnik<br />
4.9 Konstruktion und Design<br />
4.10 Messtechnik und Materialprüfung<br />
4.11 Metallische Einsatzstoffe<br />
4.12 Rohgussnachbehandlung<br />
4.13 Schmelzbetrieb<br />
4.14 Schmelzvorbereitung<br />
4.15 Schmelzebehandlungseinrichtungen<br />
4.16 Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik<br />
4.17 Umweltschutz und Entsorgung<br />
4.18 Schlackenrückgewinnung<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
� Tolls for the foundry<br />
Gießerei-Werkzeuge<br />
Albert Turk GmbH & Co. KG<br />
D-58540 Meinerzhagen,<br />
Tel. 02358/2727-0, Fax 02358/2727-27<br />
� Casting machines<br />
Gießmaschinen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
� Solution annealing furnaces/plant<br />
Lösungsglühöfen/anlagen<br />
ERNST REINHARDT GMBH<br />
Postfach 1880, D-78008 VS-Villingen<br />
Tel. 07721/8441-0, Fax 8441-44<br />
E-Mail: info@ernstreinhardt.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.Ernst-Reinhardt.com<br />
� Heat treatment furnaces<br />
Wärmebehandlungsöfen<br />
see Foundry equipment 4.6<br />
125
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
4.7 Casting machines<br />
and equipment<br />
Gießereimaschinen<br />
und Gießeinrichtungen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
Molten Metall Level Control<br />
Ostra Hamnen 7<br />
SE-430 91 Hono / Schwe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tel.: +46 31 764 5520<br />
Fax: +46 31 764 5529<br />
E-mail: sales@precimeter.se<br />
Internet: www.precimeter.se<br />
Sales Contact: Rolf Backberg<br />
� Mould parting agents<br />
Kokillentrennmittel<br />
Schrö<strong>de</strong>r KG<br />
Schmierstofftechnik<br />
Postfach 1170<br />
D-57251<br />
Freu<strong>de</strong>nberg<br />
Tel. 02734/7071<br />
Fax 02734/20784<br />
www.schroe<strong>de</strong>r-schmierstoffe.<strong>de</strong><br />
4.8 Handling technology<br />
Handhabungstechnik<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
Vollert GmbH + Co. KG<br />
Anlagenbau<br />
see Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong> elements<br />
to the pot room 1.4<br />
4.9 Construction and<br />
Design<br />
Konstruktion und Design<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
4.10 Measurement<br />
technology and<br />
materials testing<br />
Messtechnik und<br />
Materialprüfung<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
SRS Amsterdam BV<br />
www.srsamsterdam.com<br />
see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />
4.11 Metallic charge<br />
materials<br />
Metallische Einsatzstoffe<br />
Scholz AG<br />
Am Bahnhof<br />
D-73457 Essingen<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 7365-84-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 7365-1481<br />
E-Mail: infoscholz@scholz-ag.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.scholz-ag.<strong>de</strong><br />
� <strong>Alu</strong>minium alloys<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />
METALLHÜTTENWERKE BRUCH GMBH<br />
Postfach 10 06 29<br />
D-44006 Dortmund<br />
Telefon +49 (0) 231 /85981-121<br />
Telefax +49 (0) 231 /85981-124<br />
E-Mail: al-vertrieb@bruch.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.bruch.<strong>de</strong><br />
METALLHANDELSGESELLSCHAFT<br />
SCHOOF & HASLACHER MBH & CO. KG<br />
Postfach 600714, D 81207 München<br />
Telefon 089/829133-0<br />
Telefax 089/8201154<br />
E-Mail: info@metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />
ALERIS Recycling (German Works) GmbH<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumstraße 3<br />
D-41515 Grevenbroich<br />
Telefon +49 (0) 2181/16 45 0<br />
Telefax +49 (0) 2181/16 45 100<br />
E-Mail: recycling@aleris.com<br />
Internet: www.aleris-recycling.com<br />
� Pre alloys<br />
Vorlegierungen<br />
METALLHANDELSGESELLSCHAFT<br />
SCHOOF & HASLACHER MBH & CO. KG<br />
Postfach 600714, D 81207 München<br />
Telefon 089/829133-0<br />
Telefax 089/8201154<br />
E-Mail: info@metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />
4.13 Melt operations<br />
Schmelzbetrieb<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
� Melting furnaces<br />
Schmelzöfen<br />
Büttgenbachstraße 14<br />
D-40549 Düsseldorf/Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 211 /50091-43<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 211 / 50 13 97<br />
E-Mail: info@bloomeng.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.bloomeng.com<br />
Sales Contact: Klaus Rixen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
MARX GmbH & Co. KG<br />
Lilienthalstr. 6-18<br />
D-58638 Iserhohn<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 2371 / 2105-0, Fax: -11<br />
E-Mail: info@marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Holding furnaces<br />
Warmhalteöfen<br />
Büttgenbachstraße 14<br />
D-40549 Düsseldorf/Germany<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 211 /50091-43<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 211 / 50 13 97<br />
E-Mail: info@bloomeng.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.bloomeng.com<br />
Sales Contact: Klaus Rixen<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
126 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Heat treatment furnaces<br />
Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
IUT Industriell Ugnsteknik AB<br />
Industrivägen 2, 43892 Härryda, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tel. +46 (0) 301 31510<br />
Fax +46 (0) 301 30479<br />
E-Mail: office@iut.se<br />
Internet: www.iut.se<br />
see Equipment and accessories 2.11<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
� Heat treatment technologies<br />
Wärmebehandlungsverfahren<br />
Wärmebehandlungstechnologien<br />
ALUTEC-BELTE AG, ALUMINIUMTECHNOLOGIE<br />
Lin<strong>de</strong>nweg 5<br />
D-33129 Delbrück<br />
Tel.: +49 (0 ) 52 50 / 98 79-0<br />
Fax: +49 (0 ) 52 50 / 98 79-149<br />
E-Mail: info@alutec-belte.com<br />
Web: www.alutec-belte.com<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007<br />
4.14 Melt preparation<br />
Schmelzvorbereitung<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
� Degassing, filtration<br />
Entgasung, Filtration<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
Drache Umwelttechnik<br />
GmbH<br />
Werner-v.-Siemens-Straße 9/24-26<br />
D 65582 Diez/Lahn<br />
Telefon 06432/607-0<br />
Telefax 06432/607-52<br />
Internet: http://www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />
HERTWICH ENGINEERING GmbH<br />
Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />
Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />
Phone +437722/806-0<br />
Fax +437722/806-122<br />
E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />
Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />
� Melt treatment agents<br />
Schmelzebehandlungsmittel<br />
maerz-gautschi<br />
Industrieofenanlagen GmbH<br />
see Casting Equipment 3.1<br />
4.15 Melt treatment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />
Schmelzbehandlungseinrichtungen<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
Metaullics Systems Europe B.V.<br />
P.O.Box 748<br />
NL-2920 CA Krimpen a/d Yssel<br />
Tel. +31-180/590890<br />
Fax +31-180/551040<br />
E-Mail: info@metaullics.nl<br />
Internet: www.metaullics.com<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
4.16 Control and<br />
regulation technology<br />
Steuerungs- und<br />
Regelungstechnik<br />
� HCL measurements<br />
HCL Messungen<br />
OPSIS AB<br />
Box 244, S-24402 Furulund, Schwe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tel. +46 (0) 46-72 25 00, Fax -72 25 01<br />
E-Mail: info@opsis.se<br />
Internet: www.opsis.se<br />
4.17 Environment protec<br />
tion and disposal<br />
Umweltschutz und<br />
Entsorgung<br />
� Dust removal / Entstaubung<br />
NEOTECHNIK GmbH<br />
Entstaubungsanlagen<br />
Postfach 110261, D-33662 Bielefeld<br />
Tel. 05205/7503-0, Fax 05205/7503-77<br />
info@neotechnik.com, www.neotechnik.com<br />
� Flue gas cleaning<br />
Rauchgasreinigung<br />
Dantherm Filtration GmbH<br />
Industriestr. 9, D-77948 Friesenheim<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 7821 / 966-0, Fax: - 966-245<br />
E-Mail: info.<strong>de</strong>@danthermfiltration.com<br />
Internet: www.danthermfiltration.com<br />
4.18 Dross recovery<br />
Schlackenrückgewinnung<br />
OTTO JUNKER GmbH<br />
THERMCON OVENS BV<br />
see Extrusion 2<br />
Do you need<br />
more information?<br />
E-Mail:<br />
Schwichtenberg@giesel.<strong>de</strong><br />
127
Lieferverzeichnis<br />
5<br />
6<br />
Materials and Recycling<br />
Werkstoffe und Recycling<br />
� <strong>Alu</strong>minium foam<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumschaum<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>light International GmbH<br />
Lach 22<br />
A-5282 Ranshofen<br />
Telefon ++43 / 7722 / 62216-26<br />
Telefax ++43 / 7722 / 62216-11<br />
E-Mail: office@alulight.com<br />
Internet: www.alulight.com<br />
Machining and Application<br />
Bearbeitung und Anwendung<br />
� Machining of aluminium<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumbearbeitung<br />
Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />
see Die preparation and care 2.6<br />
6.1 Surface treatment<br />
processes<br />
Prozesse für die<br />
Oberflächenbehandlung<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
D-40191 Düsseldorf<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 211 / 797-30 00<br />
Fax +49 (0) 211 / 798-36 36<br />
Internet: www.henkel-technologies.com<br />
� Adhesive bonding / Verkleben<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Anodising / Anodisation<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Cleaning / Reinigung<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Joining / Fügen<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Granulated aluminium<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>miniumgranulate<br />
ECKA Granulate Austria GmbH<br />
Bürmooser Lan<strong>de</strong>sstraße 19<br />
A-5113 St. Georgen/Salzburg<br />
Telefon +43 7722 62216-41<br />
Telefax +43 7722 62216-44<br />
Kontakt: Walter Rajner<br />
E-Mail: w.rajner@ecka-granules.com<br />
� Paint stripping / Entlackung<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Pretreatment before coating<br />
Vorbehandlung vor <strong>de</strong>r Beschichtung<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Joining of light metals<br />
Fügen von Leichtmetallen<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
Standort Hei<strong>de</strong>lberg<br />
Hans-Bunte-Straße 4<br />
D-69123 Hei<strong>de</strong>lberg<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 6221 / 704-204<br />
Fax +49 (0) 6221 / 704-515<br />
� Pretreatment before<br />
adhesive bonding<br />
Vorbehandlung vor <strong>de</strong>m Verkleben<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Spectrocolor Interferencecolouring<br />
Spectrocolor Interferenzfärben<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Waste water treatment<br />
Abwasseraufbereitung<br />
Henkel KGaA<br />
see Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />
� Thermal coating<br />
Thermische Beschichtung<br />
Berolina Metallspritztechnik<br />
Wesnigk GmbH<br />
Pappelhain 30<br />
D-15378 Hennickendorf<br />
Tel.: +49 (0) 33434 / 46060<br />
Fax: +49 (0) 33434 / 46701<br />
E-Mail: info@metallspritztechnik.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.metallspritztechnik.<strong>de</strong><br />
6.2 Semi products<br />
Halbzeuge<br />
� Wires / Drähte<br />
DRAHTWERK ELISENTAL<br />
W. Erdmann GmbH & Co.<br />
Werdohler Str. 40, D-58809 Neuenra<strong>de</strong><br />
Postfach 12 60, D-58804 Neuenra<strong>de</strong><br />
Tel. +49(0)2392/697-0, Fax 49(0)2392/62044<br />
E-Mail: info@elisental.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.elisental.<strong>de</strong><br />
6.3 Equipment for forging<br />
and impact extrusion<br />
Ausrüstung für Schmie<strong>de</strong>und<br />
Fließpresstechnik<br />
� Hydraulic Presses<br />
Hydraulische Pressen<br />
LASCO Umformtechnik GmbH<br />
Hahnweg 139, D-96450 Coburg<br />
Tel. +49 (0) 9561 642-0<br />
Fax +49 (0) 9561 642-333<br />
E-Mail: lasco@lasco.<strong>de</strong><br />
Internet: www.lasco.com<br />
8 Literature<br />
Literatur<br />
� Technikcal literature<br />
Fachliteratur<br />
Taschenbuch <strong>de</strong>s Metallhan<strong>de</strong>ls<br />
Fundamentals of Extrusion Technology<br />
Giesel Verlag GmbH<br />
Verlag für Fachmedien<br />
Ein Unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r Klett-Gruppe<br />
Rehkamp 3 · 30916 Isernhagen<br />
Tel. 0511 / 73 04-122 · Fax 0511 / 73 04-157<br />
� Technical journals<br />
Fachzeitschriften<br />
International Journal for Industry, Research and Application<br />
Giesel Verlag GmbH<br />
Ein Unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r Klett-Gruppe<br />
Rehkamp 3 · 30916 Isernhagen<br />
Tel. 0511 / 73 04-122 · Fax 0511 / 73 04-157<br />
128 ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
International<br />
ALUMINIUM<br />
Journal<br />
83. Jahrgang 1.1.2007<br />
Herausgeber / Publisher<br />
Dr.-Ing. Peter Johne<br />
Redaktion / Editorial office<br />
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Chefredakteur, Editor in Chief<br />
Franz-Meyers-Str. 16, 53340 Meckenheim<br />
Tel: 02225/83 59 643, Fax: 02225/18 4 58<br />
E-Mail: vkarow@online.<strong>de</strong><br />
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Fax: ++41-274 555 926<br />
Hüttenindustrie und Recycling<br />
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Walzwerkstechnik und Bandverarbeitung<br />
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Italy<br />
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Großbritannien<br />
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129
VORSCHAU / PREVIEW<br />
130<br />
Im nächsten Heft<br />
Special: <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Recycling<br />
Überblick über die Sekundäraluminiumindustrie<br />
weltweit<br />
Schmelz- und Gießtechnik: Innovative Anlagen<br />
von Ausrüstern, konstruktive Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen an<br />
die Anlagenmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung, Schmelzebehandlung<br />
Unterschiedliche Recyclingansätze in Umweltanalysen<br />
und ihre Konsequenzen<br />
<strong>Alu</strong>minium im Automobil<br />
Gießtechnik im Motorenbau<br />
Marktentwicklung <strong>de</strong>r Automobilindustrie und <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Leichtmetalls <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />
Economics<br />
Wertanalyse im Downstreamgeschäft <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />
In the next issue<br />
Special: <strong>Alu</strong>minium recycling<br />
Overview of the global secondary aluminium<br />
industry<br />
Melting and casting technology: innovative plants<br />
from suppliers, <strong>de</strong>sign requirements for plant mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation,<br />
melt treatment<br />
Different recycling approaches in environment<br />
analyses and their consequences<br />
Automotive<br />
Casting technology for engines<br />
Market <strong>de</strong>velopment in the car industry and of the<br />
lightweight metal<br />
Economics<br />
The value engineering in downstream sectors of<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rn aluminium industry<br />
Forschung:<br />
Entwicklung neuer Duktilitätskriterien von Leichtbauwerkstoffen<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Fahrzeugentwicklung<br />
Weitere Themen<br />
Aktuelles aus <strong>de</strong>r Branche - Hüttentechnik - Anwendungen<br />
Research<br />
Potentials of new ductility criterions in car <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
with lightweight materials<br />
Other topics<br />
Latest news from the industry<br />
Smelting technology<br />
Applications<br />
Erscheinungstermin: 5. März 2007<br />
Anzeigenschluss: 16. Februar 2007<br />
Redaktionsschluss: 2. Februar 2007<br />
Day of publication: 5 March 2007<br />
Advertisement <strong>de</strong>adline: 16 February 2007<br />
Editorial <strong>de</strong>adline: 12 February 2007<br />
ALUMINIUM · 1-2/2007
Simply closer to<br />
your products.<br />
Your technology partner in the aluminum industry.<br />
How do we meet the growing <strong>de</strong>mands of our customers<br />
in the aluminum industry worldwi<strong>de</strong>? By supplying<br />
all-inclusive mechatronic solutions. Whatever<br />
you want to manufacture from this material, or what<br />
product quality you aim to achieve – at SMS Demag<br />
we know what it takes. That’s because we listen!<br />
And because we draw on our holistic process know-<br />
SMS DEMAG AG<br />
how and experience. Our plants – whether new facilities,<br />
conversions or revamps – always ensure that our<br />
solutions encompass the latest <strong>de</strong>velopments in aluminum<br />
production and processing.<br />
Always closer to you – SMS Demag.<br />
Eduard-Schloemann-Strasse 4 Phone: +49 (0) 211 881-0 E-mail: communications@sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
40237 Düsseldorf, Germany Fax: +49 (0) 211 881-4902 Internet: www.sms-<strong>de</strong>mag.com<br />
Visit us at<br />
METEC 2007<br />
Hall 6, Booth E20<br />
June 12 to 16 in Düsseldorf,<br />
Germany<br />
MEETING your EXPECTATIONS
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� Consulting and project realization<br />
� Analyzing smelter full potential<br />
� Performing measurement campaigns<br />
� Mo<strong>de</strong>ling Thermal - MagnetoHydroDynamic<br />
� Analyzing Process Control and Signals<br />
� Improving Cell Design<br />
� Measurement <strong>de</strong>vices MHD, Thermal<br />
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Improve your smelter performance ...<br />
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