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Giesel Verlag GmbH · Postfach 120158 · D-30907 Isernhagen · www.alu-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong> – PVST H 13410 – Dt. Post AG – Entgelt bezahlt<br />

Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG<br />

Volume 85 · September 2009<br />

International Journal for Industry, Research and Application<br />

OFFICIAL INTERNATIONAL<br />

MEDIA PARTNER<br />

OFFICIAL INTERNATIONAL<br />

MEDIA PARTNER<br />

Special 2009:<br />

Automotive<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium in innovative<br />

light-weight car <strong>de</strong>sign<br />

Upgrading of<br />

gas-fired billet heaters<br />

Hilfsmaßnahmen<br />

für energieintensive<br />

Betriebe in Vorbereitung<br />

9


Linear testing. Testing head for linear testing. Helical testing.<br />

Ultrasonic testing<br />

equipment<br />

There are many benefits in one-stop shopping –<br />

even for industrial goods. Reliable, cooperative<br />

planning, specifications, which meet exactly your<br />

<strong>de</strong>mands and individual service-packages to operate<br />

on first-class level throughout the whole lifetime of<br />

the plant – this can be realized by one of the most<br />

experienced suppliers: Hertwich Engineering.<br />

Major benefits<br />

Hertwich Engineering is <strong>de</strong>dicated to leading technology<br />

in the aluminum casthouse. We add value<br />

by <strong>de</strong>signing integrated turnkey solutions. From<br />

melting and remelting to testing and packing. The<br />

results are convincing: highest quality of products<br />

at lowest cost-of-ownership. This has been proven<br />

by numerous plants all over the world.<br />

HERTWICH ENGINEERING GMBH<br />

Weinbergerstrasse 6<br />

5280 Braunau, Austria<br />

Leading technology in the aluminum casthouse.<br />

Phone: +43 (0) 7722 806-0<br />

Fax: +43 (0) 7722 806-122<br />

Ultrasonic testing equipment<br />

Linear testing for inspection of center cracks<br />

Helical testing for 100 % <strong>de</strong>tection of metal<br />

volume<br />

- Designed to fulfil ASTM B594<br />

- Inspection of billets to Class A, as required<br />

for automotive and aerospace industries<br />

- Angle Beam technique for 100 % fault finding<br />

Faulty logs can be back tracked to mold number<br />

of casting station<br />

Statistical data analysis helps to pinpoint reasons<br />

for <strong>de</strong>fects and contributes to minimize scrap at<br />

the source<br />

E-mail: info@hertwich.com<br />

Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />

MEETING your EXPECTATIONS


Volker Karow<br />

Chefredakteur<br />

Editor in Chief<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

für umweltbewusste<br />

Mobilität<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium for<br />

environmentally<br />

aware mobility<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Die Automobilindustrie steckt weltweit<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r Krise. Sie ist von Überkapazitäten<br />

geprägt und viele traditionsreiche<br />

Autobauer haben in <strong>de</strong>n<br />

vergangenen Jahren zu wenig in innovative,<br />

von Leichtbau und Energieeffizienz<br />

gekennzeichnete Fahrzeug-<br />

und Motorenkonzepte investiert bzw.<br />

geforscht. Die Insolvenz von General<br />

Motors ist nur das sichtbarste Zeichen<br />

einer verfehlten Mo<strong>de</strong>llpolitik.<br />

Die Spuren <strong>de</strong>r Krise wer<strong>de</strong>n auch<br />

auf <strong>de</strong>r diesjährigen Internationalen<br />

Automobil-Ausstellung sichtbar sein,<br />

wenngleich sich die Branche selbstbewusst<br />

und mit zahlreichen Mo<strong>de</strong>llneuheiten<br />

präsentiert. Mit rund 700<br />

Ausstellern bleibt die IAA <strong>de</strong>utlich<br />

hinter <strong>de</strong>r Präsenz vor zwei Jahren<br />

zurück. Es sind vor allem die Zulieferer,<br />

die, unter <strong>de</strong>r Absatzkrise lei<strong>de</strong>nd,<br />

reihenweise auf eine Messeteilnahme<br />

in diesem Jahr verzichten.<br />

Der Verband <strong>de</strong>r Automobilindustrie<br />

(VDA) als Ausrichter zeigt sich<br />

trotz <strong>de</strong>s schwierigen wirtschaftlichen<br />

Umfel<strong>de</strong>s davon überzeugt, dass<br />

diese IAA ein Erfolg wird. VDA-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

Matthias Wissmann verspricht<br />

ein „beeindrucken<strong>de</strong>s Innovationsfeuerwerk“<br />

und „Antworten auf die<br />

Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen von heute und die<br />

Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rungen von morgen“. Die<br />

weitere Optimierung <strong>de</strong>r klassischen<br />

Antriebsarten – Clean Diesel und<br />

hoch aufla<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong> Ottomotoren mit<br />

Direkteinspritzung – wer<strong>de</strong> auf <strong>de</strong>r<br />

IAA ebenso zu sehen sein wie die<br />

Fortschritte bei <strong>de</strong>r Elektrifizierung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Automobils, vom Mild Hybrid bis<br />

zum Pkw mit reinem Elektroantrieb.<br />

Neben <strong>de</strong>r weiteren Reduzierung <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Verbrauchs und damit auch <strong>de</strong>r CO 2 -<br />

Emissionen stehen neuartige Assistenzsysteme<br />

im Vor<strong>de</strong>rgrund, die das<br />

Autofahren noch sicherer und komfortabler<br />

machen.<br />

Bei all<strong>de</strong>m darf <strong>de</strong>r Werkstoff <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

nicht vergessen wer<strong>de</strong>n. Das<br />

Leichtmetall hat sich längst seinen<br />

unverzichtbaren Platz im Automobil<br />

gesichert. Es trägt wesentlich dazu<br />

bei, die umweltpolitischen Ziele einer<br />

energieeffizienten und CO 2 -min<strong>de</strong>rn<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Mobilität zu realisieren. Das<br />

Special dieser Ausgabe zeugt davon,<br />

dass <strong>Alu</strong>minium als Guss-, Walz-,<br />

Strangpress- o<strong>de</strong>r Schmie<strong>de</strong>teil im<br />

Pkw eine feste Größe ist.<br />

e d i t o r i A l<br />

The automobile industry is still in<br />

crisis worldwi<strong>de</strong>. It is marked by excess<br />

capacities, and many automobile<br />

manufacturers, though rich in tradition,<br />

have invested or researched too<br />

little in innovative vehicles and engine<br />

concepts that embody lightweight<br />

construction and energy efficiency.<br />

The insolvency of General Motors is<br />

only the most easily visible sign of a<br />

policy mo<strong>de</strong>l that has failed.<br />

Traces of the crisis are also evi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

at this year’s International Motor<br />

Show (IAA) in Frankfurt, Germany,<br />

even though the sector is presenting<br />

itself self-confi<strong>de</strong>ntly and with numerous<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>l innovations. With around<br />

700 exhibitors, this IAA is lagging<br />

substantially behind the exhibitor<br />

count of two years ago. And of course,<br />

it is mainly the supplier industries,<br />

which have been drastically affected<br />

by the sales crisis, that have given<br />

up participation in this year’s fair in<br />

droves.<br />

The German Association of the Automotive<br />

Industry (VDA), as organiser<br />

of the event, seems convinced that<br />

<strong>de</strong>spite the difficult economic environment<br />

this IAA will be a success.<br />

VDA Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Matthias Wissmann<br />

promises “an impressive array of innovations”<br />

and “solutions for today’s<br />

needs and tomorrow’s challenges”.<br />

The further optimisation of conventional<br />

drive systems such as clean diesel<br />

and supercharged gasoline engines<br />

with direct injection will be on show<br />

at the IAA, as also will advances in automotive<br />

electrification, ranging from<br />

mild hybrids to all-electric cars. The<br />

focus will be on a consistent further<br />

reduction of fuel consumption and<br />

CO 2 emissions, as well as on all-new<br />

assistance systems that make driving<br />

even safer and easier.<br />

In all this, the material aluminium<br />

should not be forgotten. The light<br />

metal has long secured for itself a key<br />

role in automotive engineering. It contributes<br />

substantially towards realising<br />

the environmental policy aims of<br />

energy-efficient and low-CO 2 mobility.<br />

The Special section in this issue<br />

shows that aluminium, whether in the<br />

form of castings, rolled products, extrusions<br />

or forged components, has an<br />

established and important role to play<br />

in automobiles.


i N H A l t<br />

14<br />

20<br />

22<br />

28<br />

Der ALUMINIUM-Branchentreff<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Giesel Verlags: www.alu-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong><br />

e d i t o r i A l<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium für umweltbewusste Mobilität ..................................<br />

A Kt U e l l e S<br />

Personen, Unternehmen, Märkte, Produkte ................................ 6<br />

W i r t S C H A F t<br />

Englischsprachige Artikel: s. nebenstehen<strong>de</strong>s Verzeichnis<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumpreise .............................................................. 10<br />

Hilfsmaßnahmen für energieintensive Unternehmen in Vorbereitung ... 18<br />

S P e C i A l : A l U M i N i U M i M A U t o M o B i l<br />

Englischsprachige Artikel: s. nebenstehen<strong>de</strong>s Verzeichnis<br />

Porsche Panamera – eine Synthese aus<br />

Sportlichkeit, Komfort und Effizienz ....................................... 20<br />

BMW X1 – Premiumfahrzeug im Kompaktsegment .................... 21<br />

KS Kolbenschmidt: Technologiepaket bei Ottokolben ausgebaut ... 22<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe von Honsel für die neuen VW-Dieselmotoren ......... 26<br />

Hochfeste <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Fahrwerksteile mit optimaler Topologie........ 4<br />

t e C H N o lo G i e<br />

Englischsprachige Artikel: s. nebenstehen<strong>de</strong>s Verzeichnis<br />

Kun<strong>de</strong>nspezifische, energieoptimierte<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen für <strong>Alu</strong>minium .............................. 7<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen für die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie ............... 40<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung von bestehen<strong>de</strong>n<br />

gasbeheizten Bolzenerwärmungsanlagen ................................ 41<br />

i N t e r N At i o N A l e B r A N C H e N N e W S ................... 47<br />

r e S e A r C H<br />

Englischsprachige Artikel: s. nebenstehen<strong>de</strong>s Verzeichnis<br />

V e r A N S tA lt U N G e N / d o K U M e N tAt i o N<br />

Englischsprachige Artikel: s. nebenstehen<strong>de</strong>s Verzeichnis<br />

Veranstaltung: Schweißen & Schnei<strong>de</strong>n, 14.-19. Sept. 2009 .......... 57<br />

Patente ......................................................................... 58<br />

Literaturservice ................................................................ 61<br />

Impressum ..................................................................... 81<br />

Vorschau........................................................................ 82<br />

B e Z U G S Q U e l l e N V e r Z e i C H N i S ............................ 64<br />

S t e l l e N A N G e B o t .................................................... 6<br />

4 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


E D I T O R I A L<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium for environmentally aware mobility ........................... 3<br />

N E W S I N B R I E F<br />

People, companies, markets, products ..................................... 7<br />

E C O N O M I C S<br />

The curse of globalisation – must we expect crises<br />

in the aluminium industry that are more abrupt in future? .............. 14<br />

S P E C I A L : A U T O M O T I V E<br />

Porsche Panamera – a unique combination<br />

of comfort, performance and efficiency .................................. 20<br />

KS Kolbenschmidt: Gasoline engine piston<br />

technology packages expan<strong>de</strong>d ............................................ 22<br />

Cylin<strong>de</strong>r heads from Honsel for new VW diesel engines ............... 26<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium in innovative light-weight car <strong>de</strong>sign ........................ 28<br />

T E C H N O LO G Y<br />

Heat-treatment equipment for the aluminium industry ................ 40<br />

Upgrading of existing gas-fired billet heaters ............................ 41<br />

ABB maintenance turns around plant critical equipment .............. 43<br />

C O M PA N Y N E W S W O R L D W I D E<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium smelting industry ............................................... 45<br />

Bauxite and alumina activities .............................................. 47<br />

Recycling and secondary smelting ......................................... 48<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium semis .............................................................. 49<br />

On the move................................................................... 50<br />

Suppliers........................................................................ 51<br />

Alro – new annealing furnace put into operation ...................... 51<br />

R E S E A R C H<br />

On the dissolution of alumina in a<br />

low-melting electrolyte for aluminium production .......................... 52<br />

E V E N T S / D O C U M E N TAT I O N<br />

ALUMINIUM CHINA 2009 exceedingly successful ....................... 57<br />

Literature service .............................................................. 61<br />

Imprint .......................................................................... 81<br />

Preview ......................................................................... 82<br />

S O U R C E O F S U P P LY L I S T I N G ............................... 64<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Inserenten<br />

dieser Ausgabe<br />

List of advertisers<br />

C O N T E N T S<br />

This issue contains<br />

an enclosure from<br />

GDA Gesamtverband <strong>de</strong>r<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie e. V.<br />

to which we draw<br />

your kind attention.<br />

41<br />

43<br />

Stellenangebot / Job advertisement 6<br />

Insolvenzversteigerung Scheffler GmbH 8<br />

ABB Switzerland Ltd., Schweiz 84<br />

Buss ChemTech AG, Schweiz 9<br />

Astech Angewandte Sensortechnik GmbH 23<br />

Coiltec Maschinenvertriebs GmbH 18<br />

Drache Umwelttechnik GmbH 35<br />

Edimet SpA, Italy 15<br />

Elpo GmbH 39<br />

GoIndustry Dove Bid, USA 7<br />

Hermann Gutmann Werke AG 27<br />

Haarmann Holding GmbH 31<br />

Hertwich Engineering GmbH, Österreich 2<br />

Inotherm Industrieofen-<br />

und Wärmetechnik GmbH 18, 27<br />

Messe Essen GmbH 17<br />

Reed Exhibitions Deutschland GmbH 11<br />

Sapa GmbH 19<br />

Zhengzhou Zhongshi Cell<br />

Technology Co., Ltd, China 13<br />

5


A k t u e l l e s<br />

trimet und Atag<br />

grün<strong>de</strong>n Joint Venture<br />

Die Trimet <strong>Alu</strong>minium AG, Essen, und die KS <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Technologie,<br />

Neckarsulm, wer<strong>de</strong>n künftig im<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumdruckguss zusammenarbeiten. Dazu wur<strong>de</strong><br />

ein Joint Venture (KS Atag Trimet Guss GmbH) zur Herstellung<br />

von Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkurbelgehäusen aus <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

gegrün<strong>de</strong>t, das von bei<strong>de</strong>n Gesellschaften zu<br />

je 50 Prozent gehalten wird. Die Genehmigung <strong>de</strong>s Gemeinschaftsunternehmens<br />

mit Sitz in Harzgero<strong>de</strong> (Sachsen-Anhalt)<br />

durch das Bun<strong>de</strong>skartellamt ist erfolgt.<br />

Die KS Atag Trimet Guss wird mit <strong>de</strong>m Schwerpunkt<br />

Automotive die Kompetenzen <strong>de</strong>r Partner auf <strong>de</strong>n Gebieten<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Metallvere<strong>de</strong>lung, <strong>de</strong>r Gusstechnologie sowie<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Rohmaterial- und Energiemanagements zusammenführen<br />

und so Synergiepotenziale aus allen Bereichen<br />

nutzen. Bei<strong>de</strong> Partner führen ihre bestehen<strong>de</strong>n Produktionsstandorte<br />

weiter und bleiben auch künftig unter ihren<br />

eingeführten Produktnamen am Markt präsent. Das<br />

Joint Venture beschäftigt rund 50 Mitarbeiter.<br />

Wir suchen <strong>de</strong>n /die<br />

Stellenanzeige<br />

Verkaufs-Ingenieur /-in<br />

für <strong>de</strong>n Bereich <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Aufgabengebiet:<br />

– Technische Beratung und<br />

Betreuung <strong>de</strong>r Kun<strong>de</strong>n<br />

– Erarbeitung individueller<br />

Feuerfest-Lösungen<br />

– Erschließung neuer und erweiterter<br />

Produkt- und Marktpotentiale<br />

Sie verfügen über ein abgeschlossenes Studium<br />

im Bereich Gießereitechnik, Schwerpunkt<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium, und haben i<strong>de</strong>alerweise bereits Er-<br />

fahrungen in <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie gesammelt.<br />

Da Sie in einem internationalen Umfeld arbeiten,<br />

sind gute Englischkenntnisse von Vorteil.<br />

Wir erwarten Eigeninitiative, Durchsetzungs-<br />

kraft und Kreativität. Reisebereitschaft und die<br />

Freu<strong>de</strong> am Verkaufen machen Sie zu einem/-r<br />

i<strong>de</strong>alen Bewerber/-in für uns.<br />

Wir bieten ambitionierten Kandidaten eine<br />

nicht alltägliche Karrierechance in einem internationalen<br />

wachsen<strong>de</strong>n Unternehmen mit sehr<br />

guten Entwicklungschancen.<br />

Bitte richten Sie Ihre Bewerbung unter<br />

Berücksichtigung <strong>de</strong>r Chiffre-Nr AL-1759 an<br />

die Giesel Verlag GmbH, Postfach 12 01 58,<br />

30907 Isernhagen.<br />

ksM Castings erweitert<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Fahrwerksgießerei<br />

KSM Castings mit Sitz in Hil<strong>de</strong>sheim errichtete in <strong>de</strong>n<br />

Jahren 2001/02 am Standort Wernigero<strong>de</strong> eine <strong>de</strong>r mo<strong>de</strong>rnsten<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Fahrwerksgießereien in Europa<br />

und baute diese in <strong>de</strong>r Folge weiter aus. Anfang Mai 2009<br />

wur<strong>de</strong> eine zusätzliche Produktionshalle für jährlich drei<br />

Millionen Pumpengehäuse in Betrieb genommen.<br />

Im Juli dieses Jahres wur<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r zweite Ausbau <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Werkes abgeschlossen. Mit einer eigens für die Herstellung<br />

sicherheitsrelevanter Fahrwerksteile im Gegendruck-Kokillengussverfahren<br />

errichteten Fertigung für<br />

Porsche und VW baut KSM Castings damit auch in wirtschaftlich<br />

schwierigen Zeiten seinen Standort in Wernigero<strong>de</strong><br />

weiter aus.<br />

KSM Castings beschäftigt aktuell mehr als 200 Mitarbeiter<br />

am Standort Wernigero<strong>de</strong> und befin<strong>de</strong>t sich trotz<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Krise in <strong>de</strong>r Automobilindustrie dank mehrerer Neuaufträge<br />

weiterhin in einer Wachstumsphase. In <strong>de</strong>n Ausbau<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Werkes wur<strong>de</strong>n circa 25 Mio. Euro investiert.<br />

tube <strong>de</strong>s Jahres 2009 gekürt<br />

Auf <strong>de</strong>m diesjährigen Kongress in Istanbul feierte <strong>de</strong>r<br />

europäische Verband <strong>de</strong>r Tubenhersteller etma sein 50jähriges<br />

Bestehen. Auf mittlerweile 28 Jahre bringt es <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Branchenwettbewerb „Tube <strong>de</strong>s Jahres“, <strong>de</strong>r erstmals<br />

1981 durchgeführt wur<strong>de</strong>. Bei diesem Preis wählen sieben<br />

Experten aus <strong>de</strong>m etma-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rkreis die jeweils<br />

beste und innovativste Tube in <strong>de</strong>n Kategorien <strong>Alu</strong>minium-,<br />

Laminat- und Kunststoff sowie Prototypen.<br />

Im Jubiläumsjahr 2009 erhielt bei <strong>de</strong>n <strong>Alu</strong>miniumtuben<br />

das Produkt „Essensity Soft Permanent Colour Cream“<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Firma Schwarzkopf Professional die meisten Stimmen.<br />

Hergestellt wur<strong>de</strong> die Tube von Tubex Wasungen<br />

aus Deutschland. Sie wur<strong>de</strong> mit einem weißen Mattlack<br />

mit speziellem Haptikeffekt versehen und mit <strong>de</strong>m Computer-to-Plate-Verfahren<br />

in einem bewusst puristischen<br />

Design bedruckt. Die Kombination aus hochwertigem<br />

weißen Mattlack, <strong>de</strong>n ins Auge fallen<strong>de</strong>n grünen Grafikelementen<br />

und <strong>de</strong>r auf das Druckbild abgestimmten Verschlussfarbe<br />

geben <strong>de</strong>r Tube ihre extravagante Note.<br />

etma<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


EAFA<br />

economic conditions hit alufoil production<br />

Given current economic conditions<br />

figures for the first half of 2009 show a<br />

13 percent fall in the European alufoil<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>foil tray<br />

production to 371,400 tonnes, compared<br />

to the corresponding period a<br />

year earlier.<br />

Thicker alufoil gauges, used mainly<br />

for the manufacture of semi-rigid<br />

foil trays and technical applications<br />

rusal agrees terms<br />

of <strong>de</strong>bt restructuring<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

for the automotive and building sectors<br />

were the worst affected falling<br />

by 26 percent, while thinner gauges<br />

used mainly in flexible packaging<br />

and household foil were better off<br />

<strong>de</strong>clining by 7 percent.<br />

Despite this slump in production,<br />

representatives of the alufoil<br />

industry are looking ahead more<br />

optimistically than some months<br />

ago. “It is not all bad news for the<br />

alufoil sector as the one-off effect<br />

of stock reduction along the supply<br />

chain seems to be over”, says Stefan<br />

Glimm, Executive Director of<br />

the European <strong>Alu</strong>minium Foil Association<br />

(EAFA). “Data for the last<br />

two months show a bottoming out<br />

in particular for thicker gauges and<br />

exports.”<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium foil is an essential<br />

part of many flexible packaging and<br />

container applications. Other uses inclu<strong>de</strong><br />

automotive and heat exchange<br />

components, insulation material and<br />

many other industrial applications.<br />

UC Rusal has agreed the principal terms of a long-term <strong>de</strong>bt<br />

restructuring with the Coordinating Committee which represents<br />

more than 70 international len<strong>de</strong>rs. According to the<br />

agreement, Rusal will settle its <strong>de</strong>bt to international banks<br />

within seven years. The restructuring will be split into two<br />

phases. During the first period of four years, Rusal will focus<br />

on maximising efficiencies across the business and taking<br />

full advantage of the recovery in <strong>de</strong>mand. Rusal has periodical<br />

<strong>de</strong>bt reduction targets in place and will seek to repay a<br />

total of five billion US-dollars of <strong>de</strong>bt owed to all len<strong>de</strong>rs by<br />

the fourth quarter 2013.<br />

During this period principal repayments will be ma<strong>de</strong> on<br />

a ‘pay-if-you-can’ basis based on the performance of the business,<br />

thereby ensuring the full sustainability and integrity of<br />

its operations. Interest will be paid partly in cash, at a rate<br />

ranging from Libor +1.75% to 3.5%, with the remaining portion<br />

to be capitalised. Furthermore, in or<strong>de</strong>r to preserve cash<br />

for len<strong>de</strong>rs and the business, no divi<strong>de</strong>nds will be paid until<br />

the net <strong>de</strong>bt to Ebitda ratio reaches 3x.<br />

The second phase of the restructuring will involve the<br />

refinancing of the remaining <strong>de</strong>bt by existing len<strong>de</strong>rs for an<br />

additional three years. Such refinancing will be at Rusal’s<br />

option, as it may opt for an alternative refinancing of the<br />

<strong>de</strong>bt on market terms should this prove more favourable to<br />

the company.<br />

By Or<strong>de</strong>r of a Secured Creditor<br />

For more information and<br />

terms of sale, please visit<br />

www.Go-Dove.com<br />

N e w s i N b r i e F<br />

Zenergy to supply<br />

innovative induction<br />

heater to sapa Profili<br />

Zenergy Power has received a further<br />

commercial or<strong>de</strong>r for a low-energy,<br />

high-productivity induction heater.<br />

The facility, which is based on Zenergy’s<br />

superconductor technology, has<br />

been purchased by the Italian subsidiary<br />

of Sapa, Sapa Profili Srl.<br />

The induction heater or<strong>de</strong>red by<br />

Sapa will be used as a replacement<br />

for a conventional gas-fired heating<br />

furnace currently installed at its<br />

aluminium plant located in Bolzano,<br />

Northern Italy. It is anticipated that<br />

the replacement of the plant’s conventional<br />

equipment with Zenergy’s superconductor-based<br />

heater will lead<br />

to improved operational efficiency<br />

and thus enhance the plant’s overall<br />

commercial potential. In particular,<br />

Sapa will exploit the superconducting<br />

heater’s processing versatility to<br />

enable the heating of several different<br />

types of aluminium alloy at the same<br />

plant.<br />

(2) Complete <strong>Alu</strong>minum Extrusion<br />

Facilities of Signature <strong>Alu</strong>minum, Inc.<br />

Live & Webcast Auction<br />

Sale Date: Thursday, 24 th September 2009 at 10:00 AM CDT<br />

Auction Locations:<br />

Temroc Metals, 4375 Willow Drive, Hamel (Minneapolis),<br />

MN 55340 (Live & Webcast)<br />

Atlantic <strong>Alu</strong>minum, 18631 MC Highway 71, Lumber Bridge<br />

(Fayetteville), NC 28357 (Webcast only, to be sold from MN location)<br />

Inspection: Hamel - Wednesday, 23rd September 2009<br />

from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM CDT or by appointment;<br />

Lumber Bridge – By Appointment Only<br />

Assets inclu<strong>de</strong>:<br />

• 5-Axis 6-Si<strong>de</strong>d CNC Profile Machining Center: Handtmann<br />

PBZ-NT-800 A.S. (2002)<br />

• 4-Axis CNC Vertical Machining Centers: (7) Haas; Fadal; Chiron<br />

• <strong>Alu</strong>minum Extrusion Presses, Billet Ovens, & Aging Ovens:<br />

(2) Sutton 1650-Ton; Wean 2250-Ton; Lombard 1250-Ton<br />

• Hydraulic Press Brakes: (6) Accurpress 150, 130, 100 & 60-Ton;<br />

Cincinnati 135-Ton<br />

• CMMs: (3) Brown & Sharpe (Late as 2002); Numerex<br />

• Toolroom Equipment: Mills; Lathes; Presses; Welding Systems;<br />

Cutoff Saws; Shot Blast & Inspection Equipment<br />

• Paint Line: Electrostatic<br />

• Material Handling & Plant Support Equipment: Bridge Cranes;<br />

Forklifts; Air Compressors; Parts; Spares; Office Equipment &<br />

Much More<br />

Also available as an entirety: Complete billet casting and<br />

extrusion facility with 4 press lines located in Greenville, PA.<br />

For further information, please contact: BRYAN GOODMAN<br />

Tel: +1 410 654 7500 ext. 235 Email: bryan.goodman@go-dove.com<br />

*Virtual Brochure is Available on the Website


A k t u e l l e s<br />

Europäischer <strong>Alu</strong>minium Kongress, 23./24. Nov. ‘09<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium im Automobil<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium ist ein unverzichtbarer Werkstoff im Automobil<br />

gewor<strong>de</strong>n: Gussteile für Kurbelgehäuse und als<br />

Strukturbauteile in <strong>de</strong>r Karosserie sind heute Stand <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Technik. Aber auch Halbzeuge und Schmie<strong>de</strong>teile fin<strong>de</strong>n<br />

in Fahrzeugen zunehmend Anwendung.<br />

Vor diesem Hintergrund veranstaltet <strong>de</strong>r Gesamtverband<br />

<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie (GDA), Düsseldorf, am<br />

23./24. November 2009 einen europäischen Kongress<br />

zum Thema „<strong>Alu</strong>minium im Automobil – Werkstoff für<br />

Leichtbau und Design“. Auf <strong>de</strong>m Kongress wer<strong>de</strong>n sowohl<br />

die unterschiedlichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium, die <strong>de</strong>rzeit im Pkw verwen<strong>de</strong>t wer<strong>de</strong>n, vorgestellt<br />

und über mögliche Weiterentwicklungen diskutiert,<br />

die die Fahrzeuge <strong>de</strong>r Zukunft noch leichter und<br />

energieeffizienter wer<strong>de</strong>n lassen. Hochkarätige Vertreter<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>r Automobil- und <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie sowie von<br />

Hochschulen wer<strong>de</strong>n innovative aktuelle und visionäre<br />

Lösungen präsentieren. Programminfos und Anmel<strong>de</strong>formulare<br />

unter www.aluminium-congress.com.<br />

Kontakt: Anncathrin Wener (GDA), Tel: 0211 4796 282,<br />

anncathrin.wener@aluinfo.<strong>de</strong><br />

INSOLVENZVERSTEIGERUNG<br />

Scheffler GmbH<br />

Dieselstraße 109 – 111, 33442 Herzebrock-Clarholz<br />

Di., 13. Oktober 2009, 10.00 Uhr<br />

12 <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Druckgussmaschinen, z.B. Frech DAK 720-71<br />

Zuhaltekraft 8.000 kN Bj. 04, 2x DAK 580-62 Zuhaltekraft 6.400<br />

kN Bj. 99/01, 3x DAK 450-40RC/54 Zuhaltekraft 5.000 kN Bj.<br />

01, DSD H 700 R Zuhaltekraft 7.000 kN Bj. 03, 6 4-Säulen-<br />

Hydraulik-Entgratpressen Reis z.B. SEP 9-30 Dialog, CLP-<br />

30D, SEP 9-100W, Presskraft 300-1.000 kN bis Bj. 99,<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Schachtschmelzofen Striko MH 800/500 oel Etamax<br />

II Schmelzleistung 500 kg/h max. Betriebstemperatur 750<br />

°C Bj. 91, Durchlauf-Gleitschliffanlage Trowal/Schney<strong>de</strong>r m.<br />

Trockenkanal, 3 Rund-Gleitschliffanlagen Rössler R 300 A /<br />

RM 600, Wasseraufbereitungsanlage Rössler ZH 800 HA<br />

Turbo-Floc Bj. 00, kompl. Werkzeugbau mit CNC-Bearbeitungszentren,<br />

CNC-Drehmaschine Gil<strong>de</strong>meister, Werkzeugfräsmaschinen,<br />

Bohrmaschinen u.v.a.m.<br />

Besichtigung: Mo., 12. Oktober 2009 von 12.00 – 17.00 Uhr<br />

sowie am Versteigerungstag von 08.00 – 09.45 Uhr<br />

Zahlung: sofort bar, LZB-Scheck o. bankbestätigtem V-Scheck.<br />

Ausgabe <strong>de</strong>r Bieterkarte nur gegen eine Kaution von € 100,–.<br />

Ausführlicher Katalog unter www.industrie-rat.<strong>de</strong><br />

sowie Faxabruf 01805 / 77 69 66 07<br />

Gerhardi nimmt neue<br />

strangpresse in betrieb<br />

Im Beisein zahlreicher Gäste aus <strong>de</strong>m Kun<strong>de</strong>n- und Lieferantenkreis,<br />

von politischen Vertretern <strong>de</strong>r Lan<strong>de</strong>sregierung<br />

NRW, <strong>de</strong>s Märkischen Kreises und <strong>de</strong>r Stadt Lü<strong>de</strong>nscheid,<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Ausrüsters GIA und <strong>de</strong>r Industrie- und Han<strong>de</strong>lskammer<br />

zu Hagen und, natürlich, <strong>de</strong>s Gesellschafterkreises hat Gerhardi<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>technik GmbH & Co. KG am 20. August 2009 seine<br />

neue 33-MN-Strangpresse in Betrieb genommen. Mit <strong>de</strong>r<br />

von <strong>de</strong>m spanischen Ausrüster GIA gelieferten Presse will<br />

Gerhardi seine Profilproduktion bis 2013 auf rund 13.000<br />

Tonnen verdoppeln.<br />

Der NRW-Lan<strong>de</strong>sminister für Arbeit, Gesundheit und<br />

Soziales, Karl-Josef Laumann, begrüßte das „klare Ja“ zum<br />

Standort Lü<strong>de</strong>nscheid und die mutige Investition in die Zukunft.<br />

Geschäftsführer Christoph Deiters machte <strong>de</strong>utlich:<br />

„Die neue Strangpresse braucht Futter und ich möchte Sie,<br />

die Kun<strong>de</strong>n, bitten, sie mit Aufträgen zu füttern.“ Betriebsrat<br />

Martin Eickbaum ergänzte in seinem Grußwort: „Und wenn<br />

Sie, die Gäste, die Anlage gleich sehen – ich kann Ihnen<br />

sagen: Das ist schon ein Hammer.“<br />

Offizielle Inbetriebnahme <strong>de</strong>r neuen Gerhardi-Strangpresse durch<br />

<strong>de</strong>n NRW-Arbeitsminister Karl-Josef Laumann (2.v.l.). Im Vor<strong>de</strong>rgrund<br />

Geschäftsführer Christoph Deiters sowie Stephanie Hueck aus<br />

<strong>de</strong>m Gesellschafterkreis von Gerhardi <strong>Alu</strong>technik.<br />

Gesamtansicht <strong>de</strong>r 33-MN-Strangpresse<br />

Fotos: ALUMINIUM<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


European <strong>Alu</strong>minium Congress, 23 / 24 Nov 2009, Düsseldorf, Germany<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Automotive Applications<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium has become an indispensable<br />

material in automobiles: today,<br />

castings for engine blocks, cylin<strong>de</strong>r<br />

heads and gearbox casings as well as<br />

structural components in the body<br />

area are state of the art. But semi-finished<br />

products in the form of sheet,<br />

extru<strong>de</strong>d profiles and forgings are also<br />

increasingly finding use in vehicles:<br />

for example, as body sheet and crashrelevant<br />

components such as bumper<br />

crossbeams or longitudinal chassis<br />

beams. Against this background the<br />

German tra<strong>de</strong> association GDA, Düsseldorf,<br />

is organising the European<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Congress titled ‘<strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Automotive Applications – Material<br />

for Lightweight Construction and<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium jumps<br />

over UsD2,000 hurdle<br />

A lack of aluminium combined with<br />

stronger <strong>de</strong>mand from carmakers has<br />

pushed up prices of the metal, even<br />

though stocks in LME warehouses are<br />

at record highs. <strong>Alu</strong>minium breached<br />

the USD1,800/t threshold in July, a<br />

level last seen in November 2008,<br />

and even jumped over the USD2,000/<br />

t hurdle in early August. The i<strong>de</strong>a of<br />

shortages may seem odd at first glance,<br />

but a close inspection reveals that a<br />

lot of the 4.5m tonnes of aluminium<br />

stored in LME warehouses is tied up<br />

in <strong>de</strong>als to release cash for producers.<br />

That <strong>de</strong>mand could come from the car<br />

industry, which has help from government<br />

stimuli to junk old cars for new<br />

cars, and is gradually reviving after<br />

months of collapsing sales.<br />

Lack of material is already being<br />

reflected in premiums paid for physical<br />

material over futures contracts.<br />

In June, Japanese primary aluminium<br />

consumers agreed to a 30 percent<br />

hike in premiums for the current<br />

quarter. In Europe, the premium has<br />

risen to USD65 a tonne compared<br />

with USD10 in March. About 70 percent<br />

of the stocks in LME warehouses<br />

(3.15m tonnes) is thought to be tied up<br />

in financing <strong>de</strong>als until May 2010.<br />

paw<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Design’ from 23 to 24 November 2009.<br />

At the congress, the various applications<br />

of aluminium currently being<br />

used in motor cars will be presented.<br />

Moreover, top-class representatives<br />

from the car and aluminium industry<br />

and from universities will present and<br />

discuss currently used and far-sighted<br />

innovative solutions.<br />

Further information as well as various<br />

registration forms can be found<br />

on the <strong>special</strong> congress <strong>web</strong>site at<br />

www.aluminium-congress.com.<br />

Contact:<br />

Anncathrin Wener, GDA<br />

Tel: +49 211 4796 282<br />

anncathrin.wener@aluinfo.<strong>de</strong><br />

YO U R PA R T N E R F O R T E C H N O L O G I E S<br />

BUSS ChemTech AG<br />

Hohenrainstrasse 10, CH-4133 Pratteln 1/Schweiz<br />

Tel. +41 (0) 618 256 462, Fax +41 (0) 618 256 737<br />

info@buss-ct.com<br />

www.buss-ct.com<br />

N e w s i N b r i e f<br />

KAP gets cheaper<br />

power un<strong>de</strong>r MoU<br />

Struggling Kombinat <strong>Alu</strong>minijuma<br />

Podgorica (KAP), owned by heavily in<strong>de</strong>bted<br />

Oleg Deripaska’s EN+ Group,<br />

acquired cheaper energy un<strong>de</strong>r an<br />

MoU with the Montenegrin government.<br />

The future is looking more positive<br />

for the aluminium smelter un<strong>de</strong>r<br />

the recently signed <strong>de</strong>al, which enables<br />

KAP to buy power at a cheaper rate of<br />

20.44 euros (USD28.66) MWh while<br />

the LME price is un<strong>de</strong>r USD1,700 per<br />

tonne. The Montenegrin government<br />

sold KAP to EN+ Group in June 2005.<br />

In return the government would provi<strong>de</strong><br />

KAP with 135m euros in loan<br />

guarantees which would be used to<br />

pay its <strong>de</strong>bts and go towards working<br />

capital at the plant. paw<br />

SUCCESS IS BASED ON COLLABORATION<br />

USE BCT TECHNOLOGY<br />

TO INCREASE<br />

Profi t<br />

Productivity<br />

Reliability<br />

Flexibility<br />

BCT Preheater<br />

BCT Paste Knea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

BCT Cooler<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong> Press<br />

Green Ano<strong>de</strong> Plant<br />

Pitch Melting Plant<br />

Coke Processing Plant<br />

HTM Plant<br />

We maintain proactive cooperation to fulfil your requirements in or<strong>de</strong>r to build your project successfully.<br />

We are your responsible partner with the realisation of entire ano<strong>de</strong> plants from raw material to formed ano<strong>de</strong>s,<br />

as well as the supply of key equipment.<br />

We are committed to excellence to ensure you a reliable and efficient plant performance. Whenever, wherever<br />

supported by our service team.


w i r t s C h A F t<br />

10 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


ALUMINIUM 2010<br />

8 th World Tra<strong>de</strong> Fair & Conference<br />

Weltweit wichtigster Treffpunkt für <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Innovationen | Produkte | Technologien<br />

I<strong>de</strong>en | Anwendungen | Networking<br />

14. - 16. September, Messe Essen<br />

www.aluminium-messe.com<br />

Organiser: Institutional Patron: Partner:


w i r t s C h A F t<br />

Produktionsdaten <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>utschen <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />

Primäraluminium Sekundäraluminium Walzprodukte > 0,2 mm Press- & Ziehprodukte**<br />

Produktion<br />

(in 1.000 t)<br />

+/in<br />

% *<br />

Produktion<br />

(in 1.000 t)<br />

+/-<br />

in % *<br />

Produktion<br />

(in 1.000 t)<br />

+/in<br />

% *<br />

Produktion<br />

(in 1.000 t)<br />

Jun 50,8 9,2 68,4 -8,2 164,2 -0,3 53,6 3,7<br />

Jul 52,1 7,0 62,5 -14,4 166,7 -0,2 53,5 0,4<br />

+/in<br />

% *<br />

Aug 51,8 5,8 49,4 -24,6 147,2 -10,6 49,5 -3,9<br />

Sep 49,9 6,2 61,9 -13,7 157,7 0,6 51,6 2,8<br />

Okt 51,2 2,0 57,9 -23,9 152,7 -10,6 50,4 -9,0<br />

Nov 47,2 -5,0 48,1 -35,8 123,4 -20,8 40,4 -24,8<br />

Dez 44,8 -14,1 28,8 -49,7 90,7 -23,8 23,2 -25,0<br />

Jan 40,6 -23,1 40,3 -43,3 108,6 -29,6 34,4 -33,2<br />

Feb 33,9 -31,3 36,7 -47,0 117,1 -26,5 31,8 -40,1<br />

Mrz 27,5 -47,7 45,6 -29,0 133,2 -19,9 33,0 -31,9<br />

Apr 17,5 -65,5 40,3 -45,6 121,3 -30,8 33,1 -40,1<br />

Mai 17,5 -66,8 45,9 -29,7 120,0 -24,6 33,6 -29,1<br />

Jun 18,2 -64,2 48,8 -28,7 135,8 -17,3 37,5 -30,1<br />

* gegenüber <strong>de</strong>m Vorjahresmonat, ** Stangen, Profi le, Rohre; Mitteilung <strong>de</strong>s Gesamtverban<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie (GDA), Düsseldorf<br />

Primäraluminium<br />

walzprodukte > 0,2 mm<br />

sekundäraluminium<br />

Press- und Ziehprodukte<br />

12 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


CELL TECHNOLOGY


Rio Tinto e c o n o m i c s<br />

The curse of globalisation – must we expect crises in<br />

the aluminium industry that are more abrupt in future?<br />

B.G. Rüttimann, Singen; U.P. Fischer, Zollikerberg<br />

The increasing disintegration of value chains and co-operation that has its branches worldwi<strong>de</strong> obstruct<br />

the view of real aggregate <strong>de</strong>mand …<br />

Economic cycles are experiencing<br />

more frequent and more pronounced<br />

fluctuations in all sectors.<br />

The economic system is swinging<br />

from massive over-<strong>de</strong>mand directly<br />

into a severe sales crisis. Moreover,<br />

even experts appear to be<br />

surprised by such extreme swings.<br />

Are managers blind? No, they are<br />

merely looking at the wrong types<br />

of <strong>de</strong>mand, namely the local <strong>de</strong>mand<br />

that has been ma<strong>de</strong> visible<br />

for them, which today differs from<br />

the real aggregate <strong>de</strong>mand significantly<br />

more than it did in the<br />

past. The reason for this lies in the<br />

increasing disintegration of value<br />

chains and globally networked cooperation.<br />

These trends obstruct<br />

the view of the real aggregate<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand. Essentially each stage of<br />

industry concentrates on its direct<br />

competitors, customers or suppliers<br />

and not on the value chain as<br />

a whole. This is a strategic error.<br />

Why does the mining giant Rio Tinto<br />

only discover in November 2008<br />

that its sales of raw materials for the<br />

whole of 2008 will be ten percent<br />

less than expectations? Why didn’t<br />

Arcelor Mittal or<strong>de</strong>r a single tonne of<br />

iron ore from Vale between October<br />

2008 and March 2009? Why is Dow<br />

Chemicals temporarily closing a third<br />

of all of its production facilities? Why<br />

are Rieter and GF cutting shipments<br />

of their products to the car industry<br />

by 50 percent practically overnight?<br />

Why are Chinese ports sud<strong>de</strong>nly full<br />

of iron ore carriers and American<br />

ports full to overflowing with vehicles<br />

from BMW and Merce<strong>de</strong>s? In or<strong>de</strong>r<br />

to answer these questions one has to<br />

analyse more closely the global value<br />

chains in these sectors and above all<br />

the changes they have un<strong>de</strong>rgone as a<br />

result of globalisation since the beginning<br />

of the 1990s.<br />

The strategy of unlimited growth<br />

Starting in the 1960s, our industrial<br />

system has experienced continual<br />

growth. Demand for all types of consumer<br />

goods far excee<strong>de</strong>d supply;<br />

during this period, production and<br />

supply was easy. Markets were, to a<br />

large extent, local and<br />

in part closed. Unemployment<br />

was practically<br />

unheard of. By<br />

the 1980s at the latest,<br />

this imbalance between<br />

supply and <strong>de</strong>mand had<br />

shifted in the <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

countries and no longer<br />

favoured producers;<br />

market segmentation<br />

and response to specific<br />

customer <strong>de</strong>mands<br />

were called for in or<strong>de</strong>r<br />

to counter increased<br />

competition.<br />

The end of the Cold<br />

War and the opening<br />

up of eastern Europe<br />

brought new opportunities<br />

and risks after 1990:<br />

not only was the market<br />

expan<strong>de</strong>d by over 100<br />

million potential new customers, there<br />

was additional competitive pressure<br />

with very favourable production costs<br />

in the eastern European countries.<br />

The globalisation in the West that took<br />

place at the same time and allowed<br />

companies to pursue new markets in<br />

the rapidly growing economies ma<strong>de</strong><br />

it possible for companies to continue<br />

with their growth-oriented business<br />

strategies. The paradigm of unlimited<br />

growth was still embed<strong>de</strong>d in the<br />

minds of managers – also urged on by<br />

short term oriented investors luring<br />

the managers with excessive bonuses<br />

(and salaries). These compensation<br />

packages are very strongly <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

on the size of the companies. In<br />

the meantime, there have been fundamental<br />

changes in the structure of the<br />

value chain, abetted not least by low<br />

transport costs and advanced means<br />

of telecommunication: a network<br />

of suppliers and sub-suppliers with<br />

branches worldwi<strong>de</strong> is now striving<br />

– to a large extent in an uncoordinated<br />

manner – to achieve a supposed cost<br />

optimum within the value chain.<br />

There began a parallel race to cap-<br />

14 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


ture the new markets (market and cost<br />

lea<strong>de</strong>rship) while at the same time securing<br />

existing markets – directly by<br />

enormous investments in increasing<br />

capacity and indirectly by optimising<br />

capacity by means of mergers and<br />

takeovers, and spurred on by the megalomania<br />

of the managers. This strategy<br />

aimed at unlimited growth was<br />

financed by readily available liquidity<br />

and low interest rates. The target markets<br />

both for expansion of production<br />

capacity and increased turnover were<br />

mostly the upcoming BRIC countries,<br />

but in addition to Russia there were<br />

also other eastern European countries<br />

with favourable labour costs.<br />

Unfortunately, all competitors had<br />

the same i<strong>de</strong>a, that is to say the same<br />

business mo<strong>de</strong>l. The managers appear<br />

not to want to think about where this<br />

might lead. A simple calculation of<br />

the additional overall capacities and<br />

the real growth would reveal the resultant<br />

imbalance in the market. Furthermore,<br />

the company takeovers and<br />

mergers have not only overstrained<br />

the organisations but also completely<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ruined healthy balance sheets – we<br />

are now seeing the results. A lack of<br />

farsightedness and ina<strong>de</strong>quate systemic<br />

thinking? Not only that but also<br />

a sizeable portion of naivety and the<br />

lack of courage to prepare a Plan B in<br />

case there is a period of bad weather<br />

and to present it to the sharehol<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />

But this is precisely what responsible<br />

management is all about.<br />

The great disenchantment<br />

What happens now when there is a<br />

small fall in <strong>de</strong>mand? Distracted by<br />

increasing turnover and blin<strong>de</strong>d by<br />

extrapolated business plans based<br />

on wrong assumptions, the managers<br />

sud<strong>de</strong>nly and astonishingly discover<br />

that, oops, they are producing too<br />

much – supply is significantly greater<br />

than the real <strong>de</strong>mand. It is interesting<br />

that this realisation was first triggered<br />

by the American subprime crisis and<br />

the overheated economy subsequently<br />

collapsed like a house of cards.<br />

And it gets even worse because<br />

prices also go into free fall as a result<br />

e c o n o m i c s<br />

…making it particularly difficult for industries<br />

<strong>de</strong>tached from the end markets …<br />

of overcapacities, higher fixed costs<br />

and lower marginal costs. The effect<br />

of the fall in prices is thus significantly<br />

more serious than the reduced quantity<br />

because it brings the potential<br />

competitiveness of the company into<br />

question – there are indications<br />

EXTRUSION - DIECASTING - FOUNDRY - ROLLING - FINISHING - MACHINING - WELDING - RECYCLING<br />

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14-17 April 2010<br />

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ALUMINIUM EXHIBITION<br />

8 th EDITION<br />

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www.metef.com<br />

adnord.it ➝<br />

15<br />

Vimetco


e c o n o m i c s<br />

of trouble ahead. The current crisis is<br />

far more pronounced than the consequences<br />

of the dotcom bubble bursting<br />

in 2000.<br />

What has happened in the past few<br />

months is a consequence of the wi<strong>de</strong>ly<br />

branched global value chain. The supposedly<br />

strong increase in turnover is<br />

mainly due to an ever-longer ‘pipeline’<br />

(see also: Dynamics of the ‘pipeline<br />

filling’ effect in the aluminium semis<br />

industry, ALUMINIUM, 5/2001, p.<br />

336ff). This building up of an intermediate<br />

stock, which was even strongly<br />

supported by increasing prices for<br />

raw materials, came to an abrupt<br />

end and was sud<strong>de</strong>nly replaced by<br />

<strong>de</strong>stocking. Thus as the aggregate <strong>de</strong>mand<br />

fell, the producing companies<br />

were immediately affected – and the<br />

more so the further they were from<br />

the end market because the downstream<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand was immediately met<br />

by the well-filled ‘pipeline’.<br />

In such a situation, an attempt<br />

is also ma<strong>de</strong> to compensate for<br />

liquidity losses resulting from<br />

reduced operative income by<br />

further cutbacks in stocks. In the<br />

present crisis, this phenomenon<br />

has increased drastically as a<br />

result of the financing of the net<br />

working capital becoming ever<br />

more difficult or even impossible<br />

because of the restrictions on<br />

giving credit. If the fall in production<br />

is unduly large compared<br />

with a company’s fixed costs,<br />

restructuring and redundancies<br />

are inevitable. If the abrupt<br />

cut-back in production resulting<br />

from the emptying of the ‘supply<br />

chain’ is also superimposed on<br />

possible interest and capital repayments<br />

for short-sighted purchases<br />

of companies, it is no longer possible<br />

to rule out bankruptcies. And all of<br />

this because one has lost sight along<br />

the value chain of the end market.<br />

The question as to whether state aid<br />

and <strong>de</strong>mand-stimulating spending<br />

programmes should be carried out<br />

at the taxpayer’s expense is another<br />

problem in the making.<br />

And nothing learned…?<br />

If we fail to learn from this, we can<br />

paraphrase German dramatist Bertolt<br />

Brecht and say, “And when the whole<br />

shebang is over, it will start from the<br />

beginning again.” As soon as the pipeline<br />

of intermediate stock is empty,<br />

the aggregate <strong>de</strong>mand will again work<br />

its way along the value chain via the<br />

components to the semis and finally<br />

through to the raw materials suppliers.<br />

The pipeline is very long so consi<strong>de</strong>rable<br />

lead times are necessary before<br />

material reaches the final seller. That<br />

is why we are already hearing cries of<br />

“Can’t you supply it tomorrow? Where<br />

are the goods, I need them immediately?”<br />

reverberating today ... and have<br />

not learned anything. There are unpleasant<br />

forms of feedback from dynamic<br />

systems that we gladly ignore.<br />

Actually, this phenomenon is known<br />

as the Forrester–Burbidge effect and<br />

was already being mo<strong>de</strong>lled 40 years<br />

ago on a small scale (using simple value<br />

chains). The time it takes to pass<br />

through the production stage means<br />

the effects on the stock quantities are<br />

limited to something of the or<strong>de</strong>r of<br />

several weeks or months by. Supposedly<br />

skilful negotiating on the part<br />

of the purchaser as a result of large<br />

quantity discounts exaggerates this<br />

effect still further. Everyone suboptimises<br />

his area and thus even damages<br />

the others by thinking lean. On<br />

top of the globalisation effects of a<br />

broadly branched value chain (which<br />

benefits from cheap production locations<br />

in far away places) there are the<br />

long transport times, in other words a<br />

warehouse that is on the move.<br />

If we also take into account the<br />

increased investment activities on a<br />

global scale for installing additional<br />

production capacities, one recognises<br />

the dangerous multiplier again,<br />

but on a large scale. The throughput<br />

times for investments to expand capacity<br />

and open up markets – from<br />

the instant a <strong>de</strong>cision is ma<strong>de</strong>, via the<br />

planning through to commissioning<br />

– is measured on a timescale of years.<br />

Whether the new capacities come on<br />

stream when the economic cycle is<br />

on a downward slope instead of on<br />

an upward one is to a large extent<br />

random. It is paradoxical that the <strong>de</strong>cision<br />

to create new capacities is usually<br />

based on the maximum amplitu<strong>de</strong><br />

of the swing, which far exceeds the aggregate<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand. The consequence is<br />

expensive overcapacity, which in the<br />

worst case is subsidised with taxpay-<br />

…to react in good time to imbalances in the real economy<br />

ers’ money, and later on has to be reorganised<br />

again using taxpayers’ money.<br />

The <strong>de</strong>struction of vertically integrated<br />

industrial concerns that can<br />

actually see the end market and their<br />

replacement by companies <strong>special</strong>ising<br />

in a single stage of the value chain,<br />

mostly accompanied by horizontal<br />

mergers, is particularly apparent in<br />

mature industries (see also: Which<br />

globalisation for the aluminium industry?,<br />

ALUMINIUM, Part I in 1-<br />

2/2008, p. 16ff, Part II in 3/2008, p.<br />

16ff). The prospects have probably<br />

not improved.<br />

16 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Norsk Hydro


What can be done?<br />

The main problem is the distorted perception of<br />

the actual aggregate <strong>de</strong>mand of the individual<br />

stages of the value chain. The momentum of the<br />

value chain, which is influenced by systemic<br />

feedback not directly linked to the actual aggregate<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand, dominates more and more the further<br />

one gets from the end market. Three major,<br />

interrelated approaches to supply-chain management<br />

are necessary:<br />

• Firstly, a shortening of the value chain by means<br />

of integration using an exchange of information<br />

and a reduction in the throughput time using lean<br />

techniques. In general, the lean approach, which<br />

means eliminating every possible source of wastage,<br />

will become even more important in future.<br />

The result will be a smaller amplitu<strong>de</strong> with faster<br />

reaction time.<br />

• Secondly, the reduced amplitu<strong>de</strong> will allow<br />

better planning of the necessary production capacity,<br />

which is based on the real aggregate <strong>de</strong>mand.<br />

This will not eliminate the expansion of<br />

overcapacities but it will at least reduce it.<br />

• Thirdly, taking all value chains into account<br />

with which one is in competition, instead of only<br />

one’s own stage. This applies to existing capacities<br />

as well as to planned extensions.<br />

In addition, real-economy planning is necessary<br />

in or<strong>de</strong>r to avoid the serious socio-economic<br />

consequences that we are currently experiencing.<br />

Now this is consistent with the i<strong>de</strong>al world<br />

we know from theoretical books. In practice, this<br />

means that the mo<strong>de</strong>lling of scenarios should not<br />

remain an aca<strong>de</strong>mic exercise and supervisory<br />

boards should insist on planning based facts;<br />

some sharehol<strong>de</strong>rs (true company owners with<br />

social responsibility) and the employees will be<br />

grateful. The other sharehol<strong>de</strong>rs (pure speculators)<br />

on the other hand will probably view the current<br />

crisis more as an opportunity to again get<br />

involved in the stock exchange in a big way. New<br />

opportunity for the one and possible unemployment<br />

for the other, who can actually do nothing<br />

for the mistakes of managers.<br />

Authors<br />

Bruno G. Rüttimann, Dr. Ing. MBA, studied at the Polytechnic<br />

Institute in Milan and the Bocconi School of<br />

Economics. As a Master Black Belt in Lean Six Sigma<br />

he is introducing Continuous Improvement techniques<br />

at Alcan Engineered Products. He is the author of Mo<strong>de</strong>ling<br />

Economic Globalization, Monsenstein & Vannerdat,<br />

2006.<br />

Urs P. Fischer, lic. rer. pol, studied Economics at the<br />

University of Bern. He worked for many years in various<br />

financial positions and as business unit presi<strong>de</strong>nt at<br />

Alcan/<strong>Alu</strong>suisse and is now an advisor to the managements<br />

of international groups. He is the owner of the<br />

management consultancy firm Lean Solution.<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

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W i R T s c H A F T<br />

Hilfsmaßnahmen für energieintensive Betriebe in Vorbereitung<br />

Seit Jahren beklagt die <strong>de</strong>utsche<br />

NE-Metallindustrie die<br />

hohen heimischen Strompreise<br />

und verweist darauf, dass die<br />

europäischen Wettbewerber mit<br />

günstigen Industriestrompreisen<br />

versorgt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Mehr als einmal<br />

ist von führen<strong>de</strong>n Branchen- und<br />

Unternehmensvertretern darauf<br />

hingewiesen wor<strong>de</strong>n, dass die<br />

energieintensiven Betriebe diese<br />

Kostennachteile auf Dauer nicht<br />

tragen können. Inzwischen scheint<br />

auch in Berlin und Brüssel die<br />

Einsicht zu wachsen, dass dieser<br />

Entwicklung entgegengesteuert<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n muss. Mit kurz-, mittel-<br />

und langfristigen Maßnahmen soll<br />

die Position <strong>de</strong>r energieintensiven<br />

Betriebe in Deutschland nun gestärkt<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Heinz-Peter Schlüter, Inhaber und<br />

Aufsichtsratsvorsitzen<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>r Trimet<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium AG zeigte sich in einem<br />

Gespräch mit Journalisten am Hüttenstandort<br />

Essen erfreut darüber,<br />

dass die Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung konkrete<br />

Schritte eingeleitet hat, um <strong>de</strong>n Erhalt<br />

<strong>de</strong>r klimaschonend produzieren<strong>de</strong>n<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten in Deutschland<br />

zu sichern. Der dazu aufgelegte dreigliedrige<br />

Maßnahmenplan wur<strong>de</strong><br />

vom energiepolitischen Sprecher <strong>de</strong>r<br />

SPD-Bun<strong>de</strong>stagsfraktion Rolf Hempelmann<br />

erläutert, <strong>de</strong>r das laufen<strong>de</strong><br />

Verfahren wesentlich vorangetrieben<br />

und mit gestaltet hat. Der Plan umfasst<br />

eine<br />

• Soforthilfe für 2009 über einen<br />

Son<strong>de</strong>rfonds im Konjunkturpaket 2<br />

• Überbrückungslösung für die Jahre<br />

2010 bis 2012<br />

Planung, Konstruktion und Ausführung<br />

von Industrieofenanlagen<br />

Konstantinstraße 1a<br />

41238 Mönchengladbach<br />

Telefon +49(0)2166/987990<br />

Telefax +49(0)2166/987996<br />

E-mail info@inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet www.inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Nehmen zu <strong>de</strong>n geplanten Hilfsmaßnahmen für energieintensive Unternehmen Stellung,<br />

v.l.n.r.: Heinz-Peter Schlüter, Rolf Hempelmann (MdB), Heribert Hauck<br />

• Befreiung <strong>de</strong>r stromintensiven Unternehmen<br />

von <strong>de</strong>n CO 2 -Kosten im<br />

Strom im Rahmen <strong>de</strong>r Emissionshan<strong>de</strong>lsrichtlinie<br />

für die 3. Han<strong>de</strong>lsperio<strong>de</strong><br />

ab 2013.<br />

Zur Stützung <strong>de</strong>r stromintensiven<br />

Unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r NE-Metallproduktion<br />

hat die Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung für das<br />

zweite Halbjahr 2009 einen För<strong>de</strong>rbetrag<br />

in Höhe von 40 Mio. Euro bereitgestellt.<br />

Das Bun<strong>de</strong>swirtschaftsministerium<br />

hat eine Richtlinie zu<br />

dieser För<strong>de</strong>rmaßnahme erarbeitet,<br />

die En<strong>de</strong> Juli zur Notifizierung nach<br />

Brüssel ging. Hempelmann zeigte sich<br />

überzeugt, dass Brüssel dieser Regelung<br />

zustimmen wird.<br />

Bemessungsgrundlage für die<br />

Hilfsgel<strong>de</strong>r ist <strong>de</strong>r für die Elektrolyse<br />

benötigte Strom <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>m Antragsmonat<br />

jeweils vorvergangenen Monats.<br />

Dies kompensiert circa die Hälfte <strong>de</strong>r<br />

CO 2 -Kosten im Strom. Bei <strong>de</strong>r Trimet<br />

schlugen diese Kosten im letzten<br />

Geschäftsjahr mit insgesamt 33 Mio.<br />

Euro zu Buche, das Unternehmen erhofft<br />

sich daher rund 16,5 Mio. Euro<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>m Fonds.<br />

Als Überbrückungslösung bis 2012<br />

wird eine Vergütung abschaltbarer<br />

n Rolling mills cold/hot<br />

n Roll grinding machines<br />

n Continuous casters<br />

n Levellers/straighteners<br />

n Drawing machines<br />

We purchase and supply:<br />

n Slitting lines<br />

n Cut-to-length lines<br />

n Coilers<br />

n Coil carriages<br />

n Rollformers<br />

Leistung zur Sicherung <strong>de</strong>r Netzstabilität<br />

angestrebt. Hierzu wur<strong>de</strong><br />

eine Studie in Auftrag gegeben, die<br />

die technisch-wirtschaftlichen sowie<br />

rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen zur<br />

Umsetzung dieser Lösung untersucht<br />

und substanziiert. Alternativ bzw. ergänzend<br />

hierzu hat die Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung<br />

die Fortsetzung <strong>de</strong>r För<strong>de</strong>rung<br />

über Haushaltsmittel für <strong>de</strong>n Zeitraum<br />

2010 bis 2012 zugesagt.<br />

Heribert Hauck, Leiter <strong>de</strong>s Trimet-Ressorts<br />

Energiewirtschaft, verwies<br />

darauf, dass <strong>Alu</strong>miniumhütten<br />

durch die gleichmäßige Abnahme von<br />

Grundlaststrom wesentlich zur Netzstabilität<br />

beitragen und <strong>de</strong>n Netzbetreibern<br />

auf diese Weise die Vorhaltung<br />

teurer Regelenergie ersparen.<br />

Eine Ausgleichszahlung dafür erfolge<br />

jedoch nicht, sodass heute allein die<br />

Stromkonzerne von <strong>de</strong>n so vermie<strong>de</strong>nen<br />

Kosten profitierten.<br />

Darüber hinaus wur<strong>de</strong> im Dezember<br />

2008 in Brüssel die Emissionshan<strong>de</strong>lsrichtlinie<br />

3 beschlossen, die<br />

für stromintensive Unternehmen, die<br />

<strong>de</strong>m sogenannten Carbon-Leakage-<br />

Risiko unterliegen, eine Befreiung von<br />

<strong>de</strong>n direkten, aber auch indirekten,<br />

Please ask for our sales list!<br />

n Tube welding machines<br />

n Extrusion presses<br />

n Joining presses<br />

n Packing lines for strips<br />

COILTEC Maschinenvertriebs GmbH · Silberkaute 4 · 57258 Freu<strong>de</strong>nberg<br />

Phone +49 (0) 2734/271190 · Fax +49 (0) 2734/271195<br />

www.coiltec.<strong>de</strong> · email: info@coiltec.<strong>de</strong><br />

18 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Jürgen Clemens


im Strom eingepreisten CO2-Kosten erlaubt. Die Modalitäten zur Befreiung<br />

insbeson<strong>de</strong>re von <strong>de</strong>n indirekten<br />

CO2-Kosten im Strom müssen jedoch<br />

noch präzisiert und in nationales<br />

Recht umgesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n, damit diese<br />

Möglichkeit zu einer belastbaren Planungsgrundlage<br />

wird.<br />

Schlüter und Hauck betonten,<br />

dass eine vollständige Befreiung von<br />

<strong>de</strong>n im Strompreis nachgewiesenen<br />

CO2-Kosten notwendig sei. Bei<strong>de</strong><br />

verwiesen darauf, dass die Preisbildung<br />

bei Strom nach <strong>de</strong>r sogenann-<br />

ten Merit Or<strong>de</strong>r erfolgt,<br />

das heißt nach<br />

<strong>de</strong>m letzten, teuren<br />

Kraftwerk, das für<br />

ein schnelles, flexibles<br />

Angebot in <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Spitzenlast sorgt.<br />

Unternehmen wie<br />

Trimet brauchten<br />

als Grundlastabnehmer<br />

jedoch keine<br />

<strong>de</strong>rartige Flexibilität<br />

und seien somit<br />

auch nicht an <strong>de</strong>n<br />

damit verbun<strong>de</strong>nen<br />

höheren Kosten zu<br />

beteiligen. Industriestrompreise<br />

wie in<br />

europäischen Nachbarlän<strong>de</strong>rn<br />

nähmen<br />

dagegen Rücksicht<br />

auf eine Grundlastabnahme.<br />

Eine „flache“Stromabnahme,<br />

verbun<strong>de</strong>n mit<br />

<strong>de</strong>m möglichen Verzicht<br />

auf „primäre<br />

Regelreserve“ und<br />

die Unterstützung<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Netzstabilität<br />

„rechtfertigen substanziellIndustriestrompreise<br />

bzw.<br />

Preise mit Son<strong>de</strong>rkonditionen“<br />

auch<br />

für die heimischen<br />

e n e r g i e i n t e n s i -<br />

ven Betriebe, so<br />

Schlüter.<br />

Er betonte, dass<br />

Trimet wie alle<br />

Industriebetriebe<br />

dringend Planungssicherheit<br />

über einen<br />

längerfristigen<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Zeithorizont benötige. Dies gelte<br />

beson<strong>de</strong>rs mit Blick auf die Kun<strong>de</strong>n<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>r Automobilindustrie, die langfristige<br />

Liefer- und Preisgarantien bei<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Abnahme von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumprodukten<br />

verlangten. Die könne Trimet<br />

aber nur abgeben, „wenn wir selbst<br />

längerfristige Planungssicherheit haben.<br />

Nota bene: Planungssicherheit<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r Herstellung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

ist untrennbar verbun<strong>de</strong>n mit Planungssicherheit<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r bezahlbaren<br />

Beschaffung <strong>de</strong>s Rohstoffes Strom“,<br />

sagte Schlüter.<br />

WE MAKE SURE THAT FUTURE PROSPECTS LOOK BRIGHT.<br />

WITH SOLUTIONS FOR EVERY STANDARD.<br />

As the market lea<strong>de</strong>r for alumi -<br />

nium profi les Sapa means more<br />

than cus tomized solutions: we also<br />

supply standard products with<br />

which you can work suc cess fully<br />

long term. As a group that operates<br />

world wi<strong>de</strong> we react quickly<br />

and fl exibly, regard less of what it<br />

Sapa GmbH<br />

European Trading Business<br />

W i R T s c H A F T<br />

Trimet fährt Öfen wie<strong>de</strong>r hoch<br />

Angesichts einer inzwischen leicht<br />

erhöhten Nachfrage gegenüber <strong>de</strong>m<br />

drastischen Nachfrageeinbruch im<br />

Januar / Februar dieses Jahres und gestiegener<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumpreise seit <strong>de</strong>m<br />

Tiefststand im März fährt Trimet seine<br />

Produktion von Hüttenaluminium<br />

am Standort Essen wie<strong>de</strong>r hoch. „Wir<br />

strengen uns an, dass wir im ersten<br />

Quartal 2010 wie<strong>de</strong>r voll produzieren“,<br />

sagte Schlüter.<br />

■<br />

is you need and where you need it.<br />

Together with market knowledge<br />

based on many years’ experience<br />

this makes us a strong partner<br />

with whom you can look calmly<br />

into the future. For further information<br />

go to www.sapagroup.com/<br />

europeantrading<br />

19


Abbildungen: Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Porsche Panamera – eine Synthese<br />

aus Sportlichkeit, Komfort und Effizienz<br />

Bereits im April 2009 ist im<br />

Porsche-Werk Leipzig die Serienproduktion<br />

<strong>de</strong>r vierten Baureihe<br />

Panamera angelaufen. In <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>rzeit<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>rnsten Automobilfabrik<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Welt montiert <strong>de</strong>r Sportwagenhersteller<br />

mit neuesten Fertigungsmetho<strong>de</strong>n<br />

<strong>de</strong>n viertürigen<br />

Gran Turismo gemeinsam mit <strong>de</strong>m<br />

Gelän<strong>de</strong>wagen Cayenne auf einer<br />

Linie. Mit <strong>de</strong>m Panamera will Porsche<br />

neue Käuferschichten aus <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Oberklasse gewinnen.<br />

Der Panamera zeichnet sich durch hohen<br />

Komfort, ein außergewöhnliches<br />

Raumangebot und extrem sportliche<br />

Fahreigenschaften bei gleichzeitig geringem<br />

Verbrauch aus. Zur Markteinführung<br />

am 12. September in Deutsch-<br />

Produktionsanlauf <strong>de</strong>s neuen Panamera<br />

Production start-up for the new Panamera<br />

land ging <strong>de</strong>r Sportwagen zunächst in<br />

drei Varianten an <strong>de</strong>n Start, die mit<br />

einem 400 PS starken V8-Saugmotor<br />

bzw. mit einem V8-Biturbo-Aggregat<br />

mit 500 PS ausgestattet sind. Die Motoren<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n mit kraftstoffsparen<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Benzin-Direkteinspritzung angeboten.<br />

Porsche plant, über <strong>de</strong>n gesamten<br />

Lebenszyklus hinweg jährlich rund<br />

20.000 Fahrzeuge abzusetzen.<br />

Fünf technische Innovationen,<br />

die erstmals in einem Serienmo<strong>de</strong>ll<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Oberklasse eingeführt wer<strong>de</strong>n,<br />

zeichnen <strong>de</strong>n Panamera aus: darunter<br />

das erste Start-Stopp-System in<br />

Verbindung mit einem automatisch<br />

schalten<strong>de</strong>n Getriebe und die aktive<br />

Aerodynamik mit einem beim Panamera<br />

Turbo mehrdimensional verstellbaren,<br />

ausfahrbaren Heckspoiler.<br />

Das Fahrwerk verbin<strong>de</strong>t Sportlichkeit<br />

mit Komfort. In <strong>de</strong>r Grundabstimmung<br />

bietet es sehr hohen Reisekomfort,<br />

verwan<strong>de</strong>lt sich aber auf Knopfdruck<br />

dank<br />

<strong>de</strong>s aktiven<br />

D ä m p f e r s y s -<br />

tems PASM in<br />

ein fahraktives<br />

Sportfahrwerk.<br />

Darüber hinaus<br />

e r m ö g l i c h t<br />

die beim Panamera<br />

Turbo<br />

serienmäßige,<br />

ansonsten optionale<br />

adaptive<br />

Luftfe<strong>de</strong>rung<br />

mit schaltbarem<br />

Zusatzvolumen<br />

in je<strong>de</strong>r Fe<strong>de</strong>r<br />

– ein absolutes<br />

Novum im<br />

Automobilbau<br />

– eine noch<br />

größere Spreizung<br />

zwischen<br />

sportlichen und<br />

komfortablen<br />

Fahrwerksprogrammen.<br />

Die Karosserie<br />

ist eine<br />

Synthese aus<br />

s p o r t w a g e n -<br />

typischem Leichtbau, großzügigem<br />

Platzangebot und effizienter Aerodynamik.<br />

Porsche setzt in <strong>de</strong>r Karosserie<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Panamera einen Materialmix<br />

Porsche Panamera – a<br />

unique combination<br />

of comfort, performance<br />

and efficiency<br />

Already in April 2009 series production<br />

of Porsche’s fourth mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

line, the Panamera, started in the<br />

carmaker’s Leipzig plant. In the<br />

world’s most mo<strong>de</strong>rn automotive<br />

factory to date the manufacturer of<br />

premium sports vehicles is assembling<br />

the four-door Gran Turismo<br />

together with the Cayenne sports<br />

utility vehicle on one line using<br />

the latest production methods.<br />

With the Panamera Porsche has its<br />

eyes firmly set on new groups of<br />

buyers from the luxury class.<br />

The vehicle is characterised by a high<br />

<strong>de</strong>gree of comfort, exceptional space<br />

and extremely sporty driving features<br />

with low consumption. For its market<br />

introduction on 12 September in Germany,<br />

the Gran Turismo was launched<br />

in three variations, equipped with a<br />

400-hp V8 induction engine or with<br />

a V8 biturbo engine with 500 hp. The<br />

engines feature the most advanced direct<br />

fuel injection. Porsche is planning<br />

to sell yearly some 20,000 vehicles<br />

over the entire lifecycle.<br />

The Panamera is marked by five<br />

technological innovations which are<br />

for the first time seen in a production<br />

car in the luxury performance range:<br />

these inclu<strong>de</strong> the first automatic start/<br />

stop in conjunction with automatic<br />

transmission and active aerodynamics<br />

with a multi-stage, adjustable rear<br />

spoiler moving up when required on<br />

the Panamera Turbo.<br />

The chassis and suspension of the<br />

Panamera combines sporting performance<br />

and superior comfort. In<br />

its basic setting it offers a very high<br />

standard of driving comfort. But then,<br />

at the touch of a button on the active<br />

PASM damper system, it turns into a<br />

thoroughbred sports suspension. As<br />

another highlight the adaptive air suspension<br />

with its extra volume ad<strong>de</strong>d<br />

on whenever required – an absolute<br />

innovation in automotive technology<br />

– featured as standard on the Turbo<br />

and otherwise coming as an option<br />

on the other mo<strong>de</strong>ls, offers an even<br />

20 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

greater variation of sporting and comfort<br />

features.<br />

The body is the synthesis of lightweight<br />

technology typical of a sports<br />

car, generous spaciousness and<br />

efficient aerodynamics.<br />

A broad range of<br />

lightweight<br />

materials<br />

is used on<br />

the body,<br />

including<br />

all kinds<br />

of steel<br />

g r a d e s ,<br />

light alloys<br />

such as aluminium<br />

and magnesium, as well as plastics.<br />

The lightweight doors feature a<br />

load-bearing structure ma<strong>de</strong> of lasertreated<br />

pressure-cast aluminium, an<br />

aluminium outer skin and door window<br />

frames ma<strong>de</strong> of thin-walled pressure-cast<br />

magnesium. Thanks to this<br />

lightweight structure, the Panamera S,<br />

for example, weighs just 1,770 kg.<br />

The Panamera is the first car in its<br />

segment with a complete cover on the<br />

un<strong>de</strong>r-floor also extending all round<br />

the drivetrain tunnel and rear-end silencers.<br />

This clearly helps to reduce<br />

Mit <strong>de</strong>m X1 ergänzt BMW seine X-<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong>lle um ein Premiumfahrzeug im<br />

Kompaktsegment. Die erhöhte Sitzposition,<br />

ein großzügiges Raumgefühl<br />

und <strong>de</strong>r variabel nutzbare Innenraum<br />

bieten „i<strong>de</strong>ale Voraussetzungen für<br />

einen von Agilität, Spontaneität und<br />

Vielseitigkeit geprägten Einsatz im urbanen<br />

Umfeld und darüber hinaus“,<br />

heißt es bei BMW. Der 4,45 Meter lange<br />

Fünftürer ist trotz seiner geringen<br />

Abmessungen gegenüber <strong>de</strong>n X3-,<br />

X5- und X6-Mo<strong>de</strong>llen klar als BMW<br />

X-Mo<strong>de</strong>ll erkennbar.<br />

Je nach Mo<strong>de</strong>llvariante stehen<br />

kraftvolle, wirtschaftliche und emissionsarme<br />

Benzin- und Dieselmotoren,<br />

das Allradsystem xDrive sowie<br />

umfangreiche Funktionen wie Bremsenergie-Rückgewinnung,<br />

Auto-Start/<br />

Stop und Schaltpunktanzeige für<br />

eine kraftstoffsparen<strong>de</strong> Fahrweise<br />

zur Verfügung. Herausragen<strong>de</strong> Effi-<br />

both air resistance<br />

and lift forces<br />

on<br />

Leichtbaukarosserie aus einem intelligenten<br />

Materialmix inklusive <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Lightweight body with intelligent<br />

mix of materials, including aluminium<br />

the axles, which in practice means<br />

lower fuel consumption and higher<br />

driving dynamics. The visible highlight<br />

of the overall aerodynamic package<br />

is the active four-way rear spoiler<br />

on the Panamera Turbo. Through its<br />

efficient management of control angles<br />

and surface geometry geared to<br />

driving conditions, the rear spoiler<br />

optimises the car’s aerodynamics and<br />

performance all in one. ■<br />

bMW X1 – Premiumfahrzeug im Kompaktsegment<br />

zienz erreicht <strong>de</strong>r X1 sDrive18d mit<br />

Hinterradantrieb und einem Durchschnittsverbrauch<br />

nach EU von 5,2<br />

Litern je 100 Kilometer sowie einem<br />

CO 2 -Wert von 136 g/km.<br />

Die Motorenpalette bei <strong>de</strong>n Dieselaggregaten<br />

setzt auf ein Vollaluminium-Kurbelgehäuse,<br />

<strong>de</strong>r xDrive28i<br />

wird von einem Reihensechszylin<strong>de</strong>r-Benzinmotor<br />

mit Magnesium-<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Verbundkurbelgehäuse<br />

a n g e t r i e b e n .<br />

Das Fahrwerk<br />

umfasst eine<br />

Doppelgelenk-<br />

Druckstreben-<br />

bzw. <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Doppelgelenk-Zugstrebenachse<br />

vorn<br />

A U t o M o t I v E<br />

aus Stählen unterschiedlicher Güte,<br />

Leichtmetallen wie <strong>Alu</strong>minium und<br />

Magnesium sowie Kunststoffen ein.<br />

Die Leichtbautüren besitzen eine tragen<strong>de</strong><br />

Struktur aus laserbearbeitetem<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumdruckguss, eine <strong>Alu</strong>miniumaußenhaut<br />

und einen Türfensterrahmen<br />

aus dünnwandigem Magnesiumdruckguss.<br />

Durch <strong>de</strong>n Einsatz<br />

dieser Leichtbaukomponenten wiegt<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Panamera S lediglich 1.770 kg<br />

– das ist für einen Sportwagen dieser<br />

Dimensionen bemerkenswert wenig.<br />

Erstmals in diesem Fahrzeugsegment<br />

wird beim Panamera die Verkleidung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Unterbo<strong>de</strong>ns auch im<br />

Bereich <strong>de</strong>s Tunnels und <strong>de</strong>r Nachschalldämpfer<br />

umgesetzt. Sie hilft,<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Luftwi<strong>de</strong>rstand und <strong>de</strong>n Auftrieb<br />

an <strong>de</strong>n Achsen zu reduzieren. In <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Praxis heißt das: weniger Kraftstoffverbrauch<br />

und höhere Fahrdynamik.<br />

Sichtbares Highlight <strong>de</strong>s aerodynamischen<br />

Gesamtpaketes ist <strong>de</strong>r aktive<br />

Vier-Wege-Heckspoiler beim<br />

Panamera Turbo. Durch sein fahrsituationsabhängiges<br />

Management von<br />

Anstellwinkel und Flächengeometrie<br />

optimiert er Aerodynamik und Performance.<br />

■<br />

und eine Fünflenker-Hinterachse in<br />

Stahlleichtbauweise.<br />

Die Produktion <strong>de</strong>s X1 erfolgt im<br />

BMW-Werk Leipzig. Dort wird das<br />

neue Mo<strong>de</strong>ll parallel zur dreitürigen<br />

Variante, <strong>de</strong>m Coupé und <strong>de</strong>m Cabrio<br />

<strong>de</strong>r 1er-Reihe gefertigt. Markteinführung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s X1 für Europa ist am 24. Oktober<br />

2009.<br />

■<br />

21 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 21<br />

BMW AG


A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

KS Kolbenschmidt GmbH<br />

technologiepaket bei ottokolben ausgebaut<br />

Downsizing, Aufladung, Direkteinspritzung<br />

und höhere Leistungsdichten<br />

sind die wesentlichen<br />

Trends, wenn es um<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>rne Ottomotoren geht. Für<br />

die Motorkomponente Kolben<br />

heißt das: hohe Festigkeit und<br />

Zuverlässigkeit bei möglichst<br />

wenig Gewicht und möglichst<br />

geringer Reibung. Die Antwort<br />

<strong>de</strong>r KS Kolbenschmidt GmbH auf<br />

diese Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen ist ein auf<br />

Leichtbau und reduzierte Reibung<br />

abgestimmtes Technologiepaket,<br />

das in verbrauchs- und CO 2 -optimierten<br />

Motorengenerationen<br />

zum Einsatz kommt. Bausteine <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Pakets sind die neu entwickelte<br />

Hochleistungslegierung KS 309,<br />

das weiter ausgebaute Leichtbaukonzept<br />

LiteKS-2 und die Kolbenbeschichtung<br />

NanofriKS, die mittlerweile<br />

in Serie läuft.<br />

Werkstoffseitig wird das Technologiepaket<br />

von Kolbenschmidt durch die<br />

Legierung KS 309 komplettiert. Sie<br />

erzielt eine um 20 bis 25 Prozent höhere<br />

Kolbenfestigkeit im relevanten<br />

Temperaturbereich von 200 bis 350<br />

Grad Celsius. Damit unterstützt sie<br />

optimal die Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen reibungs-<br />

und gewichtsoptimierter Kolben, wie<br />

sie in heutigen und zukünftigen Motoren<br />

zum Einsatz kommen wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Zusätzlich wur<strong>de</strong> KS 309 mit einem<br />

beson<strong>de</strong>ren Fokus auf die Gießbarkeit<br />

entwickelt, um auch innerhalb<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Prozesstechnologie weitere Potenziale<br />

hinsichtlich Leichtbau und<br />

Gewichtsreduktion durch dünnwandigeren<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumguss realisieren<br />

zu können.<br />

Die bereits auf <strong>de</strong>r IAA 2007 vorgestellte,<br />

damals neu entwickelte<br />

Schaftbeschichtung NanofriKS spielt<br />

bei <strong>de</strong>r Entwicklung mo<strong>de</strong>rner Ottokolben<br />

ebenfalls eine zentrale Rolle.<br />

Sie wur<strong>de</strong> 2008 erstmalig bei einem<br />

großen europäischen Kun<strong>de</strong>n in Serie<br />

eingeführt. Es folgten zahlreiche weitere<br />

Serienprojekte in Europa, Nordamerika<br />

und Japan. Wie motorische<br />

Reibleistungsuntersuchungen inzwischen<br />

bestätigten, weist die Schaft-<br />

KS Kolbenschmidt GmbH<br />

Gasoline engine piston<br />

technology packages expan<strong>de</strong>d<br />

Produktion bei Kolbenschmidt Production at Kolbenschmidt<br />

Downsizing, turbocharging, direct<br />

injection and higher power <strong>de</strong>nsities<br />

are the buzzwords associated<br />

with mo<strong>de</strong>rn gasoline engines.<br />

For their pistons, these trends<br />

spell a need for higher strength<br />

and reliability combined with<br />

low weight and as little friction<br />

as possible. The response by KS<br />

Kolbenschmidt, Neckarsulm/Germany,<br />

to these challenges is to<br />

assemble lightweight and reduced<br />

friction technology packages used<br />

in engine generations <strong>de</strong>signed for<br />

reduced consumption and CO 2<br />

emissions. The elements of the<br />

package are the newly <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

high-performance KS 309 alloy,<br />

the further advanced LiteKS-2<br />

lightweight concept and the NanofriKS<br />

piston coating which has<br />

meanwhile gone into series production.<br />

The KS 309 alloy is another addition<br />

to the materials ingredients and<br />

achieves up to 20 to 25 percent higher<br />

piston strength at the critical temperature<br />

range from 200 to 350°C. This is<br />

an alloy that acts as a perfect foil to the<br />

low-friction, low-weight pistons to be<br />

used in present and future engine<br />

generations. Also, KS 309 has been<br />

engineered for good casting properties<br />

to enable, within the process<br />

technology options, further potential<br />

for lightweight manufacturability and<br />

weight reductions through thinnerwalled<br />

aluminium castings.<br />

Introduced at the 2007 International<br />

Motor Show (IAA), the newly<br />

<strong>de</strong>veloped NanofriKS shaft coating<br />

likewise plays a lead role in the <strong>de</strong>sign<br />

of today’s gasoline engine pistons. It<br />

was first launched into series production<br />

for a major European OEM<br />

in 2008, followed by many other such<br />

projects in Europe, North America<br />

and Japan. As meanwhile endorsed<br />

by engine friction analyses, piston<br />

shafts coated with nanoparticles show<br />

up to ten percent less friction compared<br />

with conventional piston coatings,<br />

and up to 50 percent less wear.<br />

The outcome: enhanced reliability<br />

and optimum piston performance.<br />

Nanocoating is also used on the<br />

LiteKS-2 lightweight pistons likewise<br />

premiering at the IAA 2007.<br />

Since then, this type of piston has<br />

met with positive customer response<br />

throughout and has been playing a<br />

22 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Images: Kolbenschmidt


S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

key role in current global gasoline engine<br />

projects. Since its introduction,<br />

LiteKS-2 has been further <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

and now has even higher weight savings<br />

of altogether 25 percent and up<br />

to 50 percent less shaft friction over<br />

standard gasoline pistons. Together<br />

with the new KS 309 performance<br />

alloy and the NanofriKS shaft coating,<br />

KS Kolbenschmidt is offering a<br />

high-technology package tailored to<br />

customer needs, one that in terms of<br />

friction and weight reductions makes<br />

a major contribution to the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />

of low-CO 2 gasoline engines.<br />

Atag: sophisticated casting technology<br />

for downsized engines<br />

As mentioned above, downsizing<br />

accompanied by performance compensation<br />

through specific output<br />

NanofriskS-Beschichtung NanofriskS piston coating<br />

enhancement is a trend that entails a<br />

sharp rise in engine component stress.<br />

So, there is a concurrent <strong>de</strong>mand for<br />

small, lightweight yet high-strength<br />

engine blocks that are, moreover,<br />

very economical to manufacture.<br />

Against this background, KS <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Technologie<br />

(Atag) – which<br />

belongs to Kolbenschmidt Pierburg<br />

as well as sister company KS Kolbenschmidt<br />

– is focusing more closely on<br />

the volume production of aluminium<br />

engine blocks, specifically for small<br />

yet high-duty engines.<br />

Advances in both diesel engine<br />

combustion and direct-injection<br />

gasoline engines with either turbocharger<br />

or compressor entail higher<br />

ignition pressures and, specifically,<br />

bearing block bur<strong>de</strong>ns. On the other<br />

hand, the repeated shrinkage in ➝<br />

beschichtung mit Nanopartikeln im<br />

Vergleich zu bestehen<strong>de</strong>n Kolbenbeschichtungen<br />

bis zu zehn Prozent<br />

weniger Reibung und bis zu fünfzig<br />

Prozent weniger Verschleiß auf. Dies<br />

gewährleistet eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit<br />

und optimale Performance im<br />

Motorbetrieb.<br />

Zum Einsatz kommt die Nanobeschichtung<br />

unter an<strong>de</strong>rem im Leichtbaukolben<br />

LiteKS-2, <strong>de</strong>r ebenfalls<br />

2007 vorgestellt wur<strong>de</strong>. Er stieß seither<br />

auf eine durchweg hohe Kun<strong>de</strong>nresonanz<br />

und spielt die Hauptrolle in<br />

allen aktuellen globalen Otto-Serienprojekten<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Herstellers. In <strong>de</strong>n letzten<br />

zwei Jahren wur<strong>de</strong> LiteKS-2 weiterentwickelt.<br />

Der Kolben weist jetzt<br />

noch größere Gewichtseinsparungen<br />

von insgesamt etwa 25 Prozent bei<br />

konstant hoher Schaftreibungsreduktion<br />

von bis zu 50 Prozent gegenüber<br />

Standard-Ottokolben<br />

auf. Zusammen<br />

mit <strong>de</strong>r neuen<br />

Legierung KS 309<br />

sowie <strong>de</strong>r SchaftbeschichtungNanofriKS<br />

bietet KS<br />

K o l b e n s c h m i d t<br />

damit ein auf die<br />

Bedürfnisse seiner<br />

Kun<strong>de</strong>n maßg<br />

e s c h n e i d e r t e s<br />

Hochleistungstechnologiepaket<br />

an,<br />

das hinsichtlich<br />

Reibung und Gewichtsreduktion<br />

einen wesentlichen<br />

Beitrag zur Entwicklung CO2-opti mierter Ottomotoren leisten wird.<br />

Atag: Weiterentwickelte Gießtechnik<br />

für downgesizte Motoren<br />

Ähnlich wie KS Kolbenschmidt reagiert<br />

die Schwestergesellschaft KS<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Technologie GmbH – bei<strong>de</strong><br />

gehören zur Obergesellschaft Kolbenschmidt<br />

Pierburg – auf <strong>de</strong>n Trend<br />

zum Downsizing. Die damit einhergehen<strong>de</strong><br />

Leistungskompensation durch<br />

eine Steigerung <strong>de</strong>r spezifischen<br />

Leistung führt zu einer drastischen<br />

Erhöhung <strong>de</strong>r Bauteilbeanspruchung<br />

im Motor. Dies verlangt nach sehr<br />

wirtschaftlich herstellbaren, kleinen,<br />

leichten und <strong>de</strong>nnoch hochfesten<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkurbelgehäusen. Vor ➝<br />

Velocity + Length<br />

Angewandte Sensortechnik<br />

Schonenfahrerstr. 5<br />

D-18057 Rostock<br />

Germany<br />

Tel. #49 381 44073-0<br />

FAX #49 381 44073-20<br />

www.astech.<strong>de</strong><br />

info@astech.<strong>de</strong><br />

A U t o M o t I v E<br />

23 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 23<br />

Non Contact Measurement with Light<br />

VLM 250


A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Produktion bei Atag Production at Atag<br />

diesem Hintergrund richtet sich die<br />

KS <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Technologie (Atag)<br />

stärker auf die Volumenfertigung von<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium-Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkurbelgehäusen<br />

speziell für kleine Hochleistungsmotoren<br />

aus.<br />

Die weitere Optimierung <strong>de</strong>r dieselmotorischen<br />

Verbrennung, aber<br />

auch die Benzindirekteinspritzung<br />

mit Abgasturboaufladung o<strong>de</strong>r Kompressor<br />

beim Ottomotor lassen die<br />

Zünddrücke und damit speziell die<br />

Lagerstuhlbeanspruchung weiter<br />

steigen. An<strong>de</strong>rerseits verstärken die<br />

stetige Reduzierung von Hubraum<br />

und Zylin<strong>de</strong>rzahl <strong>de</strong>n Kostendruck,<br />

dies verlangt möglichst kostengünstige<br />

Bauteilkonzepte. Verfahrensbedingt<br />

eignet sich gera<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Druckguss<br />

für eine kosteneffiziente Massenfertigung,<br />

doch liefert herkömmlicher<br />

Druckguss nicht die erfor<strong>de</strong>rliche<br />

Bauteilqualität.<br />

Atag stellte bereits zur IAA 2007<br />

mit ihrem „Modularen Druckgusskonzept“<br />

Lösungen zur Festigungssteigerung<br />

downgesizter Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkurbelgehäuse<br />

vor. Basierend darauf<br />

entwickelte das Unternehmen Kurbelgehäuse<br />

für einen kleinen R4-<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>r-DI-Dieselmotor mit einem<br />

Zünddruck von mehr als 200 bar.<br />

Die erfor<strong>de</strong>rliche statische und dynamische<br />

Festigkeitssteigerung basiert<br />

dabei auf uneingeschränkt wärmebehan<strong>de</strong>lbarem<br />

Druckguss. Dieser<br />

beinhaltet neben zahlreichen Einzelmaßnahmen<br />

eine optimal behan<strong>de</strong>lte<br />

Schmelze, eine stark evakuierte<br />

Druckgießform und ein innovatives<br />

Formkühlungskonzept. Die geringen<br />

Gaseinschlüsse entsprechen einem<br />

niedrigen Porositätsgrad auf Kokillengussniveau.<br />

Dies ist eine Grundvoraussetzung<br />

für höhere Festigkeit<br />

und <strong>de</strong>ren weiterer Steigerung mittels<br />

einer Wärmebehandlung. Die geringe<br />

Porosität im Zylin<strong>de</strong>rbohrungsbereich<br />

eröffnet zu<strong>de</strong>m die Option einer<br />

Laufflächenbeschichtung.<br />

Darüber hinaus hat Atag ein innovativesSchwerkraft-Kippgießverfahren<br />

entwickelt, das <strong>de</strong>n beson<strong>de</strong>ren<br />

Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen hoch beanspruchter<br />

Motoren gerecht wird. Hintergrund<br />

ist hier, dass sich Gusslegierungen<br />

in Form hochwertiger AlSiMg-<br />

Primärlegierungen im Motorbetrieb<br />

großer Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen hinsichtlich<br />

<strong>de</strong>r thermomechanischen Festigkeit<br />

gegenübersehen. Die heutigen<br />

Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen an die Lebensdauer<br />

von Motoren können nur mit einem<br />

äußerst feinen Gussgefüge lokal im<br />

engine displacement and number of<br />

cylin<strong>de</strong>rs has stepped up cost pressure<br />

and called for components engineered<br />

for maximum cost efficiency.<br />

In terms of manufacturing process,<br />

pressure die-casting is i<strong>de</strong>al for highvolume,<br />

low-cost production, albeit<br />

in its conventional form failing to<br />

<strong>de</strong>liver the necessary component<br />

quality.<br />

Already at the IAA 2007, Atag<br />

presented in the form of its modular<br />

die-casting strategy a number of options<br />

including some for enhancing<br />

the strength of downsized engine<br />

blocks. On the basis of this particular<br />

modular option, the company has<br />

<strong>de</strong>veloped engine blocks for a small<br />

inline 4-cylin<strong>de</strong>r diesel engine with<br />

an ignition pressure that breaks the<br />

200-bar barrier.<br />

The necessary gain in strength<br />

(both static and dynamic) is based on<br />

the use of diecast parts with unlimited<br />

heat-treatability. This is the outcome<br />

of, besi<strong>de</strong>s numerous individual<br />

measures, optimum melt treatment, a<br />

largely evacuated die, and an innovative<br />

die-cooling system. The much<br />

reduced gas occlusions signify a low<br />

level of porosity on a par with permanent-mould<br />

casting. In fact, this is<br />

24 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

a prime requisite for ad<strong>de</strong>d strength<br />

which is further enhanced through<br />

heat treatment. Moreover, the slight<br />

porosity in the cylin<strong>de</strong>r bore zone<br />

opens up the option of coating the<br />

working surface.<br />

Furthermore, Atag has <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

an innovative inhouse gravity tilt<br />

casting technique inten<strong>de</strong>d for the<br />

<strong>special</strong> operating environment of<br />

high-duty engines, as aluminium in<br />

the form of aluminium castings from<br />

high-gra<strong>de</strong> AlSiMg primary alloys<br />

poses vast challenges regarding thermal<br />

strength. Durability benchmarks<br />

are only addressable with the aid of<br />

an extremely fine microstructure<br />

in the combustion zone of the fire<br />

<strong>de</strong>ck.<br />

One solution to this problem is the<br />

new gravity tilt casting process as it<br />

guarantees a largely low-turbulence<br />

mould-filling at the camshaft end and<br />

a rising layer-by-layer filling of the<br />

mould promoted by the tilting action.<br />

A <strong>de</strong>cisive factor is the highly intense<br />

chilling of the combustion zone at the<br />

fire <strong>de</strong>ck si<strong>de</strong>. The achievable low<br />

<strong>de</strong>ndrite arm spacing reaches benchmark<br />

level.<br />

Another plank in the Atag business<br />

strategy of reducing <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ncy on<br />

engine products is the casting of large<br />

and technologically challenging chassis/suspension<br />

parts in aluminium, a<br />

move that will bolster the company’s<br />

automotive business.<br />

Sectional view of cylin<strong>de</strong>r head cast by gravity tilt casting technique<br />

Brennraumbereich <strong>de</strong>s Feuer<strong>de</strong>cks<br />

erfüllt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Das neue Schwerkraft-Kippgießverfahren<br />

trägt zur Problemlösung<br />

bei, in<strong>de</strong>m es für eine weitgehend<br />

turbulenzarme Formfüllung auf <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Nockenwellenseite und eine vom<br />

Kippvorgang begünstigte, schichtend<br />

steigen<strong>de</strong> Füllung <strong>de</strong>r Kokille sorgt.<br />

Von entschei<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong>r Be<strong>de</strong>utung ist<br />

dabei eine höchst intensive Abschreckung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Brennraumbereichs auf <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Feuer<strong>de</strong>ckseite. Hierbei erreicht <strong>de</strong>r<br />

A U t o M o t I v E<br />

Mit ihrem modularen Druckgusskonzept steigert Atag die Festigkeit downgesizter<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkurbelgehäuse<br />

Atag has <strong>de</strong>veloped the modular die-casting concept for enhancing the strength of downsized<br />

engine blocks<br />

erzielbare, geringe Dendritenarmabstand<br />

Atag zufolge „Benchmarkniveau“.<br />

Zukünftig soll ein gänzlich neues<br />

Produktfeld das Atag-Geschäft unabhängiger<br />

vom Antriebskonzept machen.<br />

Dazu gehört beispielsweise das<br />

Gießen großer und komplexer, mithin<br />

gießtechnisch herausfor<strong>de</strong>rn<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Fahrwerksteile aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium. Mit<br />

dieser Neuausrichtung wird das Unternehmen<br />

sein Automotive-Geschäft<br />

weiter stärken.<br />

■ ■<br />

25 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 25


Honsel<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe von Honsel für<br />

die neuen vW-Dieselmotoren<br />

Zu <strong>de</strong>n Highlights, die Honsel<br />

auf <strong>de</strong>r diesjährigen Ausstellung<br />

„Zulieferer Innovativ“ in Ingolstadt<br />

präsentierte, gehörten die<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe für die neuen, auf<br />

Common Rail-Technologie basieren<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Zweiliter-Dieselmotoren<br />

von Volkswagen und Audi, die im<br />

VW Golf VI, Tiguan und Passat sowie<br />

im Audi A3, A4 und Q5 zum<br />

Einsatz kommen. Die Motoren<br />

sind beson<strong>de</strong>rs sparsam und leistungsstark.<br />

Mit steigen<strong>de</strong>r Effizienz nimmt die<br />

Belastung <strong>de</strong>r einzelnen Komponenten<br />

zu, insbeson<strong>de</strong>re <strong>de</strong>r aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

gegossenen Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe. Das<br />

von Honsel eingesetzte Kipp-Kokil-<br />

Im Kipp-Kokillenguss produzierter Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkopf von Honsel<br />

Cylin<strong>de</strong>r head from Honsel, produced in permanent mould<br />

tilt casting process<br />

lengießverfahren ermöglicht es, die<br />

hohen Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen zu erfüllen und<br />

die notwendige Gefügequalität zu gewährleisten.<br />

Die Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe müssen vor<br />

allem hohe Festigkeitsanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />

erfüllen, um die hohen Zünddrücke<br />

zu ertragen, sind aber auch sehr<br />

dünnwandig konstruiert, um während<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Motorbetriebs eine optimale<br />

Brennraumkühlung zu gewährleisten<br />

und insgesamt Gewicht einzusparen.<br />

Da zu<strong>de</strong>m eine beson<strong>de</strong>rs hohe Gussqualität<br />

im Bereich <strong>de</strong>s Brennraums<br />

gefor<strong>de</strong>rt ist, wer<strong>de</strong>n sie im Kipp-<br />

Kokillengießverfahren hergestellt.<br />

Bei diesem Gießverfahren wird das<br />

flüssige <strong>Alu</strong>minium über eine spezielle<br />

Angussleiste turbulenzarm in<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Formhohlraum gefüllt. Während<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Gießvorgangs wird die Kokille gekippt,<br />

was die Gefahr <strong>de</strong>r Oxidbildung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s <strong>Alu</strong>miniums reduziert. Das Ergebnis<br />

ist ein poren- und oxidarmes Gefüge,<br />

auch in <strong>de</strong>n nur 2,5 mm dünnen<br />

Bauteilwän<strong>de</strong>n. Dies ist beson<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

wichtig, um das Potenzial <strong>de</strong>s <strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerkstoffs<br />

über <strong>de</strong>n vollen<br />

Querschnitt ausnutzen zu können.<br />

Schließlich sind die Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe<br />

gera<strong>de</strong> an diesen filigranen Stellen<br />

beson<strong>de</strong>rs stark belastet.<br />

Volkswagen hat Honsel schon in<br />

einer sehr frühen Entwicklungshase<br />

<strong>de</strong>r neuen Dieselmotorenbaureihe<br />

einbezogen,<br />

sodass die gießereispezifische<br />

Auslegung <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Bauteils und die<br />

entsprechen<strong>de</strong><br />

Fertigungsvorbereitung<br />

in<br />

sehr kurzer Zeit<br />

umgesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />

konnte. Innerhalb<br />

von nur<br />

zwölf Wochen<br />

stellte Honsel<br />

erste Prototypen<br />

für Motorentests<br />

zur Verfügung.<br />

Im Zeitraum<br />

von zwei Jahren<br />

erfolgten die weitere Serienentwicklung<br />

und <strong>de</strong>r Aufbau <strong>de</strong>r Serienfertigung.<br />

Dabei halfen Formfüll- und<br />

Erstarrungssimulationen, die Werkzeugauslegung<br />

und Gießtechnik zu<br />

optimieren. Parallel wur<strong>de</strong>n Funktion<br />

und Festigkeit <strong>de</strong>s Bauteils zusammen<br />

mit Volkswagen ständig weiterentwickelt.<br />

Nach<strong>de</strong>m im November 2006 die<br />

erste Seriengießmaschine in Betrieb<br />

genommen wur<strong>de</strong>, lieferte Honsel allein<br />

2008 rund 300.000 Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe<br />

für <strong>de</strong>n neuen Zweiliter-Dieselmotor<br />

an Volkswagen.<br />

Cylin<strong>de</strong>r heads from<br />

Honsel for new vW<br />

diesel engines<br />

Among the highlights which<br />

Honsel presented at a suppliers<br />

exhibition in Ingolstadt, Germany,<br />

were the cylin<strong>de</strong>r heads for the<br />

Volkswagen Group’s new 2.0 litre<br />

diesel engines with common-rail<br />

high-pressure injection to be used<br />

in the VW Golf VI, Tiguan and Passat,<br />

as well as the Audi A3, A4 and<br />

Q5. These engines are e<strong>special</strong>ly<br />

economical and powerful.<br />

With increasing efficiency, however,<br />

stress on the individual components<br />

grows, e<strong>special</strong>ly on the cylin<strong>de</strong>r<br />

heads cast in aluminium. The permanent<br />

mould tilt casting method<br />

applied by Honsel meets these high<br />

<strong>de</strong>mands and contributes to the required<br />

structural quality.<br />

To cope with the high ignition pressures,<br />

the cylin<strong>de</strong>r heads have to meet<br />

high <strong>de</strong>mands regarding strength. At<br />

the same time, they are <strong>de</strong>signed with<br />

very thin walls to ensure optimum<br />

combustion chamber cooling and to<br />

reduce the overall weight.<br />

As a particularly high casting quality<br />

is also nee<strong>de</strong>d in the area of the<br />

combustion chamber, they are produced<br />

in the permanent mould tilt<br />

casting method. In this casting process,<br />

the liquid aluminium is poured<br />

into the mould cavity with low turbulence<br />

via a <strong>special</strong> gating strip. The<br />

mould is tilted during the casting<br />

process to reduce the risk of the aluminium<br />

forming oxi<strong>de</strong>s. The result is a<br />

low-pore and low-oxi<strong>de</strong> joint, even in<br />

the only 2.5 mm thin walls of the component.<br />

This is e<strong>special</strong>ly important to<br />

exploit the potential of the aluminium<br />

over the entire cross-section. After all,<br />

the cylin<strong>de</strong>r heads face particularly<br />

strong loads at these <strong>de</strong>licate points.<br />

Volkswagen involved Honsel already<br />

at a very early stage into the <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />

of the new series of diesel<br />

engines, so that the foundry-specific<br />

<strong>de</strong>sign of the component and the corresponding<br />

production preparation<br />

could be realised in the shortest possible<br />

time: Honsel provi<strong>de</strong>d the first<br />

prototypes for engine testing within<br />

only twelve weeks. Further series <strong>de</strong>-<br />

26 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


A S LPU M E ICN I UA M L I M A U t o M o b I L A U t o M o t I v E<br />

velopment and the set-up for series<br />

production took place over a period<br />

of two years. Mould pouring and solidification<br />

simulations helped to optimise<br />

the tooling <strong>de</strong>sign and casting<br />

technique. In parallel, the function<br />

and strength of the component un<strong>de</strong>rwent<br />

continuous further <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />

together with Volkswagen.<br />

After putting the first series casting<br />

machine into operation in November<br />

2006, Honsel <strong>de</strong>livered 300,000 cylin<strong>de</strong>r<br />

heads for the new engine to<br />

Volkswagen in 2008 alone.<br />

Financial restructuring of<br />

Honsel completed successfully<br />

The financial restructuring of Honsel<br />

has been successfully completed, and<br />

the company’s new capital and sharehol<strong>de</strong>r<br />

structure has now been put in<br />

place. Honsel’s term <strong>de</strong>bt to the len<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

un<strong>de</strong>r its syndicated credit agreements<br />

has been reduced from over<br />

510 to 140 million euros. The main<br />

sharehol<strong>de</strong>r, RHJ International, is injecting<br />

50 million euros of new capital<br />

in return for a 51% shareholding<br />

in the restructured Honsel group. In<br />

return for waiving a large portion of<br />

the <strong>de</strong>bt held by them, a consortium of<br />

senior len<strong>de</strong>rs, led by BlueBay Asset<br />

Management and Oaktree, will take a<br />

49% stake in Honsel.<br />

The company’s employees are also<br />

making a significant contribution to<br />

restructuring the company and securing<br />

its future. A combination of<br />

reduced hours and shorter working<br />

weeks is <strong>de</strong>signed to avoid redundancies<br />

and retain know-how within the<br />

company. Moreover, non-tariff and<br />

managerial staff are waiving substantial<br />

portions of their salaries.<br />

Honsel sees attractive market opportunities<br />

in the medium and long<br />

term due to the stricter requirements<br />

for reduction of fuel consumption and<br />

CO2 emissions. This will lead to the<br />

increased use of light metal components,<br />

particularly for powerful yet<br />

economical small engines. With high<br />

strength components and a breakthrough<br />

method for coating cylin<strong>de</strong>r<br />

linings, Honsel is generating new opportunities<br />

for car manufacturers to<br />

use weight-reducing light metals.<br />

■<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Finanzielle Restrukturierung<br />

erfolgreich abgeschlossen<br />

Die finanzielle Restrukturierung <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Honsel AG ist inzwischen erfolgreich<br />

abgeschlossen wor<strong>de</strong>n. Damit ist die<br />

neue Kapital- und Eigentümerstruktur<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Unternehmens wirksam. Die Verbindlichkeiten<br />

gegenüber <strong>de</strong>n Banken<br />

sinken von 510 auf 140 Mio. Euro. Der<br />

Hauptanteilseigner RHJ International<br />

S.A. führt 50 Mio. Euro neues Kapital<br />

zu und wird weiterhin 51 Prozent<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Anteile halten. Im Gegenzug für<br />

einen weitgehen<strong>de</strong>n Schul<strong>de</strong>nverzicht<br />

übernimmt ein Konsortium von<br />

Kreditgebern, geführt durch BlueBay<br />

Asset Management und Oaktree, 49<br />

Prozent <strong>de</strong>r Anteile an <strong>de</strong>m Leichtmetallzulieferer.<br />

Einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur<br />

Restrukturierung und Zukunftssicherung<br />

erbringen auch die Mitarbeiter<br />

von Honsel. Mit einer auf die<br />

betrieblichen Erfor<strong>de</strong>rnisse abgestellten<br />

Kombination aus Kurzarbeit<br />

und verringerter Wochenarbeitszeit<br />

sollen betriebsbedingte Kündigungen<br />

vermie<strong>de</strong>n und das Know-how im<br />

www.gutmann-group.com<br />

Unternehmen gehalten wer<strong>de</strong>n. Die<br />

außertariflichen und leiten<strong>de</strong>n Angestellten<br />

leisten einen erheblichen<br />

Gehaltsverzicht.<br />

Anzeige<br />

Mittel- und langfristig attraktive<br />

Marktchancen sieht das Unternehmen<br />

aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r verschärften For<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />

zur Reduktion von Kraftstoffverbrauch<br />

und CO2-Emissionen. Dies wird zu einem erhöhten Einsatz<br />

von Leichtmetallkomponenten führen,<br />

nicht zuletzt für leistungsstarke<br />

und zugleich verbrauchsarme kleine<br />

Motoren. Mit beson<strong>de</strong>rs belastbaren<br />

Komponenten und einem innovativen<br />

Verfahren zur Beschichtung von Zylin<strong>de</strong>rlaufflächen<br />

eröffnet Honsel <strong>de</strong>n<br />

Automobilherstellern gera<strong>de</strong> beim<br />

Downsizing neue Perspektiven für<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Einsatz von Gewicht sparen<strong>de</strong>m<br />

Leichtmetall.<br />

■<br />

MEHR ERFAHRUNG. MEHR KOMPETENZ. MEHR NUTZEN.<br />

G U T M A N N - E I N E G R U P P E M I T P R O F I L<br />

HERMANN GUTMANN WERKE AG | GARTNER EXTRUSION GMBH | NORDALU GMBH


A U t o M o t I v E<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium in innovative light-weight car <strong>de</strong>sign<br />

J. Hirsch, Bonn 1<br />

This paper presents principal<br />

aspects and recent trends in average<br />

and specific use of aluminium<br />

in passenger cars. Aspects of<br />

material selection and innovative<br />

concepts of car construction using<br />

light-weight materials that help to<br />

meet economical and environmental<br />

requirements are discussed<br />

as well as <strong>special</strong> aluminium<br />

alloys <strong>de</strong>veloped for the increasing<br />

<strong>de</strong>mands in higher strength<br />

and better formability for light<br />

weighting and crash worthiness<br />

aspects and the specific advances<br />

of aluminium semi products as<br />

castings, extrusions and sheet.<br />

Examples are presented for successful<br />

aluminium solutions in the<br />

most advanced SLC ’SuperLIGHT-<br />

Car’ concept, which reaches 34%<br />

weight reduction within a cost<br />

increment of 7.8 €/kg saved.<br />

The European automotive industry is<br />

known world wi<strong>de</strong> as the technically<br />

most advanced and innovative. Based<br />

on economical and political pressure<br />

to reduce fuel consumption and CO 2<br />

emission the efforts for light weighting<br />

in automobile <strong>de</strong>sign and constructions<br />

have increased significantly and<br />

specific solutions based on the inten-<br />

1 This paper was presented at the Volkswagen<br />

Conference ’Innovative Developments for Lightweight<br />

Vehile Structures’ on 26/27 May 2009.<br />

Fig. 1: State-of-the-art ’body in white’ multimaterial concept<br />

sive use of aluminium as modified or<br />

new alloys have been <strong>de</strong>veloped in<br />

the last <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s [1-5]. The European<br />

automotive industry has more than<br />

doubled the average amount of aluminium<br />

used in passenger cars during<br />

the last <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong> and will do even more<br />

so in the coming years.<br />

The European automotive industry’,<br />

in close co-operation with the<br />

European aluminium industry, has<br />

<strong>de</strong>veloped and introduced numerous<br />

innovative light-weighting solutions<br />

based on established and improved<br />

aluminium alloys [2-9] and optimized<br />

aluminium oriented car <strong>de</strong>sign. Synergic<br />

effect together with a multimaterial<br />

exploitation can guarantee<br />

an optimum <strong>de</strong>sign solution. One of<br />

the main advances of aluminium is its<br />

availability in a large variety of semifinished<br />

forms, such as shape castings,<br />

extrusions and sheet, all suitable for<br />

mass production and innovative solutions.<br />

Compact and highly integrated<br />

parts meet the high <strong>de</strong>mands for high<br />

performance, quality and cost efficient<br />

manufacturability. Challenges<br />

involved here are mainly joining and<br />

surface treatment issues for which<br />

many suitable solutions have been<br />

<strong>de</strong>veloped. <strong>Alu</strong>minium semis are applied<br />

as castings, extrusions and sheet<br />

increases, e. g. in engine blocks and<br />

power train parts, space frames (e. g.<br />

Audi A8, BMW Z8, Lotus Elise), sheet<br />

structures (Honda NSX, Jaguar) or as<br />

closures and hang-on parts (e.g. Daimler<br />

E-class, Renault, Peugeot) and other<br />

structural components [1-3].<br />

The average total aluminium content<br />

per European car was 132 kg in<br />

2005 [9]. It has been analysed systematically<br />

as:<br />

• Power-train (engine, fuel system,<br />

liquid lines): 69 kg (25 compo-<br />

nents analysed) in engine block<br />

and cylin<strong>de</strong>r head, transmission<br />

housings and radiators<br />

• Chassis and suspension (cradle,<br />

axle): 37 kg (17 components<br />

analysed) in wheels, suspension<br />

arms and steering systems<br />

• Car body (body-in-white (BIW),<br />

hoods, doors, wings, bumpers and<br />

interiors): 26 kg (20 components<br />

analysed) in bonnets and doors,<br />

front structure and bumper beams.<br />

This shows that for the body the most<br />

potential exists. Seen as one component<br />

the BIW is the heaviest part of<br />

a conventional car with a share between<br />

25 and 30% of the complete<br />

car’s weight, <strong>de</strong>pending mainly on<br />

options installed, engine size, and integrated<br />

safety features.<br />

State-of-the-art<br />

for the body in white (bIW)<br />

As state-of-the-art for a BIW ’extrusion<br />

intensive <strong>de</strong>sign’ the Aston Martin<br />

Vanquish, mo<strong>de</strong>l year 2001, is<br />

mentioned with a volume of 350 cars<br />

28 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Images: Hydro


S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

per year. It has a BIW mass of 145 kg<br />

(excluding closures and outer skin),<br />

consisting of 40 extrusion (100 kg)<br />

and 40 sheet parts (45 kg) with joining<br />

methods used of rivets and adhesive<br />

bonding. With a volume of 2,500 cars<br />

per year the BMW Z8 Roadster has a<br />

BIW mass of 300 kg with 86 straight<br />

and 24 bend extrusion parts, 24 bent<br />

parts, no castings and 290 sheet parts.<br />

As joining methods MIG welding and<br />

rivets (1,000 pcs) are applied.<br />

The state-of-the-art space frame<br />

concept is the Audi A8 (D3), mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

year 2002, with a scheduled volume<br />

of 25,000 cars per year and a BIW<br />

mass of 277 kg, consisting of 59 extrusions<br />

with 61 kg, 31 castings with<br />

39 kg and 170 sheet parts with 177 kg.<br />

Rivets (2,400 pcs), MIG, laser, laserhybrid<br />

welds, roll-folding, adhesive<br />

bonding are the main joining methods<br />

applied.<br />

In the category of ’stamped sheet<br />

monocoque’ the Jaguar XJ, mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

year 2002, must be mentioned with<br />

30,000 cars per year (scheduled) and<br />

a BIW mass of 295 kg, consisting of<br />

22 extrusions with 21 kg, 15 castings<br />

with 15 kg and 273 sheets with 259<br />

kg. Joining methods used are mainly<br />

adhesive, rivets (3,000 pcs), clinches<br />

and MIG welding.<br />

For the new concept of ’multi-material<br />

<strong>de</strong>signs’ (for high volume cars)<br />

is an alternative to the all-aluminium<br />

<strong>de</strong>signs of BIW’s mentioned above. It<br />

consists of applications of aluminium<br />

together with high and ultra-high<br />

strength steels, magnesium and plastics<br />

or composites, where applicable.<br />

The principle i<strong>de</strong>a is to use the ‘best’<br />

material for the appropriate functions.<br />

The additional goal is to achieve an<br />

overall cost efficient light-weight <strong>de</strong>sign.<br />

Here, state-of-the-art in this area<br />

is BMW 5 (E60) (Fig. 1) which uses<br />

20% as <strong>de</strong>ep drawing steels, 42% as<br />

higher strength steels, 20% as highest<br />

strength steels and 18% aluminium<br />

alloys. The front-end substructure<br />

consists of 16.4 kg steel and 29.4 kg<br />

in 86 aluminium parts (as stamped<br />

sheet, extrusions, high-pressure die<br />

castings, and hydroformed tubes).<br />

Wrought aluminium alloys<br />

for automotive applications<br />

In the multi-material SLC <strong>de</strong>sign the<br />

contribution of the aluminium concern<br />

new alloys as well as alternative production<br />

methods for aluminium parts.<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium sheet is predominantly<br />

used for BIW panels and closures.<br />

Despite the existing ‘all aluminium<br />

vehicles’ like Audi A8 and Jaguar XJ,<br />

aluminium in mass produced vehicles<br />

needs to reduce <strong>de</strong>velopment time and<br />

other additional costs in new production<br />

methods and/or new alloys.<br />

The main aluminium alloy classes<br />

for automotive sheet application are<br />

the non-heat treatable Al-Mg (EN<br />

5xxx series) and the heat treatable Al-<br />

Mg-Si (EN 6xxx series) alloy system,<br />

some e<strong>special</strong>ly tailored by variations<br />

in chemical composition and processing,<br />

e. g. Al-Mg alloys optimized for<br />

strength and corrosion resistance for<br />

use in chassis or Al-Mg-Si alloys applied<br />

for autobody sheets have been<br />

improved for formability, surface appearance<br />

and age har<strong>de</strong>ning response.<br />

The specific properties and principal<br />

differences are illustrated in Fig. 2.<br />

The effects of varying alloy additions<br />

and process parameters as <strong>de</strong>scribed<br />

A U t o M o t I v E<br />

in [4] are well <strong>de</strong>veloped and controlled<br />

for enhanced performance and efficient<br />

manufacturing.<br />

Age har<strong>de</strong>ning Al-Mg-Si alloys:<br />

6xxx series alloys contain magnesium<br />

and silicon. Current 6xxx alloys<br />

used for autobody sheets are AA6016<br />

(Europe) and AA6111 (America)<br />

and, more recently, AA6181A was<br />

ad<strong>de</strong>d for recycling aspects. In the<br />

US, AA6111 is often used for outer<br />

panels in gauges of 0.9 to 1.0 mm<br />

which combines high strength with<br />

good formability. In Europe, EN-6016<br />

is preferred and applied in gauges of<br />

around 1 to 1.2 mm. It shows a superior<br />

formability and filiform corrosion<br />

resistance and allows flat hems even<br />

on parts with local pre-<strong>de</strong>formation.<br />

However, the bake-har<strong>de</strong>ned strength<br />

of AA6016 is significantly lower than<br />

that of AA6111 [6].<br />

In recent years alloy and processing<br />

modifications have been introduced to<br />

meet the increased requirements [5].<br />

Higher strength alloys may allow outer<br />

panel thickness reductions with no<br />

loss of <strong>de</strong>nt resistance, provi<strong>de</strong>d stiffness<br />

requirements are met. As paintbake<br />

temperatures <strong>de</strong>crease, there is<br />

increasing <strong>de</strong>mand for a significantly<br />

higher age har<strong>de</strong>ning response. However,<br />

for some parts formability remains<br />

the major difficulty. Therefore<br />

<strong>special</strong> alloy modifications with either<br />

improved formability or strength have<br />

recently been <strong>de</strong>veloped by European<br />

aluminium sheet manufacturers and<br />

agreed upon as standards by the automotive<br />

industry.<br />

Non heat-treatable Al-Mg-Mn alloys:<br />

Al-Mg-Mn alloys show an optimum<br />

combination of formability and<br />

strength achieved by the mechanism<br />

of solid solution and <strong>de</strong>formation har<strong>de</strong>ning<br />

due to their specific high strain<br />

har<strong>de</strong>ning. Further improvement in<br />

properties required for specific applications<br />

(e. g. surface appearance,<br />

corrosion resistance, thermal stability)<br />

have been achieved by small additions<br />

of other alloy elements and/or<br />

modified processing routes [4, 7, 8, 9],<br />

e. g. stretcher strain free (SSF) sheet,<br />

avoiding Lü<strong>de</strong>rs-lines [10].<br />

Non heat-treatable Al-Mg-Mn alloys<br />

are applied in Europe for auto-<br />

mobile parts in larger quantities as hot<br />

Fig. 2: EN-AW 5xxx and 6xxx alloys competing for car body sheets and cold rolled sheet and hydro- ➝<br />

29 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 29


A U t o M o t I v E<br />

formed tubes, due to their good formability<br />

which can always be regained<br />

during complex forming operations<br />

by inter-annealing where quenching<br />

is nee<strong>de</strong>d for age har<strong>de</strong>ning. In chassis<br />

parts or wheel applications the benefit<br />

is twofold since the weight reduction<br />

in the unsprung mass of moving<br />

parts additionally enhances driving<br />

comfort and reduces noise levels.<br />

A well established high Mg containing<br />

alloy, AlMg5Mn (AA5182), is<br />

used for high strength and complex<br />

stampings. For 5xxx alloys containing<br />

> 3% Mg the precipitation of ß-<br />

Mg5Al8 particles at grain boundaries<br />

can result in susceptibility to intergranular<br />

corrosion cracking (ICC)<br />

by long term exposure at > 80°C. For<br />

these conditions <strong>special</strong> high Mg alloys<br />

have been <strong>de</strong>veloped with a good<br />

compromise for sufficient strength<br />

and ICC resistance.<br />

For all other cases <strong>special</strong> high<br />

Mg alloys (> 6% Mg) have been introduced<br />

which show high strength and<br />

strain har<strong>de</strong>ning, thus also enhancing<br />

formability. Al-Mg-Mn alloy sheet<br />

has also been successfully applied or<br />

is currently being tested in many parts<br />

for structural support, pedal boxes,<br />

heat reflectors, lever arms, etc.<br />

Al-Mn EN-AW 3xxx alloys are applied<br />

for heat-exchangers which is<br />

another success story of aluminium<br />

sheet and extrusion applications that<br />

started in Europe many years ago. It<br />

is an increasing market with intensive<br />

R&D, established for advanced lightweight<br />

technology for radiators and<br />

air conditioning systems in cars (and<br />

elsewhere) world wi<strong>de</strong>.<br />

New aluminium alloys for automotive<br />

applications: Several new<br />

product <strong>de</strong>velopments were introduced<br />

in the SLC project to meet<br />

specific <strong>de</strong>mands of the BIW that cannot<br />

be met by the present aluminium<br />

alloys. For example, a high Mg 5xxx<br />

alloy <strong>special</strong>ly <strong>de</strong>dicated to warm<br />

forming [12]. New 6xxx alloys and<br />

7xxx alloys for structural applications<br />

were introduced [11], such as ‘crash<br />

alloy’ is used for the crash members in<br />

the front structure of the SLC mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

or a ‘roof alloy’ with <strong>special</strong> attention<br />

when placed on steel structure.<br />

Here a 6xxx alloy (6013 type) has<br />

been introduced [11] with fast paint<br />

bake response to withstand the thermally<br />

induced plastic <strong>de</strong>formation.<br />

The final SLC structure has a magnesium<br />

roof where the finished roof<br />

is mounted after the BIW has passed<br />

through the paint line. High strength<br />

7xxx alloys applied in aerospace<br />

have been tested in the SLC study to<br />

<strong>de</strong>termine their potential for weight<br />

saving replacing steel in the Golf V Bpillar<br />

for a si<strong>de</strong> impact simulation. The<br />

alloy selected was a 7081 type alloy<br />

with yield strength around 600 MPa in<br />

an artificially aged temper. The result<br />

of the impact simulation shows that a<br />

3.5mm thick 7081 matches the performance<br />

of 2 mm thick boron steel.<br />

More importantly the aluminium part<br />

is 2.4 kg lighter, so achieving a weight<br />

saving of around 40% [11].<br />

Other aspects investigated in <strong>de</strong>tail<br />

in the SLC project were:<br />

• Heat forming is a new technique for<br />

making complex aluminium tubular<br />

shapes using internal gas pressure to<br />

form hollow bodies or tubes within a<br />

warm environment [12]. It provi<strong>de</strong>s a<br />

competitive alternative to hydro- or<br />

superplastic- (SPF) forming.<br />

• Tailor wel<strong>de</strong>d blanks (TWBs) is a<br />

mature product for steel automotive<br />

applications easy to apply to aluminium.<br />

There is only one example of alu-<br />

minium TWBs in series production;<br />

the backplate of the front wheel house<br />

of the Lamborghini Gallardo [11]. The<br />

SLC project proved that aluminium<br />

TWBs can be applied for <strong>de</strong>manding<br />

<strong>de</strong>ep drawn parts at higher volumes.<br />

Fig. 3 shows the geometry of the TWB<br />

and a final result of a pressed part of<br />

door inner. The aluminium TWBs<br />

have been successfully stamped to<br />

produce inner door panels, using a<br />

two-step operation to obtain 140 mm<br />

<strong>de</strong>ep drawing <strong>de</strong>pth without breaks<br />

in laser weld seam. Geometrical accuracy<br />

of stamped panel was checked<br />

and found to be acceptable for production<br />

use, showing that the process<br />

is technical feasible.<br />

Laser brazing steel-aluminium:<br />

The next logical step after steel TWBs<br />

and aluminium TWBs is a combination<br />

steel-aluminium TWB. This, however,<br />

is more complicated because<br />

of the joining of steel to aluminium.<br />

Conventional fusion welding is gives<br />

poor quality joints due to the formation<br />

of brittle Fe-Al intermetallics.<br />

Besi<strong>de</strong>s the well-known technologies<br />

such as mechanical fastening and adhesive<br />

bonding, a recently <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

technology called laser brazing shows<br />

good potential for joining steel to<br />

aluminium [11].<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium in the<br />

final SLC body concept<br />

The final SLC-body concept (Fig. 4)<br />

chosen shows an optimum between<br />

weight reduction of 95 kg (34%), i. e.<br />

a weight saving of 41% vs. reference<br />

(from 65 to 110 kg) and a additional<br />

part costs of 7.8 €/kg. It has an Mg roof<br />

and a steel floor frame (i. e. lighter on<br />

top than un<strong>de</strong>rneath) and torsion ring<br />

of the si<strong>de</strong> structure in form-har<strong>de</strong>ned<br />

high strength steel combined with an<br />

aluminium sheets frame. For the inner<br />

B-pillar TWB steel sheets are used<br />

with an external aluminium skin. <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

is used as sheet panels and as<br />

extrusion in front rail and for bumper<br />

and crash elements and in the rear<br />

un<strong>de</strong>rbody rail and wheelhouse structure<br />

as HPDC (high pressure die cast).<br />

Compared to the good formable (conventional)<br />

steel gra<strong>de</strong>s aluminium is<br />

less formable, so the manufacturabil-<br />

Fig. 3: Door inner produced from TWB ity of such parts is not obvious. ➝<br />

30 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


© Kastenhuber Wergeagentur/Foto<strong>de</strong>sign · Tel. (0 9142) 204 558<br />

S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Fig. 4: Final SLC-body multi material concept<br />

The procedure is to start with a simulation<br />

and by mutual agreement with<br />

<strong>de</strong>sign and engineering <strong>de</strong>partments,<br />

to adapt the <strong>de</strong>sign of a part so it<br />

can be produced (simulated) while it<br />

fulfils all requirements. This interactive<br />

<strong>de</strong>velopment procedure can take<br />

some time, but in case of the SLC <strong>de</strong>monstrator<br />

it is sufficient to show the<br />

PROFHAL ALUMINIUM PROFIL<br />

BEARBEITUNG GMBH<br />

Ein Unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r<br />

HAARMANN-GRUPPE<br />

Dettenheimer Straße 30<br />

D-91781 Weißenburg<br />

Tel. +49-(0)91 41-8 55 65-0<br />

www.profhal.<strong>de</strong><br />

feasibility, not necessarily to <strong>de</strong>velop<br />

a failure free simulation.<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium sheet<br />

forming simulation<br />

As an example the si<strong>de</strong> panel is shown<br />

based on present steel <strong>de</strong>sign. It is a<br />

very difficult part for aluminium be-<br />

A U t o M o t I v E<br />

cause of steep <strong>de</strong>ep drawing around<br />

sharp corners. Easiest – but unrealistic<br />

– solutions for SLC are to split the<br />

panel into more sections or to drastically<br />

change the <strong>de</strong>sign by creating<br />

corners with larger radii. Here the<br />

simulation strategy is to investigate<br />

different options to control material<br />

flow to lower the strain in critical<br />

areas, using AutoForm incremental<br />

software 4.1. Input material data are<br />

taken from the SLC SP2 database<br />

generated, tool geometry is generated<br />

by the program based in the CAD<br />

files of the parts. Fig. 5 shows the<br />

initial simulation. It is obvious that a<br />

straightforward pressing of the part<br />

will not lead to an OK part. Indicated<br />

at the problem areas are the options<br />

to improve the material flow.<br />

To improve the formability of the<br />

si<strong>de</strong> panel draw beads are inclu<strong>de</strong>d<br />

in the centre sections and the radius<br />

is adjusted to 10 mm in the doors.<br />

Increasing the radius and the draw<br />

beads are clearly an improve- ➝<br />

PROFHAL entwickelt, fertigt und vere<strong>de</strong>lt<br />

hochwertige <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Profil-System-<br />

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AUS ALUMINIUM<br />

31 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 31<br />

www.haarmann-gruppe.<strong>de</strong>


A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Fig. 5: Initial simulation of SLC si<strong>de</strong> panel in aluminium<br />

ment. It is obvious that the new simulation<br />

is safer (more green area). Some<br />

critical areas disappeared and some<br />

have become less critical. This can<br />

also be observed when comparing<br />

the FLD plots. The red area is clearly<br />

shifted from critical <strong>de</strong>ep drawing on<br />

the left si<strong>de</strong> to the middle section. One<br />

option to go forward is to further optimise<br />

the <strong>de</strong>ep drawing process with<br />

simulation in or<strong>de</strong>r to reduce the red<br />

zones. However, this middle zone of<br />

an FLC is typically an area that is also<br />

strongly influenced by friction and<br />

typically friction is one of the parameters<br />

that can easily be controlled in<br />

prototyping.<br />

Therefore, this is the point where<br />

simulation shows that the si<strong>de</strong> panel<br />

is feasible in aluminium. The proposed<br />

layout of the <strong>de</strong>ep drawing process<br />

behind the simulation from Fig.<br />

6 is taken as the starting point for the<br />

prototype toolmakers. The part being<br />

produced now is perfect. Thus simulations<br />

are used as a last but necessary<br />

step to <strong>de</strong>scribe conditions of the <strong>de</strong>ep<br />

drawing process for the manufacturability<br />

of aluminium parts. <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

makes an important contribution to<br />

this multi-material concept due to the<br />

favourable combination of low <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />

and low production costs, with<br />

aluminium solutions easily applicable<br />

for high volume production.<br />

Extrusions<br />

Another wi<strong>de</strong> field of aluminium solutions<br />

and applications is opened by<br />

making use of the well established<br />

technology of aluminium extrusions.<br />

Here quite complex shapes of profiles<br />

can be achieved allowing innovative<br />

light weight <strong>de</strong>sign with integrated<br />

functions. In Europe complete new<br />

and flexible car concepts (e. g. the<br />

aluminium space frame) and complex<br />

sub-structures (e. g. in chassis<br />

parts, bumpers, crash elements, air<br />

bags, etc.) have been <strong>de</strong>veloped using<br />

aluminium extrusions. Their high potential<br />

for complex <strong>de</strong>sign and functional<br />

integration is most suitable<br />

for cost-effective mass production.<br />

Medium strength AA6xxx and high<br />

strength AA7xxx age har<strong>de</strong>ning alloys<br />

are used, since the required quenching<br />

occurs during the extrusion process.<br />

Formability and final strength<br />

is controlled by subsequent heating<br />

for age har<strong>de</strong>ning. Extrusions are applied<br />

for bumper beams and crash elements/boxes,<br />

also in the SLC car.<br />

Castings<br />

The highest volume of aluminium<br />

components in cars are castings,<br />

such as engine blocks, cylin<strong>de</strong>r heads<br />

and <strong>special</strong> chassis parts. The substitution<br />

of cast iron engine blocks continues.<br />

Even diesel engines, which<br />

continue to gain a substantial increase<br />

in market share in Europe now, are<br />

being cast in aluminium where, due<br />

to the high requirements on strength<br />

and durability, cast iron has generally<br />

been used. However, progress<br />

in aluminium alloy <strong>de</strong>velopment (Al-<br />

Si-Cu-Mg-Fe-type) and new casting<br />

techniques came up with improved<br />

material properties and functional<br />

integration that enables aluminium<br />

to meet the requirements. <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

castings are also gaining acceptance<br />

in the construction of space frame,<br />

axle parts and structural components.<br />

Complex parts are produced by <strong>special</strong><br />

casting methods that ensure optimal<br />

mechanical properties and allow<br />

enhanced functional integration<br />

[5]. For high pressure die cast HPDC<br />

new AlSiMgMn alloys have been <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

with enhanced strength and<br />

ductility combination. In the SLC<br />

project structural parts in the wheel<br />

house architecture have been <strong>de</strong>signed<br />

using advanced aluminium die<br />

cast with an integrated striker plate.<br />

Summary and Conclusions<br />

Due to its low weight, good formability<br />

and corrosion resistance, aluminium<br />

is the material of choice for many automotive<br />

applications such as chassis,<br />

autobody and many structural components<br />

[13]. <strong>Alu</strong>minium alloys tailored<br />

by suitable variations in chemical<br />

composition and processing best fit<br />

many requirements, like the non-heat<br />

treatable Al-Mg alloys used in chassis<br />

optimized for superb resistance<br />

against intercrystalline corrosion and<br />

concurrent high strength or the heat<br />

treatable AlMgSi alloys for extrusions<br />

and autobody sheet modified for improved<br />

age har<strong>de</strong>ning response during<br />

the automotive paint bake cycle.<br />

32 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

With a sound knowledge about the<br />

specific material properties and effects<br />

excellent light weight solutions<br />

for automotive applications have<br />

been successfully applied by the<br />

European automobile industries.<br />

Intensive R&D and continuous collaboration<br />

of material suppliers and<br />

application engineers provi<strong>de</strong>d optimum<br />

solutions for sometimes contradicting<br />

aspects of the specific requirements,<br />

e. g. for the specific material<br />

selection and optimum combinations<br />

of strength and formability.<br />

Material specific processing<br />

routes and individual solutions have<br />

been <strong>de</strong>veloped in close cooperation<br />

with OEM partners and suppliers.<br />

Applying the full knowledge about<br />

the physical processes involved and<br />

the microstructure/properties correlation<br />

a tuning of properties is possible<br />

in or<strong>de</strong>r to produce optimum<br />

and stable products required for the<br />

high <strong>de</strong>mands in automobile applications.<br />

The examples given for the successful<br />

prove the major breakthrough<br />

in automotive applications for aluminium<br />

that has been achieved during<br />

recent years by <strong>de</strong>veloping innovative<br />

light weight and cost efficient<br />

solutions. With the reference of the<br />

SLC project results it is expected that<br />

in the near future the use of aluminium<br />

with specifically improved properties<br />

will grow in many automobile<br />

applications meeting the increased<br />

economical and ecological <strong>de</strong>mands.<br />

Due to the positive experience gained<br />

in the project and from former successful<br />

applications its volume fraction<br />

used in cars of all classes and<br />

all sizes will grow significantly.<br />

Fig. 6: Final simulation of SLC si<strong>de</strong> panel in aluminium<br />

The SLC concept shows clearly that<br />

aluminium can be used for the car<br />

body structure and that there can be<br />

a weight advantage of at least 30%<br />

without losing performance. For<br />

most parts the present gra<strong>de</strong>s used<br />

for exterior panels can be applied.<br />

In some cases where very high<br />

strengths are <strong>de</strong>man<strong>de</strong>d, 7xxx series<br />

alloys can be used to maintain this<br />

significant weight advantage. For<br />

large volume aluminium solutions<br />

are most cost effective. Castings will<br />

be applied for areas where strong<br />

part integration is feasible. Extrusions<br />

can be easily applied as straight profiles,<br />

but also forming of an extru<strong>de</strong>d<br />

profile is a competitive process for<br />

high volumes, e. g. as bumper beams<br />

as used in the SLC prototype car.<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium is the i<strong>de</strong>al lightweighting<br />

material as it allows a<br />

weight saving of up to 50% over<br />

competing materials in most applications<br />

without compromising safety.<br />

Acknowledgement<br />

The research activity presented in<br />

this paper has been performed within<br />

the European fun<strong>de</strong>d project SLC<br />

(Sustainable Production Technologies<br />

of Emission Reduced Light weight<br />

Car concepts) Proposal/Contract no.:<br />

516465 [8] in the EU 6 th Framework<br />

Programme which is gratefully acknowledged.<br />

The authors also thank the SLC<br />

consortium and the European <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Association EAA for their<br />

support.<br />

The support of Dr. Wieser, Mr.<br />

Brünger, Dr. Jupp, Dr. Brinkman is<br />

gratefully acknowledged.<br />

References<br />

A U t o M o t I v E<br />

[1] Automobil-Produktion, Juni 2001,<br />

S.136<br />

[2] <strong>Alu</strong>minium materials technology for<br />

automobile construction, ed. by W.J. Bartz,<br />

Mech. Eng. Publ. London (1993) p.1<br />

[3] <strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerkstofftechnik für <strong>de</strong>n<br />

Automobilbau, Kontakt & Studium Werkstoffe,<br />

Band 375, TAE, Expert Verlag, Ehningen<br />

(1992)<br />

[4] J. Hirsch, ICAA5 (4) Materials Science<br />

Forum Volume, 242 Transtec Publications,<br />

Switzerland, (1997) p.33-50<br />

[5] J. Hirsch, Automotive Trends in <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

– The European Perspective,<br />

ICAA9, edt. J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton, B.C.<br />

Muddle, Mater. Forum 28, Inst. of Mat.<br />

Eng. Australasia Ltd., ISBN 1876855 223,<br />

Vol.1, p. 15-23<br />

[6] A.K. Gupta, G.B. Burger, P.W. Jeffrey,<br />

D.J. Lloyd; ICAA4, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Al<br />

alloys, Atlanta/GA USA (1994) ed. by T.H.<br />

San<strong>de</strong>rs, E.A. Starke, Vol.3, p.177<br />

[7] E. Brünger, O. Engler, J. Hirsch, Al-Mg-<br />

Si Sheet for Autobody Application, in ‘Virtual<br />

Fabrication of <strong>Alu</strong>minium Products’<br />

chapter I-6, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim<br />

2006, (ISBN: 3-527-31363-X), pp. 51-61<br />

[8] H.P. Falkenstein, W. Gruhl, G. Scharf,<br />

Metallwissenschaft und Technik 37/12<br />

(1983), p.1197, H.P. Falkenstein, VDI-<br />

Berichte 65 (1984), VDI-Verlag Düsseldorf<br />

[9] KGP study, <strong>Alu</strong>minium average content<br />

for new European Cars in 2005<br />

[10] E. Gold, W. Horn, J. Maier, Metall 42/3<br />

(1988) p 248<br />

[11] C. Lahaye, J. Hirsch, D. Bassan, B.<br />

Criqui, P. Urban, M. Goe<strong>de</strong>, in: <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Alloys, Their Physical and Mechanical<br />

Properties, edited by J. Hirsch et. al. proceedings<br />

ICAA-11 (2008) Aachen, ISBN-<br />

10: 3-527-32367-8, p. 236-237<br />

[12] J. Hirsch, E. Brünger, St. Keller, K.<br />

Kipry, in: <strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloys, Their Physical<br />

and Mechanical Properties, edited by J.<br />

Hirsch et. al. proceedings ICAA-11 (2008)<br />

Aachen, ISBN-10: 3-527-32367-8, p. 2388-<br />

2393<br />

[13] <strong>Alu</strong>minium Automotive Manual, Internet<br />

address: www.eaa.net/aam<br />

Author<br />

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Hirsch is Senior<br />

Scientist at the R&D Centre of Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Deutschland, located in Bonn.<br />

Mr Hirsch is an internationally renowned<br />

scientist in research and <strong>de</strong>velopment of<br />

aluminium alloys and their application.<br />

He is author of numerous publications of<br />

metallurgic-related topics, e<strong>special</strong>ly aluminium,<br />

and received several awards for<br />

his scientific work.<br />

33 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 33


Abbildungen: Otto Fuchs A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Hochfeste <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Fahrwerksteile<br />

mit optimaler topologie<br />

G. Proske, J. Krämer, Meinerzhagen<br />

Die hohen Energiekosten und die<br />

For<strong>de</strong>rung nach CO2-Reduktion lassen <strong>de</strong>n Leichtbau und die<br />

Leichtmetalle noch stärker in <strong>de</strong>n<br />

Fokus <strong>de</strong>r Konstrukteure rücken.<br />

Um die Bauteilabmessungen bzw.<br />

-querschnitte zu reduzieren und<br />

somit Gewicht zu sparen, ist <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Einsatz von immer höherfesten<br />

Legierungen erfor<strong>de</strong>rlich. Darüber<br />

hinaus bedarf es entsprechen<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Konstruktionstools, um die Bauteile<br />

optimal bezüglich Spannung<br />

und Topologie auszulegen.<br />

Geschmie<strong>de</strong>te <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbauteile<br />

haben sich in zahlreichen Anwendungen<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r Automobilindustrie<br />

fest etabliert. Durch <strong>de</strong>n Einsatz von<br />

stranggepresstem Vormaterial und<br />

<strong>de</strong>n nachfolgen<strong>de</strong>n Schmie<strong>de</strong>prozess<br />

wird ein poren- und lunkerfreies Gefüge<br />

eingestellt. Dieses Gefüge in Verbindung<br />

mit <strong>de</strong>r abschließen<strong>de</strong>n Wärmebehandlung<br />

führt zu Bauteilen mit<br />

ausgezeichneten statischen und dynamischen<br />

Festigkeitseigenschaften in<br />

Kombination mit guter Duktilität und<br />

Zähigkeit.<br />

Die Otto Fuchs KG mit Sitz in Meinerzhagen<br />

fertigt seit etwa 40 Jahren<br />

geschmie<strong>de</strong>te Komponenten aus<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen <strong>de</strong>r 6000er<br />

Serie für die Automobilindustrie<br />

und ist Marktführer im Bereich geschmie<strong>de</strong>ter<br />

stabförmiger Fahrwerksteile<br />

wie Querlenker, Zug- und Druckstreben<br />

(Abb. 1).<br />

In Europa wird hauptsächlich die<br />

Legierung EN AW-6082 = EN AW-<br />

AlSi1MgMn = Otto Fuchs(OF-)Legierung<br />

AS10 gemäß DIN EN 573-3 [1]<br />

Abb. 1: Geschmie<strong>de</strong>te <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Fahrwerksteile<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Otto Fuchs KG<br />

Tab. 1: Festigkeitsklassen <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen EN AW-6082 T6 und EN AW-6110A T6<br />

und DIN EN 586-2 [2] verwen<strong>de</strong>t. Bedingt<br />

durch steigen<strong>de</strong> Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />

an die geschmie<strong>de</strong>ten Fahrwerkskomponenten<br />

konnten die garantierten<br />

Min<strong>de</strong>stwerte dieser Legierung im<br />

voll wärmebehan<strong>de</strong>lten Zustand (T6 =<br />

lösungsgeglüht, abgeschreckt und maximal<br />

ausgehärtet) im Laufe <strong>de</strong>r Jahre<br />

durch Optimierung <strong>de</strong>r gesamten<br />

Prozesskette (Gießen, Strangpressen,<br />

Schmie<strong>de</strong>n und Wärmebehandlung)<br />

ausgehend von <strong>de</strong>r Festigkeitsklasse<br />

F31 über F34 auf mittlerweile F38<br />

(Tab. 1) gesteigert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Anfang <strong>de</strong>r neunziger Jahre wur<strong>de</strong><br />

von Otto Fuchs <strong>de</strong>r Werkstoff EN AW-<br />

6110A = EN AW-AlMgSiCu = AS28<br />

entwickelt [3]. Auch für diesen Werkstoff<br />

konnten im Laufe <strong>de</strong>r Jahre die<br />

garantierten Min<strong>de</strong>stwerte aufgrund<br />

von Prozessoptimierungen ausgehend<br />

von F38 auf F42 erhöht wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Neben diesen bei<strong>de</strong>n seit Jahren<br />

von Otto Fuchs erfolgreich eingesetzten<br />

Legierungen wird seit kurzem <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Werkstoff AS29 angeboten. Hierbei<br />

han<strong>de</strong>lt es sich um eine Eigenentwick-<br />

Abb. 2: Roh- und Fertigteil einer Zugstrebe<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>r OF-Legierung AS29<br />

lung auf Basis <strong>de</strong>r Legierung AS28 =<br />

EN AW-6110A. Nachfolgend wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />

die Eigenschaften dieser Legierung im<br />

Vergleich zu <strong>de</strong>n Werkstoffen AS10<br />

und AS28 vorgestellt. Ziel war eine<br />

weitere Steigerung <strong>de</strong>r statischen Festigkeit<br />

auf F45 und <strong>de</strong>r dynamischen<br />

Festigkeit bei ausreichen<strong>de</strong>r Duktilität<br />

und Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Alle<br />

Eigenschaften wur<strong>de</strong>n an Proben<br />

aus Zugstreben (Abb. 2) o<strong>de</strong>r an <strong>de</strong>n<br />

Zugstreben selber ermittelt, die unter<br />

Serienbedingungen geschmie<strong>de</strong>t und<br />

wärmebehan<strong>de</strong>lt wur<strong>de</strong>n. Die Untersuchungen<br />

erfolgten im Zustand T6.<br />

Die an <strong>de</strong>n Zugstreben aus dieser<br />

Legierung ermittelten Streckgren-<br />

Abb. 3: Typische Festigkeitswerte <strong>de</strong>r Zugstreben aus <strong>de</strong>n OF-Legierungen AS10,<br />

AS28 und AS29 im voll ausgehärteten Zustand<br />

34 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


S P E C I A L<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

zen- und Zugfestigkeitswerte liegen<br />

typischerweise bei 440 bzw. 470<br />

MPa (Abb. 3) und damit etwa 25 bzw.<br />

30 MPa bei nahezu unverän<strong>de</strong>rter<br />

Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung oberhalb <strong>de</strong>r Werte<br />

für die Legierung AS28.<br />

Im Fahrwerksbereich wer<strong>de</strong>n die<br />

Mehrzahl <strong>de</strong>r Bauteile, wie Zug- und<br />

Druckstreben, auf Missbrauch ausgelegt,<br />

das heißt, dass diese nicht vor<br />

Erreichen einer Min<strong>de</strong>stkraft, aber<br />

spätestens bei Erreichen einer Maximalkraft<br />

versagen dürfen bzw. müssen.<br />

Auslegungskriterium ist in diesem<br />

Fall die Steifigkeit <strong>de</strong>r Bauteile,<br />

die sehr stark geometrieabhängig ist,<br />

während die Festigkeitseigenschaften<br />

nur einen geringen Einfluss haben.<br />

Die für die Untersuchung ausgewählte<br />

Zugstrebe hat bei Verwendung <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Legierung AS28 im Vergleich zu <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Legierungen AS10 eine um etwa 15<br />

Prozent höhere Knickkraft. Durch<br />

Einsatz von AS29 kann die Knickkraft<br />

bei dieser Strebe gegenüber AS28 um<br />

weitere circa fünf Prozent gesteigert<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Interessant sind die Werkstoffe<br />

AS29 und AS28 beson<strong>de</strong>rs für Bau-<br />

Spouts and<br />

Stoppers<br />

Abb. 4: Ermüdungsversuche an Zugstreben aus <strong>de</strong>n OF-Legierungen AS10, AS28 und AS29<br />

teile, die nicht auf Steifigkeit, son<strong>de</strong>rn<br />

auf eine dynamische Belastung hin<br />

ausgelegt wer<strong>de</strong>n müssen. Im Falle<br />

<strong>de</strong>r untersuchten Zugstrebe (Abb. 2)<br />

lagen die auf einem Bauteilprüfstand<br />

bei dynamischer Belastung ermittelten<br />

Lebensdauern für die Bauteile<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>r Legierung AS28 etwa um <strong>de</strong>n<br />

Faktor 2 bis 3 (Abb. 4) höher als die<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>r Legierung AS10. Durch die<br />

Verwendung <strong>de</strong>r noch höherfesten<br />

Legierung AS29 konnte die Lebensdauer<br />

gegenüber AS28 noch einmal<br />

A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

for <strong>Alu</strong>minium DC<br />

casting<br />

Drache<br />

u m w e l t t e c h n i k<br />

etwa um <strong>de</strong>n Faktor 2 bis 3 gesteigert<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n. Die Lebensdauersteigerung<br />

gegenüber AS10 und AS28 ist von<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Bauteilgeometrie (z. B. Kerbwirkung)<br />

abhängig und kann je nach <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Ausführung von Kerben und Radien<br />

unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sein<br />

Neben <strong>de</strong>r Beständigkeit gegenüber<br />

allgemeiner Korrosion (Salzsprühnebelprüfung<br />

nach DIN EN ISO<br />

9227) wur<strong>de</strong> auch die interkristalline<br />

Korrosionsbeständigkeit (gemäß IGC<br />

04.24.123) im Vergleich zu <strong>de</strong>n ➝<br />

Ceramic Foam<br />

Filters<br />

for <strong>Alu</strong>minium DC<br />

casting<br />

Drache Umwelttechnik GmbH · mail@drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong> · www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

35 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009 35


A L U M I N I U M I M A U t o M o b I L<br />

Legierungen AS10 und AS28 überprüft.<br />

Die Angriffstiefen bei <strong>de</strong>r allgemeinen<br />

Korrosion (Abb. 5) als auch<br />

bei <strong>de</strong>r interkristallinen Korrosion<br />

sind im Vergleich zu <strong>de</strong>r Legierung<br />

AS10 etwas höher, aber nahezu i<strong>de</strong>ntisch<br />

mit <strong>de</strong>n Ergebnissen <strong>de</strong>r Legierung<br />

AS28, die bereits seit Jahren<br />

ungeschützt, wie die Legierung AS10,<br />

im Fahrwerksbereich erfolgreich eingesetzt<br />

wird.<br />

Mit <strong>de</strong>r OF-Legierung AS29 gibt<br />

es eine Legierung <strong>de</strong>r 6000er Serie<br />

mit höchsten statischen und dynamischen<br />

Festigkeitseigenschaften, vergleichbar<br />

mit <strong>de</strong>nen <strong>de</strong>r hochfesten<br />

7000er Legierung 7075 bei einer<br />

<strong>de</strong>utlich höheren Bruch<strong>de</strong>hnung und<br />

<strong>de</strong>utlich besserem Korrosionsverhalten.<br />

Aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r hohen Festigkeitswerte<br />

und <strong>de</strong>r guten Schweißbarkeit<br />

wird diese Legierung bereits für lasergeschweißte<br />

Luftfahrtprofile verwen<strong>de</strong>t,<br />

die unter an<strong>de</strong>rem im Airbus<br />

A318 und A380 eingesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Neben <strong>de</strong>r richtigen Legierungsauswahl<br />

ist die Topologieoptimierung<br />

bei Otto Fuchs ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel,<br />

um gewichtsoptimierte Bauteile<br />

auszulegen. Dabei wer<strong>de</strong>n auf Basis<br />

von linear-elastischen FEM-Berechnungen<br />

wenig belastete Teile einer<br />

Ausgangsgeometrie (Abb. 6a) entfernt.<br />

Zurück bleibt eine Struktur, die<br />

nur noch aus „tragen<strong>de</strong>n“ Elementen<br />

besteht. In <strong>de</strong>r Vergangenheit waren<br />

diese Strukturen größtenteils für eine<br />

Fertigung nicht geeignet, da oft Hohlräume<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r sehr filigrane Verstrebungen<br />

im Bauteil entstan<strong>de</strong>n (Abb.<br />

6b). Inzwischen können aber Fertigungsrestriktionen<br />

für Schmie<strong>de</strong>teile<br />

berücksichtigt wer<strong>de</strong>n, zum Beispiel<br />

die Vermeidung von Hinterschnitten.<br />

Die Ergebnisse sind aber immer noch<br />

keine fertigen Schmie<strong>de</strong>teile. Oft sind<br />

in <strong>de</strong>m topologieoptimierten Bauteil<br />

Bereiche vorhan<strong>de</strong>n, die durch die<br />

i<strong>de</strong>alisierte Lagerung im Mo<strong>de</strong>ll zu<br />

Abb. 6: Entwicklung <strong>de</strong>r Geometrie durch Topologieoptimierung<br />

Abb. 5: Korrosionsversuche an Zugstreben aus <strong>de</strong>n OF-Legierungen AS10, AS28 und<br />

AS29: Salzsprühnebelprüfung nach DIN EN ISO 9227 [4], Dauer 240 Std.; Interkristalline<br />

Korrosion nach IGC 04.24.103 [5]<br />

wenig belastet wer<strong>de</strong>n und dadurch<br />

sehr dünn ausfallen. Hier muss <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Konstrukteur manuell eingreifen, um<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>m errechten „Designvorschlag“<br />

ein schmie<strong>de</strong>fähiges Bauteil (Abb.<br />

6c) zu gestalten. Danach kann ein<br />

„Feintuning“ <strong>de</strong>s Bauteils durch eine<br />

Shape-Optimierung erfolgen. Dazu<br />

wird das auf Basis <strong>de</strong>r Topologieoptimierung<br />

neu konstruierte Teil erneut<br />

vernetzt und wie<strong>de</strong>r mit <strong>de</strong>n überlagerten<br />

Betriebslasten beaufschlagt.<br />

Stark belastete Elemente <strong>de</strong>s Netzes<br />

wachsen (unter Einhaltung <strong>de</strong>s Bauraumes)<br />

nach außen, während wenig<br />

belastete Elemente schrumpfen. Es<br />

ergibt sich eine gleichmäßigere Spannungsverteilung.<br />

Natürlich wird <strong>de</strong>r Schmie<strong>de</strong>prozess<br />

eines auf diese Art optimierten<br />

Teils nicht einfacher; aufgrund von<br />

Durchbrüchen und Rippen ist eine<br />

sehr genaue Vorformauslegung nötig,<br />

um Schmie<strong>de</strong>fehler zu vermei<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Oft sind Verfahren zur Materialvordosierung,<br />

wie Reck- o<strong>de</strong>r Querwalzen<br />

notwendig, um fehlerfrei und<br />

wirtschaftlich zu fertigen. Auch diese<br />

Verfahren können und wer<strong>de</strong>n inzwischen<br />

im Unternehmen durch eine<br />

Umformsimulation abgebil<strong>de</strong>t.<br />

Mit <strong>de</strong>n Werkstoffen AS10, AS28<br />

und AS29 hat die Otto Fuchs KG<br />

drei Legierungen, die ein breites Eigenschaftsspektrum<br />

bzw. Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungsprofil<br />

ab<strong>de</strong>cken. Zusammen mit<br />

Simulationsverfahren zur Topologieoptimierung<br />

wie auch zum Umformprozess<br />

können so gewichts- und<br />

eigenschaftsoptimierte Bauteile entwickelt<br />

und sicher in Großserie hergestellt<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Literatur<br />

[1] DIN EN 573-3, <strong>Alu</strong>minium und <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

– Chemische Zusammensetzung<br />

und Form von Halbzeug<br />

– Teil 3: Chemische Zusammensetzung<br />

und Erzeugnisformen<br />

[2] DIN EN 586-2; <strong>Alu</strong>minium und <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

– Schmie<strong>de</strong>stücke – Teil<br />

2: Mechanische Eigenschaften und zusätzliche<br />

Eigenschaftsanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />

[3] AS28: Ein neuer hochfester Konstruktionswerkstoff<br />

auf <strong>de</strong>r Legierungsbasis<br />

Al-Mg-Si, Son<strong>de</strong>rdruck aus: Leichtmetalle<br />

im Automobilbau 95/96, Son<strong>de</strong>rdruck von<br />

ATZ und MTZ, Franckh-Kosmos-Verlags-<br />

GmbH & Co., Stuttgart<br />

[4] DIN EN ISO 9227; Korrosionsprüfungen<br />

in künstlichen Atmosphären – Salzsprühnebelprüfungen<br />

(ISO 9227: 2006)<br />

[5] Alliages d’<strong>Alu</strong>minium, Essai <strong>de</strong> Susceptibilité<br />

à la Corrosion intergranulaire<br />

Autoren<br />

Dr. Gerhard Proske, Otto Fuchs KG,<br />

Meinerzhagen, Werkstofftechnologie und<br />

Pressteile Automotive.<br />

Jürgen Krämer, Otto Fuchs KG, Meinerzhagen,<br />

Produkt- und Verfahrensentwicklung<br />

FEM-Simulation<br />

36 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


Abbildungen: Elpo<br />

Kun<strong>de</strong>nspezifische, energieoptimierte<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen für <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

V. Burkhardt, Backnang<br />

Wärmebehandlung, allgemeine Definition:<br />

Wärmebehandlung versteht<br />

sich als eine Folge von Wärmebehandlungsschritten,<br />

in <strong>de</strong>ren Verlauf<br />

ein Werkstück ganz o<strong>de</strong>r teilweise<br />

einer Zeit-Temperatur-Folge unterworfen<br />

wird, um eine Än<strong>de</strong>rung<br />

seines Gefüges und/o<strong>de</strong>r seiner<br />

Eigenschaften herbeizuführen. Eine<br />

Warmformgebung o<strong>de</strong>r mit Erwärmung<br />

verbun<strong>de</strong>ne Verfahren <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Oberflächenschutzes fallen nicht<br />

unter „Wärmebehandlung“. Unter<br />

Ausscheidungshärten, die unter an<strong>de</strong>rem<br />

bei <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

angewen<strong>de</strong>t wer<strong>de</strong>n, versteht man in<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Wärmebehandlung alle Maßnahmen,<br />

die das temperaturabhängige<br />

Lösungsvermögen <strong>de</strong>r Mischkristalle<br />

nutzen, um eine Festigkeitssteigerung<br />

herbeizuführen.<br />

Gefügekun<strong>de</strong>: Die Eigenschaften<br />

eines Werkstoffs wer<strong>de</strong>n durch sein<br />

Gefüge bestimmt, auch wenn in <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Wärmebehandlung eher Härtewerte<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r Härteverlaufskurven und seltener<br />

bestimmte Gefüge vorgeschrieben<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n. Die Gefügestruktur wird<br />

durch Wärmeeinwirkung und Verformungen<br />

beeinflusst und je nach<br />

Werkstoff und Temperatur verän<strong>de</strong>rt.<br />

Dadurch kann es zu Spannungen innerhalb<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Werkstücks kommen,<br />

die teilweise erwünscht, manchmal<br />

jedoch für die weitere Verwendung<br />

ungeeignet sind.<br />

Abb. 1: Zeit-Temperatur-Verlauf einer Wärmebehandlung in<br />

allgemeiner Darstellung<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Die Wärmebehandlung muss <strong>de</strong>mentsprechend<br />

gezielt eingesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n,<br />

um die je nach gestellter Anfor<strong>de</strong>rung<br />

geeigneten Gefüge einzustellen. Die<br />

Gefügekun<strong>de</strong> ist daher eine Grundlage<br />

zum Verständnis <strong>de</strong>r inneren<br />

Vorgänge bei <strong>de</strong>r Wärmebehandlung<br />

und ihrer Ergebnisse. Eine <strong>de</strong>taillierte<br />

Beschreibung dieser Vorgänge wür<strong>de</strong><br />

jedoch <strong>de</strong>n Rahmen dieses Beitrages<br />

sprengen, es sei daher auf die entsprechen<strong>de</strong><br />

Fachliteratur verwiesen.<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumwerkstoffe in <strong>de</strong>r Automobilindustrie:<br />

Die Automobilindustrie<br />

setzt seit <strong>de</strong>n achtziger Jahren auf<br />

<strong>de</strong>n leichten Werkstoff <strong>Alu</strong>minium.<br />

Der wesentliche Vorteil von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

gegenüber Stahl ist das günstige<br />

Verhältnisse von Festigkeit zu Dichte.<br />

Die Festigkeit entspricht <strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>s<br />

allgemeinen Baustahls, bei dreimal<br />

niedrigerer Dichte gegenüber Stahl<br />

und Kupfer. In diesem Zusammenhang<br />

wird auch <strong>de</strong>r Begriff <strong>de</strong>r Spezifischen<br />

Festigkeit eingeführt: Spezifische<br />

Dichte = Festigkeit/Dichte.<br />

Weiterhin zeichnet sich <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

durch hohe thermische und elektrische<br />

Leitfähigkeit aus, die nur von<br />

Silber, Kupfer und Gold übertroffen<br />

wird, sowie durch gute Witterungs-<br />

und sehr gute Korrosionsbeständigkeit<br />

aufgrund einer stabilen Oxidbildung.<br />

Gute technologische Eigenschaften<br />

wie Verformbarkeit, Schweißbarkeit<br />

und Legierbarkeit sind weitere Vorteile<br />

von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

und <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen.<br />

Neben <strong>de</strong>r metallurgischenWeiterentwicklung<br />

hat<br />

im Laufe <strong>de</strong>r Zeit<br />

auch eine intensive<br />

Entwicklung hinsichtlich<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Verarbeitbarkeitstattgefun<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Die heutigenEntwicklungsschwerpunkte<br />

bei<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Verarbeitung<br />

von <strong>Alu</strong>minium lie-<br />

t e c h n o l o g i e<br />

gen im Bereich <strong>de</strong>r Gießtechnologie<br />

und <strong>de</strong>r Wärmebehandlung. Wärmebehan<strong>de</strong>lt<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n heute hauptsächlich<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe und Kurbelgehäuse,<br />

aber auch Formteile für Achsträger,<br />

Rahmen, Konsolen und Seitenteile.<br />

Die Abläufe bei <strong>de</strong>r Wärmebehandlung<br />

von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

erfolgt in drei Schritten:<br />

• Lösungsglühen mit <strong>de</strong>m Ziel, ein<br />

homogenes Mischkristall zu erhalten.<br />

Als Maßnahme dient das vollständige<br />

Lösen <strong>de</strong>s Legierungsbestandteils in<br />

<strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniummatrix durch Wärmebehandlung.<br />

• Abschrecken mit <strong>de</strong>m Ziel, ein<br />

übersättigtes Mischkristall zu erhalten.<br />

Als Maßnahme dient das Einfrieren<br />

<strong>de</strong>s durch die Glühung erzielten<br />

Zustands. Dies wird durch Abschrecken<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Glühtemperatur auf Raumtemperatur<br />

erreicht.<br />

• Aushärten mit <strong>de</strong>m Ziel, die härten<strong>de</strong><br />

Phase aus <strong>de</strong>m übersättigten<br />

Mischkristall auszuschei<strong>de</strong>n. Als<br />

Maßnahme dient die Kaltaushärtung<br />

(bei Raumtemperatur) und die<br />

Warmaushärtung (bei circa 120 bis<br />

200 °C). Es erfolgt, je nach Dauer,<br />

eine Konzentrationsverschiebung in<br />

Richtung Gleichgewicht.<br />

Nachfolgend wer<strong>de</strong>n die Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />

und realisierten Anlagenausführungen<br />

zum Warmaushärten/Auslagern<br />

von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen an<br />

Hand eines typischen Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungsprofils<br />

dargestellt.<br />

Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungsprofil zur Warmauslagerung<br />

von Bauteilen aus <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

(z. B. Kurbelgehäuse,<br />

Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe):<br />

Aufheizen: von ca. 20 °C auf max.<br />

250 °C +/- 5 °C in 60 min<br />

Halten: bei 250 °C +/- 5 °C, Dauer:<br />

150 min +/- 10 min<br />

Abkühlen: auf 25 °C +/- 5 °C in<br />

120 min.<br />

Wichtige Anfor<strong>de</strong>rung: Die Haltetemperatur<br />

von 250 °C +/- 5 °C darf<br />

das Zeitfenster von 150 min +/- 10<br />

min in keinem Falle unter- o<strong>de</strong>r überschreiten.<br />

37


t e c h n o l o g i e<br />

Abb. 2 und 3: Wärmebehandlung im<br />

Kammerofen<br />

Nach <strong>de</strong>m Lösungsglühen und Abschrecken<br />

soll wie vorstehend beschrieben<br />

bei <strong>de</strong>r Warmauslagerung<br />

das Ausschei<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>r härten<strong>de</strong>n Phase<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>m übersättigten Mischkristall<br />

in einer vorgegebenen Zeit-Temperatur-Kurve<br />

erfolgen. Um über das<br />

Werkstück verteilt nur sehr geringe<br />

Unterschie<strong>de</strong> hinsichtlich <strong>de</strong>r Festigkeitswerte<br />

zu erzielen, ist daher eine<br />

sehr geringe Temperaturtoleranz äußerst<br />

wichtig.<br />

Der in Abb. 1 dargestellte allgemeine<br />

Verlauf einer Wärmebehandlung<br />

gibt <strong>de</strong>n Zusammenhang zwischen<br />

Zeit und Temperatur für ein Werkstück<br />

an.<br />

Die Haltedauer muss <strong>de</strong>mnach so<br />

groß gewählt wer<strong>de</strong>n, dass auch im<br />

Abb. 4: Zweispurige Wärmebehandlungsanlage bestehend aus Anwärmofen, Halteofen<br />

und Kühler<br />

Werkstückkern die gefor<strong>de</strong>rte Temperatur<br />

erreicht ist und somit <strong>de</strong>r Ausscheidungsprozess<br />

ablaufen kann.<br />

Ein Überhitzen und Unterschreiten<br />

<strong>de</strong>r vorgegebenen Zeit-Temperatur-Kurve<br />

muss vermie<strong>de</strong>n wer<strong>de</strong>n,<br />

um die gefor<strong>de</strong>rten Werkstückeigenschaften<br />

zu garantieren. Für die Wirtschaftlichkeit<br />

eines Bauteils ist die<br />

exakte Wärmebehandlung von ausschlaggeben<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Be<strong>de</strong>utung.<br />

Die Ofenanlage: Die beson<strong>de</strong>re<br />

Herausfor<strong>de</strong>rung gemäß <strong>de</strong>m Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungsprofil<br />

liegt im gleichmäßigen<br />

Aufheizen innerhalb <strong>de</strong>r Zeit-Temperatur-Vorgabe,<br />

ohne die maximal vorgegebene<br />

Temperatur zu überschreiten,<br />

sowie im gleichmäßigen Halten<br />

bzw. Kühlen innerhalb dieser Vorgaben.<br />

Prinzipiell unterschei<strong>de</strong>t man zwischen<br />

diskontinuierlichem Betrieb<br />

(z. B. im Kammerofen, Abb. 2, 3) und<br />

kontinuierlichem Betrieb im Durchlaufofen.<br />

Bei <strong>de</strong>n Durchlaufanlagen<br />

(Abb. 4, 6) wird zwischen ein- und<br />

mehrspurigen Anlagen unterschie<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Die Wärmeübertragung an das<br />

Wärmebehandlungsgut erfolgt für bei<strong>de</strong><br />

Ofentypen über Konvektion. Das<br />

Aufheizen erfolgt im ersten Teil <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Anlage (bei Durchlauföfen). Durch<br />

intensive Luftumwälzung und Luft-<br />

Abb. 5: Typisches Zeit-Temperatur-Diagramm, Fa. Elpo GmbH<br />

führung wird gewährleistet, dass zum<br />

einen die erfor<strong>de</strong>rliche Zeit-Temperatur-Kennlinie<br />

eingehalten wird und<br />

zum an<strong>de</strong>ren keine lokale „Überhitzung“<br />

an <strong>de</strong>n Teilen auftritt.<br />

Im Haltebereich <strong>de</strong>s Ofens wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />

die Teile auf Temperatur gehalten, um<br />

<strong>de</strong>n eigentlichen Warmauslagerungsprozess<br />

durchzuführen. Auch hier ist<br />

eine gezielte Luftführung erfor<strong>de</strong>rlich,<br />

unter Umstän<strong>de</strong>n abweichend<br />

zu <strong>de</strong>r in <strong>de</strong>r Anwärmzone, um die<br />

gefor<strong>de</strong>rten Temperaturtoleranzen<br />

an allen Werkstückbereichen einzuhalten.<br />

Die Abkühlung im nachfolgen<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Kühler kann meist so schnell wie<br />

möglich erfolgen, es sind aber auch<br />

Wärmebehandlungen gefor<strong>de</strong>rt, bei<br />

<strong>de</strong>nen ein vorgegebener Temperaturgradient<br />

nicht über- o<strong>de</strong>r unterschritten<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n darf.<br />

Ofen und Kühler sind durch elektromotorisch<br />

betrieben Hubtore voneinan<strong>de</strong>r<br />

getrennt.<br />

Das Zeit-Temperatur-Diagramm<br />

einer Durchlaufanlage während einer<br />

Ofenfahrt wird in Abb. 5 dargestellt.<br />

Die Messkurve 1 zeigt die Lufttemperatur,<br />

die Messkurven 2, 3 und 4 zeigen<br />

die Temperatur an <strong>de</strong>n verschie<strong>de</strong>nen<br />

Stellen in <strong>de</strong>n Gussteilen <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Glühgestells.<br />

38 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


t e c h n o l o g i e<br />

konstruktion ist darauf zu achten, dass<br />

die Chargierung so gewählt wird, dass<br />

bei einer optimalen Auslastung noch<br />

eine ausreichen<strong>de</strong> Anströmung <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Teile gewährleistet wird. Üblicherweise<br />

ist die Ausführung <strong>de</strong>r Gestelle<br />

<strong>de</strong>rart, dass die Werkstücke in mehreren<br />

senkrechten und waagrechten<br />

Reihen gestapelt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Der Transport <strong>de</strong>r Glühgestelle<br />

durch <strong>de</strong>n Ofen kann unterschiedlich<br />

durchgeführt wer<strong>de</strong>n: entwe<strong>de</strong>r auf<br />

Schienen, wobei die Gestelle durch<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Ofen geschoben wer<strong>de</strong>n, o<strong>de</strong>r auf<br />

Doppelspur-Kettenför<strong>de</strong>rer, wobei<br />

die Gestelle auf <strong>de</strong>m Kettenför<strong>de</strong>rer<br />

abgestellt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Die För<strong>de</strong>rtechnik: Eine erhöhte<br />

Aufmerksamkeit kommt bei diesen<br />

Anlagen einer zuverlässigen und auf<br />

die Anwendung angepassten För<strong>de</strong>r-<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />

für die <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie<br />

Die Firma Schwartz in Simmerath ist<br />

spezialisiert auf <strong>de</strong>n Bau von Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />

für das Anwärmen,<br />

Lösungsglühen mit Abschrecken,<br />

Warmauslagern und Kühlen<br />

von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbolzen und Formteilen<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie. Zu<br />

Schwartz Die Glühgestelle: Bei <strong>de</strong>r Glühgestell-<br />

Montage <strong>de</strong>s Durchlaufofens<br />

Conveyor furnace during assembly<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Ofenanlagen gehören die für <strong>de</strong>n<br />

automatisierten Betrieb notwendigen<br />

Übergabeeinrichtungen zur Schmie<strong>de</strong>presse,<br />

zwischen <strong>de</strong>n Behandlungsanlagen<br />

bis zur Verpackung. Die<br />

technik zu. Diese beginnt an <strong>de</strong>r Aufnahme<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Bauteile, beinhaltet die<br />

För<strong>de</strong>rung durch die Wärmebehandlungsanlage<br />

bis zur Abnahme und<br />

schließt auch die umliegen<strong>de</strong> Logistik<br />

ein. Dabei ist es von großem Vorteil<br />

für <strong>de</strong>n Kun<strong>de</strong>n, wenn För<strong>de</strong>rtechnik<br />

und Ofenanlage für die Thermoprozesstechnik<br />

von ein und <strong>de</strong>mselben<br />

Lieferanten stammen, da diese Kom-<br />

Abb. 6: Durchlaufanlage mit Hubtor<br />

angewandten teilweise patentierten<br />

Ofensysteme gewährleisten eine kurze<br />

und gleichmäßige Erwärmung bei<br />

geringem Energiebedarf.<br />

Die Abbildung zeigt eine Ofenanlage<br />

für das Erwärmen von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbolzen<br />

und -scheiben mit einer<br />

max. Leistung von 4<br />

t/h bei <strong>de</strong>r Montage.<br />

Der Ofen wur<strong>de</strong> 2008<br />

im eigenen Werk Simmerath<br />

aufgebaut. Das<br />

eingesetzte Transportsystem<br />

lässt die Behandlung<br />

einer Vielzahl<br />

von Bolzendurchmessern<br />

und Scheiben<br />

zu. Die Beschickung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Ofens sowie die<br />

Übergabe vom Ofen<br />

zur Schmie<strong>de</strong>presse<br />

erfolgen mittels<br />

Roboter. Damit eine<br />

gleichmäßige, schnelle<br />

Erwärmung bei unterschiedlichen<br />

Guthöhen erreicht wer<strong>de</strong>n kann, wird<br />

die Innenhöhe <strong>de</strong>s Ofens über ein<br />

vorgewähltes Programm elektromotorisch<br />

<strong>de</strong>m Glühgut angepasst. ■<br />

bination beson<strong>de</strong>rs flexible und kun<strong>de</strong>nspezifische<br />

Lösungen ermöglicht.<br />

Die Elpo GmbH aus <strong>de</strong>m süd<strong>de</strong>utschen<br />

Backnang ist unter an<strong>de</strong>rem<br />

spezialisiert auf Wärmebehandlungsöfen<br />

für <strong>Alu</strong>minium, einschließlich<br />

<strong>de</strong>r zugehörigen För<strong>de</strong>rtechnik. Weiterhin<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n von Elpo Schlichtetrockner,<br />

Mikrowellentrockner, Konvektionstrockner<br />

für unterschiedlichste<br />

Anwendungsfälle, Kühler und<br />

Warmhalteöfen sowie För<strong>de</strong>r- und<br />

Handlingtechnik entwickelt, konstruiert<br />

und in eigenen Produktionsstätten<br />

gefertigt.<br />

Autor<br />

Dipl.-Ing.(FH) Volker Burkhardt, Verkauf<br />

/ Kun<strong>de</strong>nbetreuung bei <strong>de</strong>r Elpo GmbH<br />

Luft- und Trocknungstechnik mit Sitz in<br />

Backnang.<br />

heat-treatment<br />

equipment for the<br />

aluminium industry<br />

Schwartz GmbH of Simmerath, Germany,<br />

<strong>special</strong>ises in the manufacture<br />

of heat treatment equipment for preheating,<br />

solution-heat treating and<br />

quenching, artificial aging and cooling<br />

of aluminium billets and shaped parts.<br />

The heat treatment lines also inclu<strong>de</strong><br />

the requisite automated handling systems<br />

for transfers between furnaces,<br />

forging press and packing station. The<br />

systems implemented in the partly<br />

patented furnaces are <strong>de</strong>signed to ensure<br />

short and uniform heating and<br />

low energy consumption.<br />

The figure shows a furnace during<br />

assembly in the company’s works<br />

in 2008. This furnace for heating of<br />

aluminium billets and disks is rated<br />

for a maximum capacity of 4 tonnes<br />

per hour. The conveyor system can<br />

accommodate a multitu<strong>de</strong> of billet<br />

diameters and disk sizes. Loading of<br />

the furnace and transfer from furnace<br />

to forging press are handled by robots.<br />

To achieve uniform and quick heating<br />

of different height feedstocks the<br />

insi<strong>de</strong> height of the furnace automatically<br />

adapts to the feedstock in accordance<br />

with a preselected program. ■<br />

40 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

t e c h n o l o g y<br />

Bereit für die Zukunft: Mo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung von bestehen<strong>de</strong>n<br />

gasbeheizten Bolzenerwärmungsanlagen<br />

o. Flamm und D. Menzler, Simmerath; y. Karamahmut, grand Rapids<br />

Fit for the future: upgrading of<br />

existing gas-fired billet heaters<br />

O. Flamm and D. Menzler, Simmerath; Y. Karamahmut, Grand Rapids<br />

As <strong>de</strong>mands on thermal equipment<br />

are becoming more exacting in many<br />

fields, existing gas-fired billet heaters<br />

are not exempt from the mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation<br />

drive. In this context, Otto Junker<br />

places the focus not merely on asset<br />

maintenance which restores the plant<br />

approximately to its as-<strong>de</strong>livered condition.<br />

The company rather relies on<br />

concepts aimed at boosting the system’s<br />

efficiency and utility value for<br />

the benefit of the user. These essentially<br />

comprise the following:<br />

• increase in throughput rate<br />

• more homogenous heating quality<br />

• more uniform heating power<br />

input into the billets<br />

• reduction in energy consumption<br />

• lower maintenance costs<br />

• improved exhaust gas quality.<br />

The aforementioned targets can be<br />

easily achieved by implementing the<br />

action package outlined in the following.<br />

The scope of this upgra<strong>de</strong> package<br />

can be adapted and implemented<br />

in line with the technical state of the<br />

equipment to be revamped.<br />

For maximum success, new-generation<br />

burner nozzles are installed<br />

in the heating system and a<br />

newly <strong>de</strong>veloped fuel gas/air<br />

mixer as well as a pilot nozzle<br />

with integrated lambda probe<br />

are retrofitted in each zone.<br />

The fuel gas control train of<br />

each zone is fitted with a linear<br />

actuator for fine-adjustment<br />

of the fuel gas input.<br />

The nozzles, mixers and<br />

lambda control system are <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

by a partner company<br />

and adapted for industrial application<br />

in cooperation with<br />

Otto Junker. The patented<br />

technologies have been ma<strong>de</strong><br />

available to Otto Junker on an exclusive<br />

basis.<br />

The new burner nozzles are characterised<br />

by a very broad control ratio<br />

and stable flame formation over the<br />

entire control range. Their ignition behaviour<br />

is very good, even at very low<br />

output levels. The choice of appropriate<br />

metallic and ceramic materials<br />

ensures a clearly increased nozzle life.<br />

The new mixer provi<strong>de</strong>s optimum<br />

mixing of fuel gas and air and has a<br />

markedly reduced interior pressure<br />

loss over the entire control range.<br />

Thanks to the lambda control system,<br />

the impact of air pressure, air humidity<br />

and air temperature variations on<br />

the combustion process and exhaust<br />

gas quality are reliably compensated<br />

for. Fluctuations in fuel gas quality<br />

can be balanced out in the same<br />

manner. In this way the equipment<br />

performance will remain constant at<br />

all times, summer and winter, day and<br />

night. At the same time, exhaust air<br />

quality has been improved and stabilised<br />

– an important achievement in<br />

view of today’s pollution-based taxes<br />

and charges. In addition, the ability to<br />

Regelstrecken von Brenngas und Verbrennungsluft<br />

einer Heizzone nach Einbau <strong>de</strong>r Lambda-Regelung<br />

Fuel gas and combustion air control trains of a<br />

heating zone upon installation of lambda control<br />

Abbildungen: Otto Junker<br />

Aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r in vielen Bereichen steigen<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen an thermische<br />

Anlagen stehen auch für <strong>de</strong>rzeit im<br />

Einsatz befindliche gasbeheizte BolzenerwärmungsanlagenMo<strong>de</strong>rnisierungen<br />

an. Das Hauptaugenmerk legt<br />

Otto Junker hierbei nicht auf reine<br />

Substanz erhalten<strong>de</strong> Maßnahmen,<br />

die die Anlagen wie<strong>de</strong>r annähernd in<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Lieferzustand zurückversetzen;<br />

vielmehr sind die Konzepte auf Steigerungen<br />

von Gebrauchs- und Nutzwert<br />

zugunsten <strong>de</strong>r Betreiber ausgerichtet.<br />

Dies sind im Wesentlichen:<br />

• Steigerung <strong>de</strong>r Durchsatzleistung<br />

• Vergleichmäßigung <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Erwärmungsqualität<br />

• Vergleichmäßigung <strong>de</strong>s Leistungs-<br />

eintrags in die Bolzen<br />

• Senkung <strong>de</strong>s Energieverbrauchs<br />

• Senkung <strong>de</strong>r Wartungskosten<br />

• Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r Abgasqualität.<br />

Diese Ziele können leicht erreicht<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n, wenn das nachfolgend beschriebene<br />

Maßnahmenpaket umgesetzt<br />

wird. Dies lässt sich je nach<br />

technischem Stand <strong>de</strong>r umzubauen<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Anlage anpassen und umsetzen.<br />

Um <strong>de</strong>n größtmöglichen Erfolg zu<br />

erzielen, wird eine neue Generation<br />

von Brennerdüsen in <strong>de</strong>r Beheizung<br />

eingesetzt sowie je Heizzone ein neu<br />

entwickelter Brenngas/Luft-Mischer<br />

und eine Pilotdüse mit integrierter<br />

Lambdason<strong>de</strong> nachgerüstet. In <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Brenngasregelstrecke je<strong>de</strong>r Zone wird<br />

ein Linearstellglied zur Feinregelung<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Brenngasmenge nachgerüstet.<br />

Die Düsen und Mischer sowie die<br />

Lambdaregelung wur<strong>de</strong>n von einem<br />

Partnerunternehmen entwickelt und<br />

in Zusammenarbeit mit Otto Junker<br />

für <strong>de</strong>n Industrieeinsatz adaptiert.<br />

Die patentierten Technologien stehen<br />

Otto Junker exklusiv zur Verfügung.<br />

Die neuen Brennerdüsen zeichnen<br />

sich durch ein sehr großes Regelverhältnis<br />

und eine über <strong>de</strong>n gesamten<br />

Regelbereich sehr stabile Flammenbildung<br />

aus. Das Zündverhalten, auch<br />

bei kleinen bis sehr kleinen Leistungen,<br />

41


t e c h n o l o g i e<br />

Bolzentemperatur und Bolzentemperaturgradient vor und nach <strong>de</strong>r Umrüstung<br />

Billet temperature and billet temperature gradient before and after the upgra<strong>de</strong><br />

ist sehr gut. Die entsprechen<strong>de</strong> Wahl<br />

metallischer und keramischer Werkstoffe<br />

sorgt für eine <strong>de</strong>utlich erhöhte<br />

Standzeit <strong>de</strong>r Düsen.<br />

Der neue Mischer gewährleistet<br />

eine optimale Vermischung von<br />

Brenngas und Luft bei <strong>de</strong>utlich reduziertem<br />

inneren Druckverlust über<br />

<strong>de</strong>n gesamten Regelbereich. Durch<br />

die Lambdaregelung wer<strong>de</strong>n die Einflüsse<br />

auf Verbrennung und Abgasqualität,<br />

wie sie durch Schwankungen<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Luftdrucks, <strong>de</strong>r Luftfeuchte und<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Lufttemperatur auftreten, ausgeglichen.<br />

Ebenso lassen sich Schwankungen<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r Brenngasqualität ausregeln.<br />

Dadurch wird die Anlage, egal<br />

ob Sommer o<strong>de</strong>r Winter, ob Tag o<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Nacht, mit <strong>de</strong>rselben Ofenleistung<br />

betrieben. Zusätzlich wird die Qualität<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Abgases verbessert und stabilisiert,<br />

was im Hinblick auf abgasbezogene<br />

Steuern und Abgaben von<br />

hoher Be<strong>de</strong>utung ist.<br />

Darüber hinaus bietet die je<strong>de</strong>rzeit<br />

mögliche Vorwahl eines bestimmten<br />

Lambdawertes <strong>de</strong>m Betreiber eine erhöhte<br />

Flexibilität <strong>de</strong>r Anlage; es kann<br />

je nach Erfor<strong>de</strong>rnis abgas-, energieverbrauchs-<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r leistungsoptimiert<br />

produziert wer<strong>de</strong>n. Durch einfache<br />

Absenkung <strong>de</strong>s Soll-Lambdawertes<br />

kann für die wenigen Produkte, die<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Bolzenerwärmungsanlage die<br />

maximale Durchsatzleistung abverlangen,<br />

die Heizleistung gesteigert<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n – ausreichen<strong>de</strong>r Brenngasanschluss<br />

vorausgesetzt. In solchen<br />

Son<strong>de</strong>rfällen kann <strong>de</strong>r dann höhere<br />

spezifische Brenngasverbrauch meist<br />

akzeptiert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Eine komplette Umrüstung, bestehend<br />

aus Brennerdüsen, Brenngas/<br />

Luft-Mischer und Lambdaregelung<br />

(siehe Foto) wur<strong>de</strong> sehr erfolgreich<br />

im Presswerk <strong>de</strong>r Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

in Uphusen durchgeführt. Hier wur<strong>de</strong><br />

eine von Elhaus gelieferte Bolzenerwärmungsanlage<br />

modifiziert. Bei<br />

Vergleichsmessungen vor und nach<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Umrüstung wur<strong>de</strong> die Leistungsfähigkeit<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Konzepts unter Beweis<br />

gestellt (siehe Grafik). Die erreichten<br />

Werte sprechen für sich, die Anlagenleistung<br />

konnte um mehr als zehn<br />

Prozent gesteigert und <strong>de</strong>r spezifische<br />

Brenngasverbrauch in gleicher<br />

Größenordnung gesenkt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Die<br />

CO 2 -Emission hängt ab vom Lambdawert.<br />

Demzufolge schwankt die<br />

CO 2 -Emission nach <strong>de</strong>m Umbau nicht<br />

mehr in Abhängigkeit <strong>de</strong>r sich ständig<br />

än<strong>de</strong>rn<strong>de</strong>n Randbedingungen, son<strong>de</strong>rn<br />

wird über <strong>de</strong>n Lambdawert auf<br />

einen konstanten Wert geregelt.<br />

Je nach Aufwand, <strong>de</strong>r sich durch<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Zustand <strong>de</strong>r Anlagen und ihre ursprüngliche<br />

technische Ausstattung<br />

ergibt, beträgt die Amortisationszeit<br />

für solche Umrüstungen zwei bis drei<br />

Jahre mit künftig fallen<strong>de</strong>r Ten<strong>de</strong>nz.<br />

Prä<strong>de</strong>stiniert für die Umrüstungen<br />

sind naturgemäß die Anlagen, die<br />

von <strong>de</strong>r Otto Junker GmbH und <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Elhaus Industrieanlagen GmbH geliefert<br />

wur<strong>de</strong>n. Technisch lassen sich<br />

natürlich nach eingehen<strong>de</strong>r vorheriger<br />

Prüfung auch die Anlagen an<strong>de</strong>rer<br />

Hersteller umrüsten.<br />

Autoren<br />

Oliver Flamm und Dr. Dirk Menzler, Otto<br />

Junker GmbH, Simmerath.<br />

Yildirim Karamahmut, High-Tec Engineering,<br />

Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.<br />

pre-select a specific lambda value at<br />

any time gives the operator increased<br />

flexibility since the plant can be run<br />

in an exhaust gas optimised, energy<br />

consumption optimised or output optimised<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong>pending on current<br />

production needs. For the few products<br />

requiring maximum throughput<br />

from the billet heater, heating power<br />

can be raised at any time by simply<br />

reducing the lambda value setpoint<br />

(assuming a sufficient fuel gas supply).<br />

In such <strong>special</strong> cases, the associated<br />

higher specific fuel gas consumption<br />

will usually be found acceptable.<br />

A complete revamp comprising<br />

burner nozzles, fuel gas/air mixer and<br />

lambda control system (see photo) has<br />

been very successfully implemented<br />

at Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium’s extrusion plant<br />

in Uphusen, Germany. In this case,<br />

the upgra<strong>de</strong> involved a billet heater<br />

originally supplied by Elhaus. The<br />

performance of the new system was<br />

<strong>de</strong>monstrated by comparative measurements<br />

before and after the upgra<strong>de</strong><br />

(see chart). The values achieved speak<br />

for themselves – equipment output<br />

was raised by more than ten percent<br />

while the specific fuel gas consumption<br />

was reduced by about the same<br />

margin. Since CO 2 emissions <strong>de</strong>pend<br />

on the lambda value, the CO 2 output<br />

of the upgra<strong>de</strong>d system will no longer<br />

vary with ever changing boundary<br />

conditions but is kept constant by the<br />

lambda control system.<br />

Depending on project cost, which<br />

is a function of the equipment condition<br />

and original technical equipment<br />

level, the payback period for such an<br />

upgra<strong>de</strong> is in the region of two to<br />

three years and will <strong>de</strong>cline in the future.<br />

Naturally, equipment supplied<br />

by Otto Junker GmbH and Elhaus<br />

Industrieanlagen GmbH are specifically<br />

pre<strong>de</strong>stined for this kind of upgra<strong>de</strong>.<br />

However, from an engineering<br />

viewpoint, it goes without saying that<br />

systems ma<strong>de</strong> by other manufacturers<br />

can likewise be revamped following a<br />

<strong>de</strong>tailed prior analysis.<br />

Authors<br />

Oliver Flamm and Dr. Dirk Menzler, Otto<br />

Junker, Simmerath, Germany.<br />

Yildirim Karamahmut, High-Tec Engineering,<br />

Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.<br />

42 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


When ABB formed the maintenance<br />

alliance at the Hydro Kurri<br />

Kurri aluminium smelting plant<br />

in Newcastle, Australia, the ABB<br />

Full Service team was taking<br />

over the maintenance for four<br />

business units. One of them, the<br />

carbon plant, is responsible for<br />

manufacturing the ano<strong>de</strong>s that<br />

are consumed in the production<br />

of aluminium. At that time, the<br />

power and free conveyors in the<br />

carbon plant were suffering from<br />

years of poor maintenance due<br />

to <strong>de</strong>sign variations, inconsistent<br />

parts supply and poor turnaround<br />

time. The previous off­site contractor,<br />

who had been responsible for<br />

carriage repairs, was unable to<br />

ramp up the refurbishments, nor<br />

achieve the higher quality standards<br />

imposed by the ABB Maintenance<br />

Alliance Reliability Team.<br />

Power and free conveyor improvement<br />

project – The power and free (P&F)<br />

conveyor is responsible for carrying<br />

the ano<strong>de</strong>s through the production<br />

processes to the bake furnace where<br />

the green ano<strong>de</strong>s are converted. When<br />

the ABB maintenance alliance started<br />

in 2006, the system was in <strong>de</strong>sperate<br />

need of repair. The losses in produc-<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

tion due to damaged carriages were<br />

nearing the point where production<br />

would need to stop, since the lost time<br />

per shift was approaching the length<br />

of time that the shift operated. Performance<br />

of the conveyors was as low<br />

as 70 percent of the target minimum,<br />

which was the minimum number of<br />

carriages on the conveyor to prevent<br />

lost time. ABB immediately focused<br />

on bringing the carriages back into<br />

the system as quickly as possible and<br />

increasing the reliability of the entire<br />

system.<br />

Within four months, the ABB onsite<br />

maintenance team led the plant<br />

to:<br />

• Increase productivity by 30 percent<br />

• Achieve performance target of<br />

greenmix and baked chain<br />

• Annual ROI of 84,000 percent<br />

• Recover four hours of lost time<br />

per shift.<br />

t e c h n o l o g y<br />

ABB maintenance turns around plant critical equipment<br />

“The carriage repair project has had<br />

great success in targeting the <strong>de</strong>fects on<br />

this equipment. We have gone from a<br />

position of vulnerability to a position of<br />

structure behind our carriage repairs”,<br />

says Kevin Heame, Production Team Coordinator<br />

for the Kurri Kurri smelter.<br />

Fig. 1: Damage distribution – P&F stockpile<br />

Fig. 2: Number of carriages on carbon plant power and free conveyors<br />

Diagrams: ABB<br />

ABB also <strong>de</strong>veloped an in-house refurbishment<br />

programme, which ensures<br />

that stringent quality assurance<br />

procedures will be adhered to for<br />

years to come.<br />

I<strong>de</strong>ntifying a root cause for system<br />

failure – A significant problem ABB<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ntified was that operators were removing<br />

the carriages from the system<br />

whenever they jammed. Once a carriage<br />

was removed, it joined the pile<br />

of some 200 carriages that were waiting<br />

to be refurbished. This inefficient<br />

method was addressed by making<br />

the carriage removal a maintenance<br />

task. ABB <strong>de</strong>veloped a troubleshooting<br />

gui<strong>de</strong> for the maintenance crew,<br />

who would then perform a series of<br />

inspections leading to several in-service<br />

repairs before the carriage was removed.<br />

This procedure not only ma<strong>de</strong><br />

addressing the issues more efficient,<br />

but it also reduced the annual ➝<br />

43


t e c h n o l o g y<br />

Aerial view of the Kurri Kurri plant in Australia<br />

maintenance costs by USD14,000<br />

eliminating unnecessary freight and<br />

material handling charges.<br />

Improving the refurbishment<br />

programme – Once the system inefficiencies<br />

were eliminated, ABB took<br />

a closer look at the repair process<br />

for the carriages. Here issues were<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ntified with throughput, quality of<br />

repairs and lead times for parts. The<br />

assessment resulted in the set-up of<br />

an internal refurbishment programme<br />

using the on-site work shop, since<br />

they had the necessary tools and jigs<br />

to perform the repairs efficiently.<br />

Streamlining the repair process –<br />

ABB then examined the specific problems<br />

occurring with the equipment, so<br />

data was captured, compared and the<br />

results are shown in Figure 1. An overwhelming<br />

50 percent of the carriages<br />

in the stockpile were due to damage<br />

with the front trolley. This information<br />

then allowed ABB to focus on specific<br />

equipment improvements.<br />

Using this information, a cannibalisation<br />

programme was <strong>de</strong>veloped, and<br />

over 80 carriages were i<strong>de</strong>ntified for<br />

rapid return to the system by substituting<br />

some small and easy to change<br />

parts from other damaged carriages<br />

thus avoiding the longer standard repair<br />

process. Combined with quality<br />

assurance checks, the central work<br />

shop was able to quickly turn around<br />

large numbers of carriages and provi<strong>de</strong><br />

enough work for operations to<br />

continue until the shipment of new<br />

parts arrive, allowing the complete<br />

carriage refurbishments to proceed.<br />

Once the number of working carriages<br />

had begun to stabilise, focus<br />

shifted to prepare a <strong>de</strong>tailed refurbishment<br />

procedure which enabled quality<br />

repairs and the implementation of<br />

a quality assurance programme. The<br />

comprehensive document <strong>de</strong>tailed<br />

the complete overhaul of the carriages<br />

providing tra<strong>de</strong>smen with a valuable<br />

tool to ensure compliance on a daily<br />

basis regardless of who was doing the<br />

repair.<br />

Figure 2 shows the improvement<br />

that was achieved on the two conveyor<br />

lines. Starting with both lines well<br />

below the minimum target, performance<br />

was improved to over the mini-<br />

The Kurri Kurri aluminium smelter has<br />

been operational since 1969 and is<br />

currently owned and operated by Hydro.<br />

The plant is located close to Newcastle in<br />

New South Wales, Australia. Production<br />

capacity of the smelter is currently at<br />

153,000 tonnes annually.<br />

mum target on both lines for the first<br />

time since ABB took over the maintenance.<br />

The greenmix part of the plant<br />

is where all the raw material batching,<br />

mixing and forming occurs, whilst<br />

the baked section is where the formed<br />

raw ingredients, that is the output of<br />

the greenmix plant are consolidated<br />

by baking. ABB’s project lea<strong>de</strong>r Adam<br />

Cooper says: “This has been an excellent<br />

example how ABB’s tools and system<br />

analysis methodologies can help<br />

customers like Hydro Kurri Kurri.<br />

We were able to <strong>de</strong>velop an innovative<br />

solution that resulted in a reliable<br />

system and increased productivity for<br />

the plant.”<br />

Since the power and free conveyor<br />

is a bottle neck piece of equipment<br />

that actually runs through the entire<br />

carbon plant, the refurbishment of the<br />

system has enabled the plant to operate<br />

at much higher efficiency than<br />

before. This not only promotes safety,<br />

but also increases operator morale<br />

since they no longer have such a high<br />

interaction with <strong>de</strong>fective equipment.<br />

This improvement has also enabled<br />

the ABB maintenance alliance personnel<br />

to spend their time on other<br />

equipment, further increasing the reliability<br />

and stability of operation of<br />

the plant.<br />

■<br />

44 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Norsk Hydro


Norsk Hydro<br />

aluminium smelting industry<br />

Chinalco likely to<br />

back rio rights-issue<br />

China’s state-owned Chinalco is likely<br />

to participate in global miner Rio Tinto’s<br />

USD15.2bn rights offer, in a sign<br />

China is keen to retain its interest in<br />

the world’s top iron ore miner. Strong<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand for the Rio offer, the fifthbiggest<br />

on record, is expected to ease<br />

pressure on Rio to sell assets at throwaway<br />

prices and to give it the stability<br />

to pursue growth amid signs that the<br />

global economy is on the mend.<br />

Rio is raising money to cut a<br />

USD38bn <strong>de</strong>bt mountain it accumulated<br />

when it bought Canadian aluminium<br />

group Alcan at the top of the<br />

commodities market in 2007. The key<br />

issue for Rio is to <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong> whether to<br />

sell some downstream Alcan assets<br />

now, or whether to hold them for 3 to<br />

5 years to realise better value.<br />

Chinalco’s aluminium relations<br />

with Rio soured early in June after<br />

the in<strong>de</strong>bted miner called off a bigger<br />

equity partnership that would have<br />

seen the Chinese group invest another<br />

USD19.5bn into dual-listed Rio Tinto.<br />

Instead, Rio ditched the <strong>de</strong>al in favour<br />

of the rights issue and an iron ore joint<br />

venture with rival BHP Billiton, raising<br />

howls of protest from China. Rio’s<br />

21-for-40 rights issue was priced at a<br />

steep discount of AD28.29 per Australian-listed<br />

share and 1,400 pence<br />

per London-listed share.<br />

Chinalco, Rio’s top sharehol<strong>de</strong>r,<br />

owns about 9% of the combined group<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

and a full take-up of the rights would<br />

cost it around USD1.5bn. If Chinalco<br />

takes up its entitlement in full,<br />

it would bring down its average holding<br />

cost in Rio. Chinalco bought its<br />

initial stake at 60 pounds (USD99.69)<br />

a share in February 2008 in a raid on<br />

the London-listed stock.<br />

Hindalco may go slow<br />

on aditya aluminium project<br />

India’s Hindalco Industries Ltd may<br />

go slow on its Aditya <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

project in Orissa state, which envisions<br />

a 1.5m tpy alumina refinery and<br />

a 360,000 tpy aluminium smelter.<br />

It is facing problems getting the required<br />

land and water supplies as<br />

well as environmental clearance. It<br />

is unclear what the <strong>de</strong>lay will be, but<br />

mechanical completion of the plant<br />

had been expected in 2011, and full<br />

production by 2013. Hindalco also<br />

plans to build two aluminium smelters<br />

of 360,000 tpy each in Jharkhand<br />

and Madhya Pra<strong>de</strong>sh states in the<br />

next four years. The Mahan Smelter<br />

in Madhya Pra<strong>de</strong>sh is due for completion<br />

in late 2010, with first metal<br />

expected in 2011. Equipment for the<br />

captive 900 MW power plant has been<br />

or<strong>de</strong>red, together with around 40% of<br />

the smelter equipment.<br />

To feed its three new smelters Hindalco<br />

is also building Utkal <strong>Alu</strong>mina,<br />

a 1.5m tpy alumina refinery, by early<br />

2011, with first alumina in July 2011.<br />

C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

It also plans to build a 90 MW power<br />

plant and a 2m tpy bauxite mine, and<br />

to expand its 138,000 tpy alumina refinery<br />

in Belgaum to 313,000 tpy in<br />

2011. Hindalco is raising USD500m to<br />

finance the expansions.<br />

rio rejects Usd80m<br />

lifeline for anglesey<br />

as it prepares for closure<br />

Rio Tinto Alcan will continue with<br />

plans to close its Anglesey aluminium<br />

smelter in Wales after it rejected a<br />

£48m (USD79m) government bailout<br />

on 1 July. There is no possibility of a<br />

realistic subsidy being available, and<br />

without a permanent power solution,<br />

any subsidy would only provi<strong>de</strong> interim<br />

relief and would not represent<br />

a sustainable solution. Rio has looked<br />

at other options, but has not i<strong>de</strong>ntified<br />

any alternative and affordable source<br />

of power. The 145,000 tpy aluminium<br />

smelter is owned by Rio with a 51%<br />

stake, and by Kaiser <strong>Alu</strong>minum which<br />

has the remaining 49%. The Anglesey<br />

plant employs around 500 people.<br />

German neuss aluminium<br />

plant stays open near term<br />

Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium, the German unit<br />

of Norwegian group Norsk Hydro, is<br />

to keep its large German aluminium<br />

plant at Neuss open for the immediate<br />

future while a new German state aid<br />

plan for metal companies is assessed.<br />

Hydro said in April it would stop production<br />

at the loss-making aluminium<br />

plant at Neuss in June because of high<br />

German electricity costs and weak<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand. But the Neuss plant will<br />

remain in operation at its current reduced<br />

level while the <strong>de</strong>tails of a new<br />

German government plan to help the<br />

non-ferrous metals industry are assessed.<br />

Germany’s ruling government<br />

coalition has <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to give extra aid<br />

of €40m (USD55.91m) in 2009 to help<br />

the NF metals industry overcome the<br />

impact of the economic slowdown<br />

and high German power costs. The<br />

Neuss plant has capacity to produce<br />

230,000 tpy of primary aluminium,<br />

but is currently producing only about<br />

4,000 tpm or about 50,000 tpy. ➝<br />

45


C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

The €40m aid package for 2009 could<br />

be paid out to firms in around two<br />

months. Details of how the aid will be<br />

paid out were being worked out by<br />

Germany’s Economy Ministry, and<br />

the plan would have to be approved<br />

by the EU Commission.<br />

German metals producers faced<br />

electricity costs as much as 30% higher<br />

than neighbouring countries.<br />

Greenland <strong>de</strong>lays<br />

<strong>de</strong>cision on alcoa plant<br />

Greenland has <strong>de</strong>layed a <strong>de</strong>cision on<br />

joining Alcoa Inc. in a planned aluminium<br />

venture, and has scaled back its<br />

possible stake to 10 to 30%. More time<br />

was nee<strong>de</strong>d to estimate construction<br />

costs at the smelter and hydropower<br />

venture in Maniitsoq. Greenland’s<br />

parliament will <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong> on the venture<br />

in spring 2010 instead of this autumn<br />

as earlier planned. Alcoa and Greenland<br />

announced in 2007 they would<br />

explore building a plant and said construction<br />

could begin in 2010, with<br />

production starting in 2014. The proposal<br />

consists of a smelter with a capacity<br />

of at least 350,000 tpy and two<br />

hydropower plants. Annual revenue<br />

is estimated at 3 to 4 billion Danish<br />

crowns (USD566-754.7m). Since Alcoa<br />

is only looking for a 50% share, the<br />

door could be open to other partners.<br />

Vedanta to double output<br />

at orissa aluminium smelter<br />

Vedanta <strong>Alu</strong>minium will double production<br />

at its new smelter at Jharsuguda,<br />

Orissa, to 500,000 tpy in the near<br />

future. The smelter will get alumina<br />

from Vedanta’s Lanjigarh refinery,<br />

which is also ramping up production,<br />

to 1.4m tpy in the next month<br />

from 1m tpy. Vedanta’s aluminium<br />

smelting capacity in India has, however,<br />

fallen as it has <strong>de</strong>commissioned<br />

two 50,000 tpy potlines at its plant in<br />

Korba, Chhattisgarh state. Vedanta is<br />

also likely to <strong>de</strong>commission another<br />

50,000 tpy of old smelting capacity at<br />

Korba within a year, leaving a 245,000<br />

tpy smelter commissioned only a few<br />

years ago. Vedanta plans to replace<br />

the old smelters un<strong>de</strong>r a 600,000 tpy<br />

brownfield expansion plan. It aims to<br />

produce over 1m tpy of aluminium by<br />

2010/11.The 600,000 tpy fresh smelting<br />

capacity at Korba is expected to be<br />

commissioned by 2010/11.<br />

Venezuela will announce<br />

aluminium recovery plan<br />

in the near future<br />

The priority of Venezuela’s government<br />

will be to invest some 410m<br />

Bolivares (USD190m) in local bauxite<br />

and alumina producer CVG Bauxilum.<br />

Bauxilum has been producing only<br />

3,200 to 3,500 tpd of alumina, while<br />

its capacity is 5,800 tpd (2.11m tpy).<br />

Alcasa’s situation is also very difficult,<br />

since almost 400 of its 680 electrolytic<br />

cells are idle at the moment on the lack<br />

of technological update. Alcasa has<br />

been producing only some 350 tpd<br />

(126,000 tpy) of aluminium, well below<br />

its installed capability of around 550<br />

tpd (200,000 tpy). Venalum has been<br />

operating near its installed capacity<br />

of 1,180 tpd (430,000 tpy), although<br />

there were some output losses due to<br />

protests. The whole aluminium sector<br />

would need some USD5.5bn to fully<br />

recover, according to a study recently<br />

completed by the Chinese government<br />

at the request of Venezuela’s authorities.<br />

Production costs in Venezuela<br />

are around USD3,700 per tonne of<br />

aluminium, while prices were still in<br />

the USD1,800/t level. The government<br />

will pay <strong>de</strong>layed benefits and wages to<br />

the sector’s workers, totalling roughly<br />

213m Bolivares in three instalments<br />

– one on 31 July, the second on 15 September<br />

and the last on 31 October.<br />

Century to restart<br />

construction at iceland smelter<br />

Despite lingering concerns about<br />

oversupply in the aluminium market,<br />

Century <strong>Alu</strong>minum Co. is preparing<br />

to restart major construction at and<br />

expand the capacity of its proposed<br />

primary smelter in Iceland. Plans for<br />

the smelter in Helguvik, Iceland, were<br />

effectively put on hold late in 2008<br />

due to tightening credit markets, the<br />

collapse of the Icelandic economy,<br />

and the downturn within the alumin-<br />

ium industry. Century is now ramping<br />

up construction and is planning<br />

to expand the eventual capacity of<br />

the smelter to 360,000 tpy from its<br />

previous target of 250,000 tpy. Century<br />

has reconfigured the phasing of<br />

the project. Originally, the company<br />

hoped to build a 250,000 tpy smelter<br />

in two stages, with the first 150,000<br />

tpy first stage going online in late<br />

2010.<br />

Now Century plans building the<br />

smelter in four phases of 90,000 tpy<br />

each. The company did not disclose<br />

when the first phase might be completed.<br />

Century is still formulating<br />

how much it plans on spending on<br />

construction costs in 2009. When<br />

built, Helguvik will be Century’s<br />

second plant in Iceland. Its low-cost<br />

Grundartangi smelter shipped at a<br />

rate of approx. 276,000 tpy during the<br />

second quarter.<br />

Century recalls 28 workers<br />

to Hawesville smelter<br />

Century <strong>Alu</strong>minum Co. has brought<br />

back 28 workers to its Hawesville/<br />

Kentucky smelter as the company<br />

plans to restart 21 pots that have been<br />

left idled or damaged. Seven workers<br />

will replace retiring employees, while<br />

the remaining 21 will be tasked with<br />

rebooting the pots that were allowed<br />

to go out. While the repairs will not<br />

directly lead to increased production,<br />

they will allow the facility to operate<br />

more efficiently. The Hawesville<br />

smelter has a nameplate capacity of<br />

244,000 tpy over five potlines, each<br />

with 112 pots. But the company is<br />

only running four potlines currently,<br />

equating to an annualized production<br />

rate of 180,000 tpy. The rationale for<br />

bring back the employees is twofold.<br />

First, LME prices are in the midst of a<br />

rally. Three-month aluminium closed<br />

second-ring tra<strong>de</strong> at USD1,837 per<br />

tonne on 28 July, a 17.3% gain from<br />

the USD1,565 level seen on 13 July,<br />

based largely on improved <strong>de</strong>mand<br />

and a tightening marketplace. Additionally,<br />

the company just completed<br />

a new long-term power contract with<br />

Big Rivers Electric Corp., which will<br />

supply the smelter with electricity<br />

through 2023. ■<br />

46 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


UC Rusal<br />

Bauxite and alumina activities<br />

Vedanta’s india bauxite<br />

mining to begin by october<br />

Vedanta Resources Plc. will begin<br />

bauxite mining for its alumina plant<br />

in eastern India by October and will<br />

invest USD1.23bn to expand its capacity<br />

sixfold by 2011. The start of the<br />

mining to feed the alumina refinery<br />

in India’s eastern state of Orissa has<br />

been <strong>de</strong>layed for at least four years by<br />

protests from indigenous people, who<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>r the area that will be mined<br />

as sacred ground. In August 2008,<br />

India’s Supreme Court allowed the<br />

London-listed company to proceed to<br />

mine bauxite from open-cast mines.<br />

Vedanta has so far invested USD823m<br />

in the plant, and will spend another<br />

USD1.23bn to expand the capacity to<br />

6m tpy from 1m tpy by 2011. The company<br />

has <strong>de</strong>posited USD28m with the<br />

government as payments to ensure it<br />

preserves wildlife, does reforestation<br />

projects and launches <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />

work for resi<strong>de</strong>nts. The Orissa Mining<br />

Corp., Vedanta’s joint-venture partner,<br />

will supply 150m tpy of bauxite<br />

to Vedanta’s plant from various locations,<br />

including Niyamgiri, which has<br />

a 79m-tonne <strong>de</strong>posit.<br />

Venezuela’s CVG Bauxilum announces<br />

Usd110m recovery plan<br />

Venezuelan bauxite and alumina producer<br />

CVG Bauxilum has announced<br />

an immediate recovery plan worth<br />

236.5 million bolivares (USD110m)<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

to enable it to produce 3,200 tpd of<br />

alumina throughout the second half.<br />

CVG Bauxilum expects a total output<br />

of 1.4m tonnes for 2009 once the recovery<br />

plan has been completed. The<br />

boost in output for the second half<br />

would allow the company to feed<br />

the domestic market and attend sale<br />

commitments in the international<br />

market. Around 183.85m bolivares<br />

(USD85.5m) will be used to revamp<br />

works and to purchase raw materials<br />

in Venezuela and other countries. The<br />

remaining money will be used to pay<br />

the company’s workforce labour benefits.<br />

CVG Bauxilum did not say when<br />

it intends to finalise the 236.5m bolivares<br />

(USD110m) investment, but it is<br />

likely that the capital will be spent by<br />

December. The company is aiming to<br />

produce 1.65m tonnes of alumina in<br />

2010 and, afterwards, intends to reach<br />

its installed capability of 2m tpy, with<br />

further investment of 610.6m bolivares<br />

(USD284m).<br />

Chinese firm buys 2.5m t<br />

of alumina from Trafigura<br />

China’s CPI Mengdong Energy Group,<br />

the parent of smelter HMHJ <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />

has agreed to import 2.5m tonnes<br />

of alumina from international trading<br />

house Trafigura Group. The alumina<br />

will be shipped in equal amounts<br />

to the Chinese buyer over ten years<br />

from 2010. The alumina will be priced<br />

at less than 14% of the price of the<br />

three-month aluminium contract of<br />

C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

the LME. The contract also set the<br />

maximum and minimum prices for<br />

alumina. That term price was about<br />

10% lower than prices for current<br />

spot alumina to China. Trafigura’s<br />

contract will cover 18% of HMHJ’s<br />

alumina needs in 2010, which are<br />

about 1.4 m tonnes. HMHJ’s facilities<br />

in Inner Mongolia can turn out<br />

700,000 tonnes of primary aluminium<br />

in 2010 and that output will consume<br />

around 1.4m tonnes of alumina. China<br />

produced more than 90% of its alumina<br />

needs in the first half of this year<br />

at 10.62m tonnes.<br />

alumar refinery completes<br />

2m tpy alumina expansion<br />

The <strong>Alu</strong>mar alumina refinery in Brazil<br />

has increased production as a result<br />

of a 2m tpy expansion project. With<br />

the project 98% complete, the refinery<br />

will ramp up to full production<br />

throughout the second half of the<br />

year. Total production capacity will<br />

increase to 3.5m tpy from 1.5m tpy.<br />

Alcoa is the majority stakehol<strong>de</strong>r with<br />

54%, while BHP holds a 36% stake<br />

and Rio Tinto Alcan holds the remaining<br />

10% share.<br />

nalco expects to get andhra<br />

pra<strong>de</strong>sh bauxite mines soon<br />

India’s Nalco expects to receive mining<br />

leases for its proposed 4.2m tpy of<br />

bauxite and 1.4m tpy alumina projects<br />

in September 2009. Now that the Andhra<br />

Pra<strong>de</strong>sh government has recommen<strong>de</strong>d<br />

that the central government<br />

should grant bauxite mining leases to<br />

Nalco in East Godavari and Visakapatnam<br />

districts of the state, Nalco has<br />

crossed the first hurdle to the Rs70bn<br />

(USD1.4bn) bauxite mining and alumina<br />

refinery project. The leases<br />

cover 85m tonnes of bauxite reserves<br />

of the same quality as Nalco’s other<br />

mines, 20 km away in Orissa state.<br />

However, due to a lack of land, ore<br />

from the Andhra Pra<strong>de</strong>sh mines will<br />

have to be transported 20 to 30 km<br />

to the refinery, unlike Nalco’s current<br />

operations, where mine and refinery<br />

are nearby. Nalco is one of the world’s<br />

lowest cost alumina producers ➝<br />

47


Trimet<br />

C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

at around USD120 per tonne. Nalco<br />

will apply for forest and environment<br />

clearance after it receives the mining<br />

leases, and it may take five to seven<br />

years before alumina production<br />

starts at the export-oriented refinery.<br />

pisolite Hills bauxite<br />

resource upgra<strong>de</strong>d by 30%<br />

Cape <strong>Alu</strong>mina has raised the bauxite<br />

resource on its proposed 7m tpy<br />

Pisolite Hills project in Queensland,<br />

Australia, by 30% to 130m tonnes.<br />

This upgra<strong>de</strong>d estimate will form a<br />

‘pivotal component’ of the bankable<br />

feasibility study due to commence in<br />

September 2009. There is potential<br />

for an initial 12 to 15 year operation<br />

at Pisolite Hills at a target production<br />

rate of 7m tpy. The bauxite is suitable<br />

as a blending feed for the new breed of<br />

low-temperature Bayer-process refineries<br />

in China. Cape <strong>Alu</strong>mina expects<br />

to start construction on the Pisolite<br />

Hills project in early 2011.<br />

■<br />

recycling and secondary smelting<br />

aleris recalls<br />

workers on auto restarts<br />

Aleris International Inc. said more<br />

than 100 aluminium workers have<br />

been recalled during July at its specification<br />

alloy and recycling plants in<br />

Coldwater and Saginaw/Michigan,<br />

novelis may stop buying scrap from aB inBev<br />

Novelis Inc. has come close to saying it will<br />

drop its long-time arrangement for buying<br />

much of its can scrap through Anheuser-<br />

Busch Inbev (AB InBev), a major customer<br />

for the resulting aluminium canstock.<br />

Novelis North America announced it will<br />

change its used beverage can (UBC) procurement<br />

strategy at the end of its current<br />

contractual commitments. Come January,<br />

the most likely outcome will be an expan<strong>de</strong>d<br />

purchasing unit at Novelis buying<br />

directly from recyclers and municipalities,<br />

although there has been no rumour about<br />

the company recruiting scrap tra<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />

Long-shot possibilities are outsourcing<br />

to a nationwi<strong>de</strong> scrapyard chain or<br />

to Coca-Cola Recycling LLC, which so far<br />

plays only a minor role as a direct scrap<br />

supplier to Novelis, but which has greatly<br />

expan<strong>de</strong>d its staff and capabilities over<br />

the past 18 months. It is part of Coca-Cola<br />

Enterprises Inc. A stumbling block would<br />

be that Coca-Cola would probably want<br />

a fee-based tolling arrangement, with<br />

a fixed conversion charge, while Novelis<br />

likely would favour a buy-sell structure<br />

for flexibility and confi<strong>de</strong>ntiality.<br />

AB InBev has the twin roles of supplying<br />

Novelis with UBCs and of buying<br />

the canstock ma<strong>de</strong> from it. The two si<strong>de</strong>s<br />

of the arrangement involve different segments<br />

of AB InBev. The sort of relation-<br />

Steele/Alabama, and Morgantown/<br />

Kentucky. At the ingot casting section<br />

of the sheet mill in Lewisport/<br />

Kentucky recalls for 25 people have<br />

occurred, partly due to increased activity<br />

and partly to replace retirees.<br />

Aleris is reorganising un<strong>de</strong>r Chapter<br />

11 court protection.<br />

investment group buying<br />

two Commercial alloys smelters<br />

Commercial Alloys Corp.’s aluminium<br />

smelters in Minerva/Ohio, and<br />

Scottsboro/Alabama, which have<br />

been part of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy<br />

case since November 2008, were sold<br />

to an investment group hea<strong>de</strong>d by<br />

David Kozin of Chicago-based Imperial<br />

Zinc Corp.<br />

Imperial Coldwater Group LLC,<br />

which shares Imperial Zinc’s address,<br />

paid USD1.3m for the two facilities,<br />

plus a value not yet established for the<br />

inventory. The draft of the ‘final asset<br />

purchase agreement’ was filed in U.S.<br />

Bankruptcy Court for the Northern<br />

District of Ohio. Three scrap veterans<br />

at Imperial’s branch in Angola/Indiana<br />

– David Rid<strong>de</strong>ll, Aaron Stankewicz<br />

and Corbin Grimes – will handle<br />

metal purchase and some other<br />

responsibilities. At one time, all three<br />

worked for Imco Recycling, a company<br />

which had been eventually merged<br />

into Aleris International Inc.<br />

The Scottsboro plant is idle, while<br />

ship Anheuser-Busch and Novelis have<br />

had can be very stressful, as the rolling<br />

mill’s customer obtains intimate knowledge<br />

over time of margins between<br />

material cost and product price, partly<br />

from data fed into the <strong>de</strong>tailed pricing<br />

formulas written into the contracts.<br />

If Novelis does begin purchasing<br />

directly from a long roster of suppliers, it<br />

will need to make concessions to recycler<br />

paranoia about credit risk from <strong>de</strong>btla<strong>de</strong>n<br />

scrap consumers. If the industry’s<br />

relationships get shaken up, AB InBev<br />

might be tempted to strengthen ties to<br />

the smallest of the major canstock producers,<br />

Wise Metals Group.<br />

48 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


the Minerva plant was producing<br />

1,800 to 2,270 tpm. Once the Minerva<br />

plant is up and running close to<br />

capacity, the Scottsboro smelter will<br />

be fired up. The Minerva smelter is<br />

expected to produce 3,600 to 4,100<br />

tpm by the end of 2009. Commercial<br />

Alloys, based in Twinsburg/Ohio,<br />

also operated scrapyards there and in<br />

Jacksonville/Florida, which had been<br />

purchased by Reserve Management<br />

Group, Solon/Ohio.<br />

UK diecaster Thomas Brothers<br />

plans to close in october<br />

Leeds-based aluminium diecaster<br />

Thomas Brothers plans to close in<br />

October as a result of falling <strong>de</strong>mand<br />

for its products and a loss of customers.<br />

The gravity diecasting company<br />

<strong>special</strong>ises in the manufacture of<br />

high quality aluminium castings for<br />

general and automotive industries,<br />

and has over 35 years experience in<br />

the industry. The company employs<br />

about 27 people.<br />

india’s Hindalco<br />

to close down wheel plant<br />

Hindalco Industries intends to shut<br />

down an aluminium alloy wheels plant<br />

at Silvassa in western India, and will<br />

take steps to sell the plant’s assets. The<br />

company did not give any reason for<br />

shutting the plant, which has the capacity<br />

to make 300,000 wheels a year,<br />

but said it would not have any impact<br />

on the operations and financials of the<br />

company. The plant’s wheels were approved<br />

for supply to most major automakers<br />

including Maruti Suzuki, Tata<br />

Motors, Ford and Hyundai.<br />

auto supplier<br />

J.l. French files for Chapter 11<br />

J.L. French Automotive Castings Inc.<br />

filed for Chapter 11 protection on 13<br />

July in response to U.S. automotive<br />

production <strong>de</strong>clines and industrywi<strong>de</strong><br />

credit restrictions. The Sheboygan/Wisconsin-based<br />

aluminium automotive<br />

components manufacturer<br />

also plans to reduce its secured <strong>de</strong>bt<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

to USD65m from about USD280m<br />

through <strong>de</strong>bt-for-equity swaps with<br />

first- and second-lien term loan len<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

in an effort to provi<strong>de</strong> a stable financial<br />

foundation for its operations.<br />

The company and its domestic<br />

affiliates will complete a pre-negotiated<br />

restructuring un<strong>de</strong>r its Chapter<br />

11 filing in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court<br />

for the District of Delaware. None of<br />

the company’s foreign operations are<br />

inclu<strong>de</strong>d. J.L. French has a USD15m<br />

<strong>de</strong>btor-in-possession (DIP) facility to<br />

fund working capital needs that might<br />

arise during the reorganisation, and<br />

expects to emerge from Chapter 11<br />

within 90 days.<br />

J.L. French manufactures engineered<br />

aluminium die-cast automotive<br />

parts, including oil pans, engine<br />

front covers, engine blocks and transmission<br />

cases.<br />

southwire to pay Usd335,000<br />

epa fine at Hawesville plant<br />

Southwire Co. has agreed to pay<br />

USD335,000 in civil penalties to the<br />

aluminium semis<br />

norTH ameriCa<br />

work starts on rebuilding<br />

alcoa press in Cleveland<br />

Work has begun on the initial stages<br />

of rebuilding Alcoa’s giant aerospace<br />

forging press in Cleveland, but without<br />

any word on the vast majority of<br />

C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

state of Kentucky for a 2006 violation<br />

of the fe<strong>de</strong>ral Clean Air Act. The fine<br />

related to testing, operational, monitoring<br />

and record-keeping requirements<br />

at the Carrollton/Georgia-based company’s<br />

secondary aluminium production<br />

facility in Hawesville/Kentucky.<br />

The fine represents the largest civil<br />

settlement obtained for violations of<br />

the Secondary <strong>Alu</strong>minium Maximum<br />

Achievable Control Technology<br />

(MACT) regulations at a single facility<br />

in the Southeastern United States.<br />

The Kentucky Energy and Environmental<br />

Cabinet Department of Air<br />

Quality has since confirmed that the<br />

air pollutant levels from the Hawesville<br />

facility now meet industry standards<br />

established by the MACT rule,<br />

which regulates the emission of metallic<br />

hazardous air pollutants, dioxins/furans,<br />

and hydrogen chlori<strong>de</strong> and<br />

fluori<strong>de</strong> and chlorine associated with<br />

secondary aluminium production. Because<br />

the facility has come into compliance<br />

with the MACT standards, the<br />

settlement requires no further action<br />

to address compliance with the Clean<br />

Air Act at the facility.<br />

■<br />

funds nee<strong>de</strong>d to bring back the disabled<br />

equipment. Engineering work<br />

had begun and some parts had been<br />

or<strong>de</strong>red as part of a preliminary US-<br />

D22m allocated by the parent company<br />

for repairing the 50,000 tonne<br />

press, built originally by Mesta Machine<br />

Co. Among the parts nee<strong>de</strong>d<br />

would be castings for the base, ➝<br />

49<br />

Vimetco


C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

which also would require the dismantling<br />

of the press.<br />

The Cleveland facility, and the big<br />

press in particular, plays a critical role<br />

in supplying large aluminium forgings<br />

for the new F-35 Joint Strike Fighter<br />

for Lockheed Martin Co. Alcoa has<br />

been able to produce the forgings<br />

on other equipment at Cleveland,<br />

although it is assumed in the aerospace<br />

industry that the 50,000 t press<br />

would be required for the aircraft’s<br />

full production stage. Alcoa continues<br />

to forge parts for the F-35.<br />

The total cost to bring back the<br />

press – believed to be one of only<br />

three of its approximate size in the<br />

United States – is estimated at more<br />

than USD110m, including USD60m<br />

million to USD70m for rebuilding the<br />

press itself, with the remain<strong>de</strong>r for<br />

such associated projects as new manipulator<br />

arms.<br />

on the move<br />

Alain Belda, Alcoa’s Executive Chairman,<br />

retired as an executive officer on<br />

1 August. But Belda will continue to<br />

serve as Chairman of the Board until<br />

his term as a director expires at the<br />

next annual meeting of sharehol<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

on 23 April 2010. Belda was Alcoa’s<br />

CEO from 2001 until May 2008.<br />

Alcoa expects Klaus Kleinfeld,<br />

Alcoa Presi<strong>de</strong>nt and CEO, to succeed<br />

Belda as chairman of the board. Additionally,<br />

Alcoa appointed Tim D.<br />

Myers Presi<strong>de</strong>nt, Alcoa Wheel and<br />

Transportation Products, with responsibility<br />

for forged wheels and aluminium<br />

structures.<br />

Alcoa appointed Nicholas DeRoma<br />

as Executive Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt, Chief Legal<br />

& Compliance Officer. In addition to<br />

leading Alcoa’s legal and compliance<br />

operations worldwi<strong>de</strong>, Mr DeRoma<br />

will also serve on the Alcoa Executive<br />

Council. He succeeds Michael Schell,<br />

who continues as Executive Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt,<br />

Business Development, and a<br />

member of the Executive Council.<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Bahrain (Alba)’s Board<br />

of Directors announced the appointment<br />

of Mohammed Mahmoud as<br />

Alba’s new Chief Operating Officer, a<br />

newly created position.<br />

In September 2008, Alcoa <strong>de</strong>clared<br />

force majeure on the press after cracks<br />

were discovered in its lower base.<br />

aluminium extru<strong>de</strong>r to be sold<br />

Patrick Industries Inc. has agreed to<br />

sell its aluminium extrusion operation<br />

in Mishawaka/Indiana to Patrick<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minum Inc. for USD7.4m. Although<br />

classified as a discontinued<br />

operation in the fourth quarter of<br />

2008, the plant is capable of producing<br />

and painting semi-fabricated and<br />

fabricated aluminium extrusions for<br />

structural and non-structural uses.<br />

Patrick <strong>Alu</strong>minum is a unit of UMC<br />

Acquisition Corp., Lynwood/California.<br />

The extrusion operation will<br />

continue to operate un<strong>de</strong>r the name<br />

Patrick Metals.<br />

asia<br />

Hindalco plans to relocate<br />

novelis plants to india<br />

Hindalco Industries is making meticulous<br />

plans to relocate plants owned<br />

by its subsidiary Novelis to India from<br />

Europe. The sheet mill at Rogerstone<br />

in the UK employing 440 workers is<br />

already closed, and one more plant in<br />

the UK is also likely to be closed. Novelis<br />

plants in Europe bought their metal<br />

from Hindalco and other sources<br />

for sheet making, and these shipping<br />

costs can be avoi<strong>de</strong>d with the relocation.<br />

Hindalco is reportedly talking<br />

to five leading can makers to supply<br />

aluminium sheet, including Poland’s<br />

Rexam, which is building a plant near<br />

Mumbai in Taloja, and Britain’s Can<br />

Pac, which is setting up a plant to<br />

make one billion cans a year in India.<br />

India’s safeguard duty on rolled products<br />

and foils protects it from cheap<br />

imports for the next five years.<br />

eUrope<br />

armenal reports<br />

increase in production<br />

In June, Armenal produced nearly<br />

2,500 tonnes of foil, a 12% improve-<br />

ment on its nominal <strong>de</strong>sign capacity,<br />

taking the rolling mill’s half-year production<br />

to over 10,000 tonnes. The<br />

company reported a 77% production<br />

increase from January to June 2009<br />

compared to the first half of 2008 and<br />

expects to see its output double by the<br />

end of this year.<br />

Armenal, in parallel with the<br />

expansion of output, was making<br />

improvements in practically every<br />

technical and economic indicator,<br />

including a 60% reduction in production<br />

costs and fewer rejects due to<br />

production <strong>de</strong>fects. The company has<br />

enough or<strong>de</strong>rs on hand to keep the<br />

foil mill running until the end of this<br />

year. Its products are mainly exported<br />

to the United States with the Middle<br />

East becoming a rapidly growing market<br />

for them.<br />

sapa’s agreement<br />

with indalex complete<br />

At the end of July, Sapa completed its<br />

purchase of the US aluminium extrusion<br />

company Indalex. Sapa acquired<br />

Indalex’s eleven active plants, six in<br />

the US and five in Canada, with two<br />

casthouses and 29 presses, and a<br />

total capacity of about 315,000 tpy.<br />

Indalex’s sales in 2008 were about<br />

200,000 tonnes, representing US-<br />

D900m. The company employs 1,400<br />

The author<br />

The author, Dipl.-Ing. R. P. Pawlek,<br />

is foun<strong>de</strong>r of TS+C, Technical Info<br />

Services and Consulting, Sierre<br />

(Switzerland), a new service for the<br />

primary aluminium industry. He is also<br />

the publisher of the standard works<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>mina Refineries and Producers of<br />

the World and Primary <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Smelters and Producers of the World.<br />

These reference works are continually<br />

updated and contain useful technical<br />

and economic information on all<br />

alumina refineries and primary aluminium<br />

smelters of the world. They<br />

are available as loose-leaf files and/or<br />

CD-ROMs from the <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Verlag,<br />

Marketing & Kommunikation GmbH<br />

in Düsseldorf, Germany.<br />

50 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


people. Through this acquisition Sapa<br />

strengthens its geographical coverage<br />

and logistical efficiencies to better<br />

serve North America, including an expansion<br />

into Canada. The acquisition<br />

represents an un<strong>de</strong>rlying enterprise<br />

value of approx, USD95m.<br />

aFriCa<br />

anglo sells 28% of<br />

south african Hulamin<br />

Mining group Anglo American Plc.<br />

sold 28% of South Africa’s Hulamin<br />

Ltd for 732m rand (USD93m) to focus<br />

on its core mining operations. Anglo,<br />

which is fighting off an unwelcome<br />

merger approach from rival Xstrata,<br />

retained a 17% stake in Hulamin,<br />

which makes semi-fabricated aluminium.<br />

The disposal was in line with Anglo<br />

American’s strategic commitment<br />

to focus on its core mining operations.<br />

Anglo sold 61m shares to Coronation<br />

Asset Management at 12 rand per<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

share, compared to Hulamin’s price<br />

in Johannesburg of 10.55 rand.<br />

Hulamin posted a sharp drop in<br />

interim profit and said that, although<br />

or<strong>de</strong>r intake was recovering, annual<br />

earnings would fall by at least 20%. At<br />

the end of July Anglo sold its remaining<br />

stake in Hulamin, bringing the<br />

transaction to a total of 1.16bn rand<br />

(USD149.4m). Anglo sold its residual<br />

35.8m shares in the aluminium products<br />

company to South African institutions<br />

at the same price of 12 rand<br />

per share as for the first stake.<br />

suppliers<br />

BwG GmbH acquires metal<br />

treatment technology from ViTs<br />

BWG Bergwerk- und Walzwerk-<br />

Maschinenbau GmbH has announced<br />

the acquisition from VITS of technology<br />

for the thermal treatment of metal<br />

strip. BWG has formed a Thermal<br />

Strip Treatment product division to<br />

C o m p a n y n e w s w o r l d w i d e<br />

alro – new annealing furnace put into operation<br />

Alro SA, the largest aluminium producer<br />

in Central and Eastern Europe, has commissioned<br />

its annealing furnace with controlled<br />

atmosphere, following an investment<br />

of three million US-dollars. The new<br />

technology improves the surface quality<br />

of Alro’s aluminium products and the reliability<br />

of its mechanical properties. The<br />

project, which began in 2007, will also<br />

result in lower consumption of energy.<br />

The start-up of the furnace is part of<br />

an investment programme focused on increasing<br />

production of high ad<strong>de</strong>d value<br />

products, in line with Alro’s long-term<br />

strategic goals. The investment has also<br />

improved quality and allowed the best<br />

response in meeting customer needs regarding<br />

product range and specifications.<br />

The mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation programme has<br />

enabled Alro to receive the NADCAP (National<br />

Aerospace and Defence Contractor<br />

Accreditation Programme) performance<br />

certification for conformity with aerospace<br />

industry requirements, in 2008. The<br />

certificate was awar<strong>de</strong>d by the NADCAP<br />

Vimetco<br />

Management Council, in accordance with<br />

SAE Aerospace Standard AS 70003, following<br />

the testing of aluminium alloys<br />

produced at Slatina for heat treatment,<br />

conductivity measurement, tensile testing,<br />

hardness and metallographic analysis.<br />

add to its established range of highquality<br />

cost-effective equipment and<br />

services. This technology transfer<br />

allows BGW to better meet the ever<br />

growing challenges and needs of the<br />

steel and aluminium industries.<br />

By adding these products to its existing<br />

portfolio, BWG has broa<strong>de</strong>ned<br />

its core competence in the field of<br />

metallurgical strip processing. The<br />

supply of thermal strip treatment<br />

equipment is a logical addition to the<br />

supply of coil coating lines and aluminium<br />

annealing lines, thus enabling<br />

the company to offer integrated technical<br />

solutions. The new division is<br />

fully integrated into BWG at its headquarters<br />

in Duisburg, Germany.<br />

BWG is an internationally active<br />

family-owned company. It <strong>de</strong>livers<br />

strip treatment lines and coil and<br />

slab handling equipment as well as<br />

carrying out mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation of existing<br />

process lines and supplying <strong>special</strong>ist<br />

equipment such as Levelflex tension<br />

levellers, temper mills, si<strong>de</strong> trimmers<br />

and slab <strong>de</strong>burrers.<br />

■<br />

Over the last seven years, Alro has invested<br />

in total more than 255 million US-dollars.<br />

This year, the company will complete<br />

all investments started in 2008, which are<br />

budgeted to reach approximately six million<br />

US-dollars.<br />

51


e s e a r c h<br />

On the dissolution of alumina in a<br />

low-melting electrolyte for aluminium production<br />

S. Rolseth, J. Thonstad, H. Gudbrandsen, K.S. Osen, and J. Kvello, Trondheim<br />

In studies of inert ano<strong>de</strong>s for<br />

aluminium production, so-called<br />

low-melting electrolytes have been<br />

tested, operating at temperatures<br />

as low as 750°C. Dissolution of<br />

alumina may then become critical,<br />

because of lower solubility<br />

and lower rate of dissolution. The<br />

rate of alumina dissolution was<br />

tested in a particular electrolyte<br />

operating at 750°C, using a very<br />

fine-grained alumina as well as industrial<br />

gra<strong>de</strong> alumina. The rate of<br />

dissolution was markedly slower<br />

in the low-melting electrolyte, and<br />

the fine-grained material dissolved<br />

more slowly than commercial<br />

gra<strong>de</strong> alumina, because it showed<br />

greater ten<strong>de</strong>ncy to agglomeration<br />

and because it was calcined<br />

at high temperature. However,<br />

crushed samples of commercial<br />

alumina also dissolved more slowly<br />

than the normal gra<strong>de</strong>.<br />

Introduction<br />

In the conventional Hall-Héroult process<br />

for aluminium electrolysis, the<br />

cryolite-based (Na 3 AlF 6 ) electrolyte<br />

normally contains 10-13 wt% excess<br />

AlF 3 , 3-6 wt% CaF 2 and 2-4 wt% Al 2 O 3 ,<br />

operating at about 960°C. In mo<strong>de</strong>rn<br />

cells the alumina feeding is performed<br />

by so-called point fee<strong>de</strong>rs, whereby<br />

alumina is fed frequently in small<br />

batches. This ensures rapid and usually<br />

trouble-free supply of alumina to the<br />

molten electrolyte (often called bath).<br />

When trying to replace the carbon<br />

ano<strong>de</strong> by oxygen-evolving, so-called<br />

inert ano<strong>de</strong>s, it is <strong>de</strong>sirable to lower<br />

the electrolyte temperature in or<strong>de</strong>r<br />

to reduce the corrosion rate of the<br />

ano<strong>de</strong> material. This is achieved by<br />

increasing the content of excess AlF 3 ,<br />

in some cases as far as ~37 wt% AlF 3<br />

(55 mol% NaF, 45 mol% AlF 3 , molar<br />

ratio NaF/AlF 3 , CR=1.22), allowing<br />

an operating temperature of about<br />

750°C. At the same time the solubility<br />

of alumina <strong>de</strong>creases from about<br />

10 wt% to about 3 wt% [1]. Thereby<br />

the rate of dissolution of alumina may<br />

become critical.<br />

When a batch of alumina is being<br />

fed to aluminium cells, rapid and<br />

complete dissolution is <strong>de</strong>sirable in<br />

or<strong>de</strong>r to control the concentration<br />

of alumina in the bath and to avoid<br />

so-called ano<strong>de</strong> effects and to avoid<br />

accumulation of undissolved alumina<br />

(sludge). Dissolution tests performed<br />

in cryolite melts at around 1,000°C<br />

have shown that when the alumina<br />

gets effectively dispersed in the bath,<br />

the dissolution is very rapid, i. e. it is<br />

completed in less than 10 s [2], but<br />

the dissolution process is normally<br />

slowed down because the alumina<br />

has a ten<strong>de</strong>ncy to form clumps/aggregates.<br />

When cold alumina is ad<strong>de</strong>d as<br />

a batch to the molten bath, it is difficult<br />

to achieve complete dispersion<br />

of the alumina particles. When hitting<br />

the bath, the alumina spreads out,<br />

and bath freezes on to the alumina.<br />

This results in the formation of flakeshaped<br />

agglomerates. The formation<br />

of such agglomerates strongly reduces<br />

the contact area between alumina and<br />

bath compared to what would be the<br />

case if all the alumina grains were effectively<br />

dispersed in the bath.<br />

A large contact area between alumina<br />

and bath is obviously important<br />

in or<strong>de</strong>r to ensure rapid heating and<br />

dissolution of the alumina, since the<br />

dissolution process, which is strongly<br />

endothermic, has been found to be<br />

mass transfer controlled [3]. The importance<br />

of this becomes even more<br />

evi<strong>de</strong>nt if the alumina is ad<strong>de</strong>d to a<br />

low-melting bath rich in aluminium<br />

fluori<strong>de</strong>, where the alumina solubility<br />

is lower [1].<br />

One remedy would be to establish<br />

a large contact area between alumina<br />

and bath. Beck and Brooks [4] have<br />

patented a process where very finegrained<br />

alumina is used in low-melting<br />

baths, keeping the particles in<br />

suspension in a bath agitated by gasinduced<br />

convection.<br />

The purpose of the present work was<br />

to study the dissolution rate of finegrained<br />

alumina when ad<strong>de</strong>d batchwise<br />

to a low-melting bath with the<br />

composition given above. The results<br />

are compared with the well-documented<br />

behaviour of regular alumina<br />

in conventional baths at around<br />

960°C.<br />

experimental<br />

As mentioned above the process of<br />

alumina dissolution in cryolite-based<br />

melts involves the formation and<br />

break-up of agglomerates. In a laboratory<br />

cell for studies of alumina dissolution,<br />

the convection pattern in the<br />

melt should be as close as possible to<br />

that existing in industrial cells. That<br />

is difficult to achieve on a laboratory<br />

scale. In industrial cells the ano<strong>de</strong> gas<br />

escaping up along the ano<strong>de</strong> si<strong>de</strong> sets<br />

up strong convection, making the bath<br />

move upwards close to the ano<strong>de</strong> si<strong>de</strong><br />

and down in the middle of the channel<br />

between two ano<strong>de</strong>s. At the same time<br />

the bubbles, when reaching the bath<br />

surface, create an undulating surface<br />

with bath splashing over newly<br />

formed alumina agglomerates.<br />

effect of convection in the bath<br />

The objective with the laboratory<br />

set-up was to combine the effects of<br />

convection and an undulating bath<br />

surface. Convection in the bath was<br />

ensured by mechanical stirring of the<br />

melt with an impeller. Bubbling of argon<br />

gas through the bath was inten<strong>de</strong>d<br />

to simulate the surface effect created<br />

by escaping gas bubbles. A <strong>de</strong>scription<br />

of the gas stirrer arrangement is<br />

given elsewhere [5].<br />

The inner diameter of the crucible<br />

was 20 cm. The amount of bath was<br />

6500 g, and the composition of the<br />

industrial type electrolyte that was<br />

tested initially was 10 wt% AlF 3 , 5<br />

wt% CaF 2 , and the initial Al 2 O 3 concentration<br />

was 2 wt%, the balance be-<br />

52 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


Fig. 1: Sketch of the cell used for the dissolution experiments. Dimension:<br />

Graphite crucible i. d. = 200 mm<br />

ing cryolite. In Figure 1 a sketch of the<br />

experimental arrangement is shown.<br />

The in situ alumina probe measured<br />

the so-called critical current<br />

<strong>de</strong>nsity by a linear sweep voltammetric<br />

method [6, 7]. The critical current<br />

<strong>de</strong>nsity is correlated to the alumina<br />

concentration. A few bath samples<br />

were taken and analysed for alumina,<br />

to serve as a control and calibration in<br />

each experiment. The advantage of the<br />

alumina probe was that it gave quick<br />

and instantaneous results, yielding up<br />

to one measurement per second.<br />

To test out the method industrial<br />

gra<strong>de</strong> alumina was used initially. The<br />

alumina was ad<strong>de</strong>d in one batch since<br />

the intention was to simulate the operation<br />

of point fee<strong>de</strong>rs. The batch<br />

size was 0.45 g/cm 2 bath surface corresponding<br />

to an increase in alumina<br />

concentration in the bath by 2.2 wt%.<br />

Dissolution curves for one experiment<br />

with mechanical stirring only<br />

and one experiment with gas bubbling<br />

together with mechanical stirring are<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively.<br />

Data from the sweep measurements<br />

show how much of the alumina is<br />

dissolved as a function of time. The<br />

bath temperature recor<strong>de</strong>d during<br />

the dissolution run is also given on<br />

the graphs (right hand axis), showing<br />

a marked drop in temperature upon<br />

addition.<br />

As can be seen from the dissolution<br />

curves, gas bubbling enhanced<br />

the dissolution rate. This appears<br />

to be due both to an increase in the<br />

quantity which was dissolved initially<br />

and an increase in the dissolution rate<br />

of the remain<strong>de</strong>r of the batch. The increase<br />

in the initial dissolution rate is<br />

reflected in a faster and higher temperature<br />

drop in the case when gas<br />

bubbling was applied (Fig. 3).<br />

experiments<br />

in low-melting baths<br />

Fig. 2: Dissolution curve from an experiment with no gas stirring.<br />

Bath convection maintained by mechanical stirring only<br />

As indicated above the composition<br />

of the low-melting bath was 55 mol%<br />

r e s e a r c h<br />

NaF and 45 mol% AlF3 , which corresponds<br />

to a NaF/AlF3 molar ratio (CR)<br />

of 1.22. The alumina sensor was not<br />

applied in these initial experiments.<br />

Frequent bath samples were taken<br />

for 20 minutes, and sampling was<br />

continued at less frequent intervals<br />

up until 2 hours after the addition. In<br />

some experiments a second batch was<br />

ad<strong>de</strong>d at this time (2 hours after the<br />

first batch), and sampling was continued<br />

for another 2 hours. Tests were<br />

performed with fine-grained ‘superground’<br />

Alcoa A152 <strong>Alu</strong>mina (grain<br />

size ~ 1 µm). For comparison experiments<br />

with industrial gra<strong>de</strong> primary<br />

alumina (grain size 30-150 µm) were<br />

also performed.<br />

Visual observations were ma<strong>de</strong><br />

when a batch of alumina was ad<strong>de</strong>d. It<br />

was observed that the part of the batch<br />

that was dispersed quickly on the surface<br />

was rapidly soaked by bath, and<br />

it was no longer visible after about 10<br />

seconds. However, some lumps could<br />

form and remain as floating ‘rafts’ on<br />

the surface for up to 1 to 3 minutes<br />

before they were soaked by bath and<br />

started to sink as one piece.<br />

Figures 4 and 5 shows the results<br />

from sample analysis and recor<strong>de</strong>d<br />

temperatures for two samples of finegrained<br />

(~1 µm) alumina. In addition<br />

dissolution rates were calculated<br />

for the initial rapid phase. After the<br />

first jump in alumina concentration<br />

a slower dissolution took place, and<br />

the dissolution rate was estimated for<br />

the next 30 minutes as well. After 2<br />

hours only 60% of the ad<strong>de</strong>d alumina<br />

had been dissolved, indicating very<br />

slow dissolution of the remaining agglomerates.<br />

Table 1 summarises results from<br />

five experiments for the initial ➝<br />

Fig. 3: Dissolution curve from an experiment with both gas bubbling<br />

and mechanical stirring<br />

53


e s e a r c h<br />

Experiment 1<br />

CR = 1.22 Adding 2 wt% Al 2 O 3 at time 0<br />

Fig. 4: Dissolution curves, only one addition ma<strong>de</strong> of 2 wt% finegrained<br />

alumina. Squares: alumina concentration. Line: electrolyte<br />

temperature<br />

rapid stage of alumina dissolution,<br />

where 1 to 4 represent fine-grained<br />

alumina and 5 represents regular<br />

industrial metallurgical gra<strong>de</strong> (MG)<br />

alumina. This rapid dissolution occurred<br />

within a time frame of 30 to<br />

85 seconds.<br />

The data show a marked difference<br />

between experiments no 1 to 4 and<br />

experiment no 5 (primary industrial<br />

alumina). With the exception of experiment<br />

1 (2 wt% addition), experiment<br />

5 shows the highest initial dissolution<br />

rate and by far the highest percentage<br />

of initially dissolved material. An<br />

explanation for this difference can be<br />

the ten<strong>de</strong>ncy of the fine-grained material<br />

to form clumps/agglomerates of<br />

sintered alumina on the surface of the<br />

bath, which then dissolved slowly in<br />

the bath. The relatively coarse-grained<br />

regular alumina (experiment no 5)<br />

showed a different behaviour on the<br />

surface of the bath. It was free-flow-<br />

Experiment 2<br />

CR = 1.22 Adding 1 wt% Al2O3 at time 0 and time 120<br />

Fig. 5: Dissolution curves, two subsequent additions ma<strong>de</strong> of 1 wt%<br />

fine-grained alumina. Squares: alumina concentration. Line: electrolyte<br />

temperature<br />

Experiment Wt% ad<strong>de</strong>d<br />

Batch 1<br />

Dissolution rate [g/min] Percent of batch dissolved<br />

Batch 2<br />

Dissolution rate [g/min] Percent of batch dissolved<br />

1 2 53 21.5 - -<br />

2 1 32 25 22 17<br />

3 2 17 19 - -<br />

4 1 25 25 26 22<br />

5 1 44 72 53 63<br />

Table 1: Dissolution in first rapid phase of the dissolution process<br />

Experiment<br />

Dissolution rate<br />

[g/min]<br />

ing and it spread across the surface of<br />

the melt, so it did not stick together<br />

forming clumps, as experienced for<br />

the fine-grained material.<br />

The proportion of the batches<br />

which had dissolved after 2 hours is<br />

shown in Table 2.<br />

The results show that the 2 wt%<br />

additions in experiments 1 and 3 were<br />

less efficient than the 1 wt% additions.<br />

In the case of the 2 wt% batch sizes<br />

the alumina took longer to get wetted<br />

and sink into the bath, so it may<br />

have formed more strongly sintered<br />

agglomerates.<br />

For the second batch ad<strong>de</strong>d in experiments<br />

2, 4 and 5 there was also a<br />

marked difference in the dissolution,<br />

in the sense that the fine-grained<br />

alumina dissolved more slowly. The<br />

regular alumina was completely dissolved<br />

after 30-60 minutes.<br />

Previous studies [5] of the dissolution<br />

of regular primary aluminas in<br />

Batch 1 Batch 2<br />

Percent of batch<br />

dissolved after 2 hours<br />

Dissolution rate<br />

[g/min]<br />

normal baths at around 975°C show<br />

typically that more than 50% of the<br />

sample was dissolved initially, and<br />

the sample was completely dissolved<br />

after about 12 minutes. If we compare<br />

with experiment 5 in the present<br />

work, it seems that the portion that<br />

dissolves initially was about the same,<br />

but the remaining part dissolved more<br />

slowly. The time for total dissolution<br />

of the samples in the low-melting bath<br />

un<strong>de</strong>r study was more than one hour,<br />

which means that the time for total<br />

dissolution was increased by a factor<br />

of five or more compared to conventional<br />

baths.<br />

addition of large batches of 6<br />

wt-% industrial gra<strong>de</strong> alumina to<br />

low-melting baths (cr=1.22) and<br />

to industrial type bath (cr=2.3)<br />

In these experiments the concentration<br />

of dissolved alumina was moni-<br />

Percent of batch<br />

dissolved after 2 hours<br />

1 0.71 60 - -<br />

2 0.81 94 0.49 48<br />

3 0.55 44.5 - -<br />

4 0.50 75 0.34 55<br />

5 0.46 100 0.65 82<br />

Table 2: Dissolution rates in the period from 2 to 30 minutes after alumina addition and the total percentage that was dissolved after 2 hours<br />

54 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


Fig. 6: Dissolution curve, industrial electrolyte and industrial gra<strong>de</strong><br />

alumina. Small points: alumina concentration measured by the<br />

alumina probe. Squares: bath samples analysed for alumina concentration<br />

(Leco). Line: bath temperature<br />

tored by the alumina probe in addition<br />

to control analysis of bath samples<br />

taken at regular intervals during<br />

the runs. Figures 6 and 7 show the<br />

dissolution behaviour in ‘standard’<br />

bath and in low-melting bath respectively.<br />

The results in Figure 6 show that<br />

the sandy, industrial gra<strong>de</strong> primary<br />

alumina was completely dissolved<br />

after approximately 30 minutes. This<br />

is about 2.5 times longer than in the<br />

comparable experiment in Figure<br />

3, where only 2 wt-% alumina was<br />

ad<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

When comparing the results shown<br />

in Figures 6 and 7 there is a striking<br />

difference in the initial dissolution.<br />

The fine-grained alumina showed a<br />

<strong>de</strong>layed response, and as expected it<br />

did not dissolve completely, but levelled<br />

off after 50 minutes at about 3<br />

wt-%, which is close to saturation [1].<br />

The undissolved alumina remained<br />

partly as a sludge at the bottom of the<br />

crucible and partly in suspension in<br />

the bath.<br />

The conclusion of these experiments<br />

is the same as for the previous<br />

tests, i. e. the dissolution rate in the<br />

low-melting electrolyte was consi<strong>de</strong>rably<br />

slower than the dissolution of<br />

regular alumina in normal Hall-Heroult<br />

bath. This is not surprising in<br />

view of the following facts,<br />

• Less driving force (lower<br />

concentration gradient)<br />

• Expected lower mass transfer<br />

coefficient (due to lower<br />

temperature)<br />

• Greater ten<strong>de</strong>ncy to clumping.<br />

The ten<strong>de</strong>ncy to clumping is probably<br />

related to the ‘fineness’ of the pow-<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

<strong>de</strong>r. This also makes it more difficult<br />

to handle (low fluidity, dusting, etc). If<br />

it is <strong>de</strong>sired to maintain a permanent<br />

suspension of alumina in the electrolyte,<br />

it would be preferable if it could<br />

be achieved with a coarser-grained<br />

alumina.<br />

Visual observations<br />

of alumina dissolution in<br />

well-stirred, low melting baths<br />

The background for these experiments<br />

was the unexpected slow dissolution<br />

observed for fine-grained alumina in<br />

low-melting baths. One hypothesis<br />

was that the alumina calcination temperature<br />

could be an important factor,<br />

since the fine-grained material had<br />

been calcined at 1,600°C. The objective<br />

of these experiments was to test<br />

this hypothesis to see if the <strong>special</strong><br />

quality alumina was suited as a feed<br />

material for<br />

a l u m i n i u m<br />

electrolysis.<br />

The experiments<br />

were<br />

carried out in<br />

an open furnace,<br />

where<br />

the low-melting<br />

bath was<br />

kept in a platinumcrucible.<br />

The bath<br />

composition<br />

was as before<br />

45 mol%<br />

AlF 3 and 55<br />

mol% NaF,<br />

i. e. CR = 1.22.<br />

The experi-<br />

r e s e a r c h<br />

Fig. 7: Dissolution curve for the first 60 minutes after addition of<br />

industrial gra<strong>de</strong> alumina to low-melting electrolyte. Small points:<br />

alumina concentration measured by the alumina probe. Squares:<br />

bath samples analysed for alumina concentration (Leco). Line: bath<br />

temperature<br />

mental set-up is sketched in Figure 8.<br />

The melt was agitated by a propellershaped<br />

platinum stirrer placed in the<br />

centre of the crucible, operating at 254<br />

rpm. A Pt/Pt10Rh (Type S) thermocouple<br />

was also immersed in the melt,<br />

as shown in Figure 8. The amount of<br />

bath was 140 g, and the temperature<br />

was 740 ± 3°C prior to each addition.<br />

The experiments were carried out as<br />

visual observation of the time nee<strong>de</strong>d<br />

for a batch of 0.5 wt-% alumina to dissolve.<br />

The melt became opaque immediately<br />

after the addition. The time<br />

counted from the moment of addition<br />

till the bottom of the crucible became<br />

visible again, was taken as a measure<br />

of the time of dissolution.<br />

Table 3 lists the various types of<br />

alumina that were tested in these experiments.<br />

An interesting parameter<br />

gleaned from these curves is the ‘cut<br />

size’ (d0.5 ), meaning that 50% of ➝<br />

Fig. 8. Experimental set-up for visual study of alumina dissolution in<br />

low-melting bath<br />

55


e s e a r c h<br />

the mass has particle diameter less<br />

than d 0.5 ).<br />

The results showed that there was<br />

a marked difference in dissolution<br />

time of the various aluminas; in fact<br />

more than one or<strong>de</strong>r of magnitu<strong>de</strong>.<br />

The best dissolution behaviour was<br />

observed for the ‘normal’ metal gra<strong>de</strong><br />

alumina, as shown in Figure 9. In this<br />

case relatively short dissolution times<br />

were observed, similar to those previously<br />

observed for commercial aluminas<br />

in cryolite. The longest dissolution<br />

times were observed for crushed<br />

MG alumina, calcined at 1,600°C,<br />

where the dissolution time was of<br />

the or<strong>de</strong>r of 5 to 20 minutes in the<br />

alumina concentration range of 1 to 2<br />

wt-% (see. Fig. 9). Even crushed MG<br />

alumina pre-dried to 300°C, showed<br />

dissolution times 4 to 10 times higher<br />

than the ‘normal’ gra<strong>de</strong> alumina in<br />

this concentration range.<br />

In view of the observations ma<strong>de</strong><br />

in these experiments it appears that<br />

the fineness of the alumina is a <strong>de</strong>termining<br />

factor for the dissolution<br />

process. A high content of the alpha<br />

phase seem to have an additional<br />

<strong>de</strong>trimental effect, i. e. it increases the<br />

time of dissolution. It has previously<br />

been found that high alpha alumina<br />

dissolves somewhat more slowly than<br />

the gamma phase alumina in cryolitic<br />

melts at 1,030°C [2] and it is possible<br />

that this difference is enhanced in lowmelting<br />

baths, where the solubility of<br />

alumina is lower. However, no simple<br />

relationship could be found between<br />

Type, <strong>de</strong>scription Term d 0.5 /µm<br />

Metal gra<strong>de</strong>, commercial alumina MG 82.95<br />

A-152, fine, 1 µm, highly calcined alumina, from Alcoa A152 1.86<br />

Crushed MG * alumina, calcined at 1600°C CMG 1600 4.51<br />

Crushed MG alumina, pre-dried at 300°C<br />

* MG – Metal Gra<strong>de</strong><br />

CMG 300 5.45<br />

Table 3: Materials tested and cut sizes (see text)<br />

these parameters and the time of dissolution.<br />

For example, the slowest dissolving<br />

alumina in these experiments<br />

was the CMG 1600 material. Table 3<br />

shows that 50% of the mass of this material<br />

has particles with diameter 4.5<br />

µm or less (d 0.5 =4.507 µm), compared<br />

to 1.86 µm for the A152 material.<br />

These materials have both been calcined<br />

at 1,600°C and have thus been<br />

converted to 100% α-alumina, but the<br />

finer A152 (d 0.5 =1.86) dissolves more<br />

rapidly than the coarser CMG 1600<br />

(d 0.5 =4.5 µm).<br />

conclusion<br />

It can be conclu<strong>de</strong>d from this investigation<br />

that if the only selection<br />

criterion is the rate of dissolution in<br />

low-melting baths, the normal industrial<br />

gra<strong>de</strong> alumina is the best choice.<br />

The main concern will probably be<br />

the ability to operate the bath at near<br />

saturation concentration with respect<br />

to alumina. Hence, the problem of<br />

maintaining slurry and avoiding forming<br />

sludge, i. e. alumina <strong>de</strong>posits, must<br />

be given high priority, and operating<br />

with fine-grained alumina might be<br />

Fig. 9: Results from three parallel runs with ‘normal’ MG alumina in low-melting bath.<br />

Time observed to obtain transparent melt after addition of batches of 0.5 wt-% alumina.<br />

Time plotted as a function of the concentration of alumina dissolved in the bath, <strong>de</strong>termined<br />

from bath samples taken before the addition<br />

the only option. In that case finely<br />

ground low-calcined alumina appears<br />

to be the best choice.<br />

acknowledgement<br />

Permission to publish given by Gol<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Northwest <strong>Alu</strong>munum Holding Company,<br />

is gratefully acknowledged.<br />

references<br />

[1] E.J. Frazer and J. Thonstad, “<strong>Alu</strong>mina<br />

solubility and diffusion coefficient in lowtemperature<br />

fluori<strong>de</strong> electrolytes”, to be<br />

published.<br />

[2] J. Thonstad, F. Nordmo, J. B. Paulsen,<br />

“Dissolution of <strong>Alu</strong>mina in Molten Cryolite”.<br />

Met Trans. 1972, pp. 403-408.<br />

[3] J. Thonstad, A. Solheim, S. Rolseth,<br />

O. Skaar, “The Dissolution of <strong>Alu</strong>mina in<br />

Cryolite Melts”, Light Metals 1988, pp.<br />

655-661.<br />

[4] T. Beck and R. J. Brooks. “Non-Consumable<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong> and Lining for <strong>Alu</strong>minum<br />

Electrolytic Reduction Cell”, United States<br />

Patent No. 5,284,562, 1994.<br />

[5] S. Rolseth, R. Hovland, O. Kobbeltvedt,<br />

”<strong>Alu</strong>mina Agglomeration and Dissolution<br />

in Cryolitic melts”, Light Metals 1994,<br />

pp.351-357.<br />

[6] O. Kobbeltvedt, S. Rolseth and<br />

J. Thonstad, “On the Mechanism of <strong>Alu</strong>mina<br />

Dissolution with Relevance to Point<br />

Feeding <strong>Alu</strong>minium Cells”, Light Metals<br />

1996, pp. 421-427.<br />

[7] R. G. Haverkamp, B. J. Welch and<br />

J. B. Metson, ”An Electrochemical Method<br />

for Measuring the Dissolution Rate of<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>mina in Molten Cryolite”, Bulletin<br />

of Electrochemistry, Vol.8, pp.334-340,<br />

1992.<br />

authors<br />

S. Rolseth, H. Gudbrandsen, K.S. Osen and<br />

J. Kvello are from SINTEF Materials and<br />

Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway.<br />

J. Thonstad is from Department of Materials<br />

Technology and Electrochemistry,<br />

Norwegian University of Science and<br />

Technology, Trondheim, Norway.<br />

56 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


ALUMINIUM CHINA 2009 exceedingly successful<br />

Those who atten<strong>de</strong>d ALUMINIUM<br />

CHINA 2009 some weeks ago, the<br />

fifth time that the event has taken<br />

place in China, could be forgiven<br />

for thinking that the industrial<br />

downturn and economic crisis<br />

have never spread as far as China.<br />

Shanghai is still buzzing with<br />

exhilarating business activities,<br />

entertainment and the spending<br />

spree mentality, and the world’s<br />

most important aluminium industry<br />

gathering of the year, ALU-<br />

MINIUM CHINA, was atten<strong>de</strong>d by<br />

8,786 qualified tra<strong>de</strong> visitors and<br />

over 4,000 exhibiting staff from 61<br />

countries and regions, a recordbreaking<br />

result <strong>de</strong>spite the difficult<br />

economic situation.<br />

ALUMINIUM CHINA 2009 brought<br />

together 265 exhibitors from 30 countries<br />

and regions, and 8,786 tra<strong>de</strong> visitors,<br />

including 480 VIPs and 30 <strong>de</strong>legations<br />

from 32 provinces in China<br />

and 61 countries around the world.<br />

The number of visitor was up by 30%<br />

compared with the 2008 event and<br />

also a record compared to 2007 when<br />

the industry was at its peak. 47% of<br />

the visitors were from aluminium applications<br />

industries such as building<br />

and construction, transportation,<br />

electronics and machinery manufacturing,<br />

while nearly 66% of visitors<br />

had purchasing recommendation and<br />

<strong>de</strong>cision-making authority.<br />

Leading the exhibitors this year<br />

were some of the industry’s top companies<br />

such as the <strong>Alu</strong>minium Corporation<br />

of China, Nanshan <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />

Dubal, Novelis, SMS Metallurgy,<br />

Siemens VAI, Wagstaff, Pyrotek, Jieru<br />

Heavy Industry Equipment, Fata<br />

Hunter, Achenbach, Toshiba Mitsubishi-Electric<br />

Industrial Systems<br />

and others, who presented the latest<br />

products and leading technologies<br />

and, taken together, inspired the<br />

Asian and the global community with<br />

confi<strong>de</strong>nce in an imminent recovery.<br />

The performance of the show in<br />

Shanghai generated superb feedback<br />

from participants, and three-quarters<br />

of the international hall space had<br />

already been booked for the 2010<br />

tra<strong>de</strong> fair by the end of the event. The<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

on-site exhibitor survey showed that<br />

more than 92% of the exhibitors were<br />

satisfied or completely satisfied with<br />

their participation, 86% were satisfied<br />

with the number of visitors, while 87%<br />

are satisfied with the visitor quality.<br />

The marketing manager from Emmegi<br />

China commented: “We received a<br />

huge number of professional visitors<br />

this year, who were genuinely interested<br />

in our products. We rebooked<br />

our stand for 2010 as soon as we could<br />

and expect to expand our market activities<br />

even more next year.”<br />

The on-site visitor survey showed the<br />

same encouraging results, with 97%<br />

of those attending being content with<br />

their visit this year. The <strong>de</strong>puty plant<br />

manager for the casting unit of the<br />

Chinalco Luoyang branch <strong>de</strong>clared:<br />

“I was able to achieve all my goals<br />

this year: to meet old friends, find<br />

out about the latest technologies, and<br />

reach agreements with a number of<br />

suppliers at the show.”<br />

The associated 2009 China <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Fabrication Forum, organised<br />

by the China Non Ferrous Metal<br />

Industry Association along with<br />

China’s aluminium information and<br />

consultancy provi<strong>de</strong>r Antaike, was<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>rated by experts and senior executives<br />

from IAI, AA, JAA, London<br />

Metal Exchange and provi<strong>de</strong>d important<br />

information on the latest trends in<br />

More than 8,700 business people visited the <strong>Alu</strong>MiniuM ChinA 2009 fair<br />

Schweißen & Schnei<strong>de</strong>n 2009<br />

Die ganze Welt <strong>de</strong>r Schweißtechnik<br />

steht im Mittelpunkt <strong>de</strong>r Fachmesse<br />

„Schweißen & Schnei<strong>de</strong>n. Vom 14. bis<br />

19. September 2009 präsentiert die international<br />

wichtigste und umfassendste<br />

Messe <strong>de</strong>r Branche in Essen einen lückenlosen<br />

Überblick zu aktuellen Entwicklungen<br />

und Innovationen rund um das<br />

Fügen, Trennen und Beschichten. Alle<br />

namhaften Hersteller sowie die Anbieter<br />

von Dienstleistungen wer<strong>de</strong>n ihre Inno­<br />

the global aluminium market. In light<br />

of the positive feedback from exhibitors,<br />

organiser Reed Exhibitions has<br />

confirmed that ALUMINIUM CHINA<br />

2010 will again be held at the Shanghai<br />

New International Expo Centre,<br />

from 9 to 11 June.<br />

■<br />

vationen vorstellen. Zur mittlerweile 17.<br />

Auflage dieser Messe wer<strong>de</strong>n rund 1.000<br />

Aussteller aus über 30 Nationen erwartet.<br />

Aus circa 90 Län<strong>de</strong>rn wer<strong>de</strong>n die<br />

Fachbesucher nach Essen reisen, um sich<br />

über das Weltmarktangebot zu informieren<br />

und Investitionen zu realisieren.<br />

Kontakt:<br />

Messe Essen GmbH<br />

www.messe­essen.<strong>de</strong><br />

E v E N t S<br />

57<br />

Reed Exhibitions


p A t E N t E<br />

patentblatt Juni 2009<br />

Fortsetzung aus 7/8 2009<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung eines leichtmetall-Verbundgussteils<br />

sowie leichtmetall-Verbundgussteil.<br />

BMW AG,<br />

80809 München, DE. (B22D 19/00, EP 1<br />

433 552, EP-AT: 04.11.2003)<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung von Gussteilen<br />

aus leichtmetalllegierungen<br />

mit Kühlung vor <strong>de</strong>m Pressen. Process<br />

Conception Ingenierie S.A., Meudon, FR.<br />

(C22F 1/04, PS 601 34 207, EP 1213367,<br />

EP-AT: 16.11.2001)<br />

Verfahren zum herstellen von Zylin<strong>de</strong>rblöcken<br />

aus leichtmetall mit eingeschweißtenleichtmetall-Zylin<strong>de</strong>rbüchsen<br />

und Einrichtung zur Durchführung<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Verfahrens. Volkswagen AG, 38440<br />

Wolfsburg, DE. (B23P 13/00, PS 100 19<br />

783, AT: 20.04.2000)<br />

legierung umfassend Mg und Sr und<br />

hieraus gefertigte galvanische Opferano<strong>de</strong>.<br />

Magontec GmbH, 46240 Bottrop,<br />

DE. (C23F 13714, OS 10 2007 061 561,<br />

AT: 18.12.2007<br />

Metallpulverherstellung durch Reduktion<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Oxi<strong>de</strong> mit gasförmigem<br />

Magnesium. H.C. Starck GmbH, 38642<br />

Goslar, DE; H.C. Starck Inc., Newton Massachusetts<br />

02161-1951, US. (B22F 1/00,<br />

EPA 2055412, EP-AT: 05.05.1999)<br />

Verfahren zum löten von einem Werkstück<br />

aus einer Magnesiumlegierung<br />

unter Verwendung einer stromfreien<br />

Plattierung von nickel-Phosphor, eines<br />

Flüssigmittels und einem bleifreien<br />

Zinnlegierungs-lotmaterial. Magtech<br />

Technology Co., Ltd, Taipei Hsi 236,<br />

TW. (B23K 1/00, EPA 2055419, EP-AT:<br />

20.05.2008)<br />

Bauteil aus einer Magnesiumlegierung<br />

und Verfahren zu <strong>de</strong>ssen herstellung.<br />

Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. Ltd., Tucheng<br />

City, Taipei Hsien, TW. (F16S 5/00,<br />

OS 10 2008 060 794, AT: 05.12.2008<br />

hochresistente <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbasis-legierungen<br />

und daraus hergestellte Artikel.<br />

Fe<strong>de</strong>ralnoe Gosudarstvennoe Unitarnoe<br />

Predpryatie „Vserossiysky“ Nauchno-Issledovatelsky<br />

Institut Neorganicheskikh<br />

Materialov, Moskau/Moscow, RU; Joint-<br />

Stock Co. „Samara Metallurgical Plant“,<br />

Samara, RU. (C22C 21/10, PS 600 19 803,<br />

EP 1241275, EP-AT: 28.09.2000)<br />

längliches halteelement. Corus Bausysteme<br />

GmbH, 56070 Koblenz, DE. (E04D<br />

3/362, PS 603 20 126, EP 1552081, EP-<br />

AT: 29.08.2003)<br />

Wärmetauscherprofil. Erbslöh <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

GmbH, 42553 Velbert, DE. (F28F 1/02,<br />

GM 20 2006 005 013, AT: 29.03.2006)<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung geprägter<br />

Deckelelemente für Behälter und<br />

Deckelelemente für Behälter. Alcan<br />

Technology & Management Ltd., Neuhausen<br />

am Rheinfall, CH. (B41F 19/02,<br />

EP 1 892 096, EP-AT: 28.09.2006)<br />

Verfahren zum Auftragen einer<br />

Schutzbeschichtung auf Kohlenstoff<br />

enthalten<strong>de</strong>n Bestandteilen von Elektrolysezellen.<br />

Alcan International Ltd.,<br />

Montreal, Quebec, CA. (C25C 3/08, EP 1<br />

693 486, EP-AT: 09.02.2001)<br />

Konstruktionselement für die luftfahrt<br />

mit Variation <strong>de</strong>r anwendungstechnischen<br />

Eigenschaften. Alcan Rhenalu,<br />

Courbevoie, FR. (C22F 1/053, PS<br />

60 2005 006 764, EP 1727921, EP-AT:<br />

21.03.2005)<br />

Verbundprofil für Fenster, Türen o<strong>de</strong>r<br />

<strong>de</strong>rgleichen mit einem Aufsatzprofil.<br />

Alcoa <strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland, Inc.,<br />

58642 Iserlohn, DE.(E06B 3/30, EPA<br />

2055884, EP-AT: 14.11.2007)<br />

Verkleidungsprofil. Corus Bausysteme<br />

GmbH, 56070 Koblenz, DE. (E04F 19/02,<br />

GM 201 01 392, AT: 26.01.2001)<br />

Aus leichtmetall bestehen<strong>de</strong>s Profilrohr.<br />

RK Rose & Krieger GmbH Verbindungs-<br />

und Positioniersysteme, 32423<br />

Min<strong>de</strong>n, DE. (F16S 3/02, GM 299 10 111,<br />

AT: 10.06.1999)<br />

Verfahren zur Reinigung eines schmelzflüssigen<br />

Metalls. Aleris Switzerland<br />

GmbH, Schaffhausen, CH. (C22B 21/06,<br />

PS 60 2005 006 254, EP 1727917, EP-AT:<br />

17.02.2005)<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung einer Baustrebe<br />

durch Crimpen, und so erhaltene<br />

Baustrebe. Norsk Hydro ASA, 0240<br />

Oslo, NO. (E06B 3/273, EPA 2055883,<br />

EP-AT: 23.10.2008)<br />

Verbindungsstück und Verbindung<br />

von Profilen mit diesem Stück. Norsk<br />

Hydro ASA, 0240 Oslo, NO. (E06B 3/96,<br />

EPA 2055885, EP-AT: 31.10.2008)<br />

Vorrichtung zur Betätigung einer Tür<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r einem ähnlichem Element, das<br />

aus Profilen erstellt ist. Norsk Hydro<br />

ASA, 0240 Oslo, NO. (E05B 1/00, EPA<br />

2050899, EP-AT: 17.10.2008)<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung eines Absorberblechs<br />

für Sonnenkollektoren.<br />

Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland GmbH,<br />

51149 Köln, DE. (F24J 2/48, EPA 2054676,<br />

EP-AT: 24.08.2007)<br />

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen<br />

einer Konversionsschicht. Hydro<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland GmbH, 51149<br />

Köln, DE. (C25D 11/04, EPA 2055809,<br />

EP-AT: 03.11.2008)<br />

Beheizbare Ba<strong>de</strong>- o<strong>de</strong>r Duschwanne.<br />

Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland GmbH,<br />

51149 Köln, DE. (F24 H 1/00, OS 10 2007<br />

062 526, AT: 20.12.2007)<br />

Druckplattenträger und Verfahren zur<br />

herstellung eines Druckplattenträgers<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r einer Offsetdruckplatte. Hydro<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland GmbH, 51149<br />

Köln, DE. (B41N 1/08, PS 199 02 527,<br />

AT: 22.01.1999)<br />

Vorrichtung zum Rotationsgießen. Hydro<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Mandl & Berger GmbH,<br />

Linz, AT. (B22D 23/00, GM 201 22 596,<br />

AT: 06.03.2001)<br />

lamellenanordnung für Fassa<strong>de</strong>n. Hydro<br />

Building Systems GmbH, 89077 Ulm,<br />

DE. (E04F 13/21, GM 20 2006 003 166,<br />

AT: 01.03.2006)<br />

Verfahren und Einrichtung zum kontinuierlichen<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r halbkontinuierlichen<br />

Stranggießen von Metall. Norsk Hydro<br />

ASA, Oslo, NO. (B22D 11/06, EP 1 648<br />

635, EP-AT: 25.06.2004)<br />

Fresnel-Spiegel und Verfahren zu <strong>de</strong>ssen<br />

herstellung. Erbslöh <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

GmbH, 42553 Velbert, DE. (F21V 7/04,<br />

OS 10 2007 061 153, AT: 17.12.2007)<br />

Zweiteiliger Kolben für einen Verbrennungsmotor.<br />

Mahle International<br />

GmbH, 70376 Stuttgart, DE. (F02F 3/00,<br />

OS 10 2007 060 472, AT: 14.12.2007)<br />

Kühlkörper für halbleiterbauelemente<br />

o<strong>de</strong>r dgl. Geräte sowie Verfahren zu<br />

seiner herstellung. Alcan Technology<br />

& Management AG, 8212 Neuhausen<br />

am Rheinfall, CH. (H01L 23/367, EPA<br />

2054930, EP-AT: 09.08.2007)<br />

Rahmen mit Fenster- o<strong>de</strong>r Türflügel.<br />

Norsk Hydro ASA, 0240 Oslo, NO. (E06B<br />

3/46, EPA 2053189, EP-AT: 23.10.2008)<br />

ALUMINIUM veröffentlicht unter<br />

dieser Rubrik regelmäßig einen Überblick<br />

über wichtige, <strong>de</strong>n Werkstoff<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium betreffen<strong>de</strong> Patente. Die<br />

ausführlichen Patentblätter und auch<br />

weiterführen<strong>de</strong> Informationen dazu<br />

stehen <strong>de</strong>r Redaktion nicht zur Verfügung.<br />

Interessenten können diese<br />

beziehen o<strong>de</strong>r einsehen bei <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Mittel<strong>de</strong>utschen Informations-, Patent-,<br />

Online-Service GmbH (mipo),<br />

Julius-Ebeling-Str. 6,<br />

D-06112 Halle an <strong>de</strong>r Saale,<br />

Tel. 0345/29398-0<br />

Fax 0345/29398-40,<br />

www.mipo.<strong>de</strong><br />

Die Gesellschaft bietet darüber hinaus<br />

weitere Patent-Dienstleistungen an.<br />

58 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


Kolben für einen Verbrennungsmotor<br />

sowie Verfahren zu seiner herstellung.<br />

Mahle International GmbH, 70376 Stuttgart,<br />

DE. (F02F 3/00, OS 10 2007 061 601,<br />

AT: 20.12.2007)<br />

Mehrteiliger Kolben für einen Verbrennungsmotor.<br />

Mahle GmbH, 70376<br />

Stuttgart, DE. (F02F 3/00, EP 1 660 769,<br />

EP-AT: 19.08.2004)<br />

Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Gießen<br />

von Metallblöcken. Novelis Inc., Toronto,<br />

Ontario M5J 1S9, CA. (B22D 11/14,<br />

EPA 2058064, EP-AT: 09.12.2004)<br />

Plattiertes Blechprodukt und herstellungsverfahren<br />

dafür. Novelis Inc., Toronto,<br />

Ontario M5J 1S9, CA. (B32B 15/01,<br />

EPA 2055473, EP-AT: 05.11.2007)<br />

Bauelement mit Al-Papier-Schicht. Novelis<br />

Deutschland GmbH, 37075 Göttingen,<br />

DE. (E04 2/02, OS 10 2007 060<br />

239, AT: 14.12.2007)<br />

Wärmegedämmtes Verbundprofil, insbeson<strong>de</strong>re<br />

für Fenster, Türen, Fassa<strong>de</strong>n<br />

und <strong>de</strong>rgleichen. Norsk Hydro A/S,<br />

Oslo, NO. (E06B 3/263, PS 501 14 114, EP<br />

1170454, EP-AT: 23.05.2001)<br />

Verfahren und System zur automatischen<br />

Analyse von Partikeln. Norsk<br />

Hydro ASA, Oslo, NO. (G01N 15/02,<br />

PS 601 34 013, EP 1287330, EP-AT:<br />

23.04.2001)<br />

Gießpulver für das Stranggießen und<br />

Verfahren zur Verwendung <strong>de</strong>s Pulvers.<br />

Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.,<br />

Osaka, JP. (B22D 11/10, PS 698 09 659,<br />

EP 0899041, EP-AT: 26.08.1998)<br />

patentblatt Juli 2009<br />

Al-Mg-legierungsextrusionsmaterial<br />

mit hervorragen<strong>de</strong>n Kaltverfestigungseigenschaften<br />

für Kaltverformungsverfahren.<br />

Denso Corp., Kariya-shi, Aichiken,<br />

JP; Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko<br />

Sho, Kobe, Hyogo, JP. (C22C 21/06, OS<br />

10 2008 054 436, AT: 09.12.2008)<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung von Flugzeugstrukturelementen<br />

aus Al-Si-Mglegierung.<br />

Alcan Rhenalu, Courbevoie,<br />

FR. (C22F 1/05, PS 601 34 357, EP<br />

1143027, EP-AT: 03.04.2001)<br />

Dach eines Kraftfahrzeuges aus einem<br />

an einem Stahlrahmen befestigten<br />

Blech aus einer Al-Si-Mg-legierung.<br />

Alcan Rhenalu, Paris, FR. (C22C 21/08,<br />

EP 1 633 900, EP-AT: 17.06.2004)<br />

leichtmetallrad. Sumitomo Rubber<br />

Industries Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, JP. (B60B<br />

3/10, PS 602 27 440, EP 1241023, EP-AT:<br />

14.03.2002)<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Al-ni-Seltenerdmetall Sputtertarget.<br />

Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho, Kobe,<br />

Hyogo, JP; Kobelco Research Institute,<br />

Inc., Kobe, Hyogo, JP. (C23C 14/34, PS<br />

60 2006 001 532, EP 1700928, EP-AT:<br />

30.01.2006)<br />

Anorganisches Alpha-<strong>Alu</strong>minium-<br />

Membransubstrat und herstellungsverfahren<br />

dafür. Corning Inc., Corning<br />

NY 14831, US. (C04B 38/06, EPA<br />

2061734, EP-AT: 11.12.2007)<br />

Sammeln von <strong>Alu</strong>minium in Elektrolysezellen.<br />

Moltech Invent S.A., 2134 Luxembourg,<br />

LU. (C25C 3/08, EPA 2064370,<br />

EP-AT: 20.06.2007)<br />

Rüttelmaschine zur Abformung von<br />

ungebrannten Ano<strong>de</strong>nblöcken, insbeson<strong>de</strong>re<br />

für die <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Schmelzflusselektrolyse.<br />

Outokumpu Oyj, Espoo,<br />

FI. (C25C 3/12, PS 100 44 677, AT:<br />

09.09.2000)<br />

Verfahren zur Ausbildung und Feinverteilung<br />

feiner Wasserstoffbläschen<br />

in Wasserstoff enthalten<strong>de</strong>n <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Gusslegierungsschmelzen.<br />

Schäfer<br />

Chemische Fabrik GmbH, 53773 Hennef,<br />

DE. (C22C 1/08, PS 10 2004 006 034, AT:<br />

06.02.2004)<br />

Werkstoff auf <strong>de</strong>r Basis einer <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung,<br />

Verfahren zu seiner<br />

herstellung sowie Verwendung hierfür.<br />

Mahle GmbH, 70376 Stuttgart, DE;<br />

PEAK Werkstoff GmbH, 42553 Velbert,<br />

DE. (C22C 21/02, OS 10 2004 007 704,<br />

AT: 16.02.2004)<br />

Druckgussbauteile aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium- und<br />

Magnesiumlegierungen mit mechanischen<br />

Verbindungen und Verfahren<br />

zum Verbin<strong>de</strong>n. Daimler AG, 70327<br />

Stuttgart, DE. (F16B 4/00, OS 10 2004<br />

039 748, AT: 17.08.2004)<br />

Rapid-Prototyping durch Al/Mg-3D-<br />

Druck. General Motors Corp., Detroit,<br />

Mich., US. (B22F 7/00, OS 11 2005 002<br />

040, WO-AT: 16.05.2005)<br />

Tür- und Fensterprofile, außen holz<br />

und innen liegend <strong>Alu</strong>minium. Noka<br />

Holzverarbeitungs-GmbH, 26683 Saterland,<br />

DE. (E06B 3/08, GM 201 04 502,<br />

AT: 14.03.2001)<br />

Schweißloses Verbindungselement,<br />

Stütze für Sanitär und Möbel aus <strong>Alu</strong>minium,<br />

E<strong>de</strong>lstahl. Schikoff, Robert,<br />

90471 Nürnberg, DE. (F16B 19/02, GM<br />

20 2009 001 743, AT: 11.02.2009)<br />

Verbessertes Verfahren zur herstellung<br />

von Filterhilfsmitteln in <strong>Alu</strong>miniumraffinerien.<br />

BHP Billiton Worsley<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>mina Pty. Ltd., Collie, Western Australia,<br />

AU. (B01D 37/02, EP 1 301 260,<br />

EP-AT: 20.07.2001)<br />

p A t E N t E<br />

Kolben mit einem <strong>Alu</strong>miniumeinsatzstück<br />

und Verfahren zur seiner herstellung.<br />

Renault S.A.S., Boulogne Billancourt,<br />

FR. (F02F 3/00, PS 60 2004 014<br />

825, EP 1439301, EP-AT: 14.01.2004)<br />

Verfahren zur Behandlung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

in einem Ofen. L’Air Liqui<strong>de</strong>,<br />

Société Anonyme pour l‘Etu<strong>de</strong> et<br />

l‘Exploitation <strong>de</strong>s Procédés Georges<br />

Clau<strong>de</strong>, Paris, FR. (C22B 21/00, EP 1 625<br />

241, EP-AT: 30.03.2004)<br />

Verfahren zur Verarbeitung von <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

in einem Rotations- o<strong>de</strong>r Flammofen.<br />

L’Air Liqui<strong>de</strong>, Société Anonyme<br />

pour l‘Etu<strong>de</strong> et l‘Exploitation <strong>de</strong>s Procédés<br />

Georges Clau<strong>de</strong>, Paris, FR. (F27B<br />

7/20, PS 60 2005 007 710, EP 1721111,<br />

EP-AT: 07.02.2005)<br />

Stranggepresstes Produkt aus <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung,<br />

Verfahren zu seiner<br />

herstellung, Mehrfachleitungsrohr<br />

für Wärmetauscher und Verfahren<br />

zur herstellung vom Wärmetauscher<br />

mit <strong>de</strong>m Mehrfachleitungsrohr. Denso<br />

Corp., Kariya, Aichi, JP; Sumitomo Light<br />

Metal Industries, Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, JP.<br />

(C22C 21/00, PS 60 2006 001 552, EP<br />

1746174, EP-AT: 21.07.2006)<br />

Verfahren zum Diffusionsfügen von<br />

Mg/Al-Bauteilen. General Motors Corp.,<br />

Detroit, Mich., US. (B23K 35/28, PS 602<br />

16 369, EP 1273385, EP-AT: 08.05.2002)<br />

Beschichtetes, <strong>Alu</strong>minium enthalten<strong>de</strong>s<br />

Material und Verfahren zur <strong>de</strong>ssen<br />

herstellung. Denso Corp., Kariya, Aichi,<br />

JP; Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd., Tokio/<br />

Tokyo, JP. (B05D 7/16, PS 695 28 854,<br />

EP 0676250, EP-AT: 07.04.1995)<br />

Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung<br />

von <strong>Alu</strong>minium enthalten<strong>de</strong>n Metallen.<br />

Denso Corp., Kariya, Aichi, JP; Nihon Parkerizing<br />

Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, JP. (C23C<br />

22/83, PS 698 11 818, EP 0911427, EP-<br />

AT: 22.10.1998)<br />

Verfahren zum Vollformgießen von<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium mit beschichtetem Mo<strong>de</strong>ll.<br />

General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich., US.<br />

(B22C 3/00, PS 698 18 379, EP 0899038,<br />

EP-AT: 31.07.1998)<br />

hubkolbenmaschine mit <strong>Alu</strong>miniumblock<br />

und <strong>Alu</strong>miniumkolben. General<br />

Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich., US. (F02F<br />

3/10, PS 699 08 837, EP 0937889, EP-AT:<br />

21.01.1999)<br />

Verfahren zur simultanen elektrolytischen<br />

Abscheidung von Zink und Magnesium<br />

auf einem Substrat aus Blech<br />

und Verfahren zur herstellung eines<br />

korrosionsgeschützten, lackierten Formteils<br />

aus Blech. ThyssenKrupp Steel AG,<br />

47166 Duisburg, DE. (C25D 3/56, PS 10<br />

2004 037 673, AT: 04.08.2004) ➝<br />

59


p A t E N t E<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung vom Typ Al-Zn-Mg<br />

und Verfahren zu <strong>de</strong>ren herstellung.<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium Lend GmbH & Co.Kg., 5651<br />

Lend, AT. (C22C 21/10, EPA 2061912,<br />

EP-AT: 03.09.2007)<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung für Motorbauteile.<br />

GM Global Technology Operations,<br />

Inc., Detroit, Mich., US. (C22C 21/12, OS<br />

10 2007 042 099, AT: 05.09.2007)<br />

Verfahren zum herstellen eines Gegenstan<strong>de</strong>s<br />

aus Metall, insb. aus einer<br />

hochfesten <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung sowie<br />

Verfahren zum Richten eines solchen<br />

Gegenstan<strong>de</strong>s. Otto Fuchs KG, 58540<br />

Meinerzhagen, DE. (B23P 13/00, OS 10<br />

2008 003 882, AT: 10.01.2008)<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung für Motorblöcke.<br />

General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich., US.<br />

(C22C 21/02, OS 11 2004 001 160, WO-<br />

AT: 26.03.2004)<br />

Verfahren zur Streckformung von ausgehärteten<br />

Blechen aus <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierung.<br />

General Motors Corp., Detroit,<br />

Mich., US. (B21D 22/22, PS 699 23 742,<br />

EP 0992300, EP-AT: 02.09.1999)<br />

Verfahren zum herstellen von Gussteilen<br />

aus leichtmetall mit Einsätzen.<br />

Georg Fischer GmbH, 58791 Werdohl,<br />

DE. (B22D 19/00, EPA 2070612, EP-AT:<br />

11.12.2007)<br />

Verfahren zum leichtmetall-legierungs-Sintern.<br />

Schwäbische Hüttenwerke<br />

Automotive GmbH & Co. KG, 73433<br />

Aalen, DE. (C22C 1/04, PS 50 2004 007<br />

370, EP 1709209, EP-AT: 26.11.2004)<br />

Preform für Verbundwerkstoffe mit einer<br />

Metallmatrix aus Magnesium. Her<br />

Majesty in Right of Canada AS represented<br />

by the Minister of Natural Resources,<br />

Ottawa, Ontario, CA. (C22C 47/06, PS<br />

100 34 631, AT: 17.07.2000)<br />

Druckgussbauteile aus Al- und Mg-legierungen<br />

mit mechanischen Verbindungen<br />

und Verfahren zum Verbin<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Daimler AG, 70327 Stuttgart, DE.<br />

(F16B 4/00, OS 10 2004 039 748, AT:<br />

17.08.2004)<br />

Verfahren zum Diffusionsfügen von<br />

Mg/Al-Bauteilen. General Motors Corp.,<br />

Detroit, Mich., US. (B23K 35/28, PS 602<br />

16 369, EP 1273385, EP-AT: 08.05.2002)<br />

Verfahren zur elektrolytischen herstellung<br />

von Magnesium und <strong>de</strong>ssen<br />

legierungen. General Motors Corp., Detroit,<br />

Mich., US. (C25C 3/04, PS 696 03<br />

668, EP 0747509, EP-AT: 13.05.1996)<br />

Verkleidungselement. Hermann Gutmann<br />

Werke AG, 91781 Weißenburg,<br />

DE. (E04F 13/08, EPA 1854938, EP-AT:<br />

27.04.2007)<br />

hochfeste, nicht brennbare Magnesiumlegierung.<br />

National Institute of Advanced<br />

Industrial Science and Technology,<br />

Tokio/Tokyo, JP. (C22C 23/00, WO<br />

2008 026333, WO-AT: 28.02.2007)<br />

Druckgussteile aus einer kriechbeständigen<br />

Magnesiumlegierung. General<br />

Motors Corp. (n.d.Ges.d. Staates Delaware),<br />

Detroit, Mich., US. (C22C 23/02,<br />

PS 600 09 783, EP 1048743, EP-AT:<br />

31.01.2000)<br />

Zusammensetzung und Verfahren zur<br />

Behandlung von Magnesiumlegierungen.<br />

Université Pierre et Marie Curie,<br />

Paris, FR. (C23C 22/57, PS 602 27 065, EP<br />

1390565, EP-AT: 31.05.2002)<br />

Folienverpackung. Alcan Technology<br />

& Management Ltd., 8212 Neuhausen<br />

am Rheinfall, CH. (B65D 75/28, EPA<br />

2065316, EP-AT: 27.11.2007)<br />

Gegenstand aus einer mit Kunststoff<br />

hinterspritzten <strong>Alu</strong>miniumfolie. Alcan<br />

Technology & Management Ltd.,<br />

8212 Neuhausen am Rheinfall, CH.<br />

(C25D 11/08, EPA 2063001, EP-AT:<br />

20.11.2007)<br />

Flächige Beleuchtungseinrichtung. Alcan<br />

Technology & Management Ltd.,<br />

Neuhausen am Rheinfall, CH. (F21K<br />

7/00, EP 1 861 651, EP-AT: 08.03.2006)<br />

Geschweißtes Strukturelement mit<br />

min<strong>de</strong>stens zwei <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungsteilen,<br />

die verschie<strong>de</strong>ne metallurgische<br />

Zustän<strong>de</strong> haben, und Verfahren zur<br />

herstellung eines solchen Elements.<br />

Alcan Rhenalu, Paris, FR. (B23K 20/12,<br />

EP 1 799 391, EP-AT: 12.09.2005)<br />

Reibrührschweißteile sowie Systeme<br />

und Verfahren zu ihrer herstellung.<br />

Alcoa Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5858,<br />

US. (B23K 20/12, EPA 2067563, EP-AT:<br />

12.11.2008)<br />

Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen<br />

Metallschmelzezuführung<br />

unter Druck. Alcoa Inc., Alcoa Center,<br />

Pa., US. (B22D 17/20, PS 602 27 580, EP<br />

1714718, EP-AT: 18.04.2002)<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungsprodukt mit<br />

verbesserten Eigenschaftskombinationen.<br />

Alcoa Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., US.<br />

(C22C 21/10, EP 1 565 586, EP-AT:<br />

17.11.2003)<br />

unterstruktur für ein Dach o<strong>de</strong>r eine<br />

Fassa<strong>de</strong>. Corus Bausysteme GmbH,<br />

56070 Koblenz, DE. (E04D 3/36, OS 102<br />

97 074, WO-AT: 09.08.2002)<br />

Dachkonstruktion und Befestigungsvorrichtung<br />

dafür. Corus Bausysteme<br />

GmbH, 56070 Koblenz, DE. (E04D 3/362,<br />

GM 203 05 954, AT: 11.04.2003)<br />

hochfestes <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungshartlötblech.<br />

Aleris <strong>Alu</strong>minum Koblenz<br />

GmbH, 56070 Koblenz, DE. (B32B 15/01,<br />

PS 60 2004 013 327, EP 1648694, EP-AT:<br />

09.07.2004)<br />

Aus einem profilgewalzten Metallprodukt<br />

hergestelltes Rohr und herstellungsverfahren<br />

dafür. Aleris <strong>Alu</strong>minum<br />

Koblenz GmbH, 56070 Koblenz,<br />

DE. (F28D 1/03, EP 1 802 932, EP-AT:<br />

04.10.2005)<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumband für lithografische<br />

Druckplattenträger und <strong>de</strong>ssen herstellung.<br />

Hydro <strong>Alu</strong>minium Deutschland<br />

GmbH, 51149 Köln, DE. (C22F 1/04, EPA<br />

2067871, EP-AT: 30.11.2007)<br />

Elektrolysezelle und Verfahren zu ihrem<br />

Betrieb. Norsk Hydro ASA, 0240<br />

Oslo, NO. (C25C 3/16, EPA 2066831,<br />

EP-AT: 12.09.2007)<br />

lamelle, insbeson<strong>de</strong>re Sonnenschutzlamelle.<br />

Hydro Building Systems GmbH,<br />

89077 Ulm, DE. (E06B 9/386, PS 10 2006<br />

005 240, AT: 06.02.2006)<br />

Fahrzeugkarosserie mit einem Karosserieelement.<br />

BMW AG, 80809 München,<br />

DE; Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo, NO.<br />

(B62D 65/02, OS 10 2007 058 783, AT:<br />

06.12.2007)<br />

Schiebetür o<strong>de</strong>r Schiebefenster mit<br />

thermisch isolierter Führungsschiene.<br />

Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo, NO. (E06B 3/46,<br />

PS 60 2006 001 448, EP 1772582, EP-AT:<br />

03.10.2006)<br />

Glashalteleiste, Rahmenkonstruktion<br />

sowie Verfahren zur Montage einer<br />

Glashalteleiste. Hermann Gutmann<br />

Werke AG, 91781 Weissenburg,<br />

DE. (E06B 3/58, EPA 2060728, EP-AT:<br />

10.11.2008)<br />

Verfahren zur herstellung einer leichtmetalllaufbuchse<br />

mit einer äußeren<br />

rauen Oberfläche. Mahle GmbH, 70376<br />

Stuttgart, DE. (B22C 9/02, OS 102 18 714,<br />

AT: 26.04.2002)<br />

Kolben für einen Verbrennungsmotor<br />

und Verfahren zur Beschichtung seiner<br />

nabenbohrungen. Mahle International<br />

GmbH, 70376 Stuttgart, DE. (F02F 3/10,<br />

EP 1 877 659, EP-AT: 09.12.2005)<br />

Einteiliger Kühlkanalkolben für einen<br />

Verbrennungsmotor. Mahle GmbH,<br />

70376 Stuttgart, DE. (F02F 3/22, EP 1 546<br />

536, EP-AT: 19.09.2003)<br />

legierungen auf Magnesiumbasis mit<br />

hoher Festigkeit / Duktilität für konstruktive<br />

Anwendungen. GM Global<br />

Technology Operations, Inc., Detroit,<br />

Mich., US. (C22C 23/02, OS 11 2007 001<br />

169, WO-AT: 16.05.2007)<br />

60 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


Bauelement mit Al-Papier-Schicht. Novelis<br />

Deutschland GmbH, 37075 Göttingen,<br />

DE. (E04C 2/02, EPA 2071094, EP-<br />

AT: 20.12.2007)<br />

Magnesiumlegierungselement und<br />

herstellungsverfahren dafür. Sumitomo<br />

Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka-shi,<br />

L. H. Kallien, Chr. Böhnlein<br />

Druckgießen<br />

Giesserei 96, 07/2009, S. 18-26<br />

Großabnehmer von Gussteilen haben vermehrt begonnen, ihre<br />

erlangte Marktstärke gegenüber <strong>de</strong>n Metallgießern zu nutzen,<br />

um Einkaufsbedingungen und Zahlungsmodalitäten zu ihren<br />

Gunsten durchzusetzen. Aufkommen<strong>de</strong> Lieferkonzepte wie<br />

„Just in time“ verlangten vom Druckgießer ein <strong>de</strong>utlich hohes<br />

Maß an Flexibilität. Die Einhaltung stetig steigen<strong>de</strong>r Qualitätsanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />

stellte die gesamte Branche auf eine harte<br />

Probe – etwa die gefor<strong>de</strong>rte Null-Fehler-Produktion mit 99,994<br />

Prozent korrekten Teilen En<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r achtziger Jahre. Aus heutiger<br />

Sicht lässt sich diesbezüglich jedoch eine klare Aussage treffen.<br />

Aufgrund dieser geän<strong>de</strong>rten Rahmenbedingungen sahen sich<br />

viele Betriebe einer Marktsituation gegenüber, die nur durch<br />

konsequente Steigerung von Produktivität, Flexibilität, Prozesssicherheit<br />

und Qualität zu bewältigen war. Auch <strong>de</strong>r Blick über<br />

die Grenzen nach Japan En<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r achtziger Jahre bestätigte die<br />

geringe Kapazitätsauslastung <strong>de</strong>r heimischen Druckgießereien<br />

und führte Anfang <strong>de</strong>r neunziger Jahre zu einem verstärkten<br />

Interesse an Lean Production. Behan<strong>de</strong>lt wer<strong>de</strong>n im Einzelnen:<br />

Druckgießverfahren, Werkstoffverbün<strong>de</strong>, Druckgießprozess,<br />

Druckgießmaschine, Druckgießwerkzeug, Trenn- und Schmierstoffe,<br />

Schmelze, Qualität, Simulation, Gusswerkstoffe. 11 Abb.,<br />

125 Qu.<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) <strong>Alu</strong>minium-industrie, Druckguss<br />

W. Lori<br />

Störfaktor Reibung. Die Be<strong>de</strong>utung<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Reibung in Schraubenverbindungen<br />

Konstruktionspraxis 7/2009, S. 50-51<br />

Der Ingenieur hat ständig mit Reibung zu tun – bewusst und<br />

unbewusst. In <strong>de</strong>r Praxis zeigt sich immer wie<strong>de</strong>r, dass die Be<strong>de</strong>utung<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Reibung falsch eingeschätzt wird. Beim drehmomentgesteuerten<br />

Anziehen kann dies fatale Folgen haben. Der<br />

Zusammenhang zwischen Anziehmoment und <strong>de</strong>r Zielgröße<br />

Montagevorspannkraft ist wesentlich von <strong>de</strong>r Reibung abhängig.<br />

In <strong>de</strong>r Schraubenverbindung ist eine Reibung unvermeidbar<br />

und kann zum Fluch o<strong>de</strong>r Segen wer<strong>de</strong>n. Schließlich entstehen<br />

durch Reibung und Verschleiß jährlich Verluste in Höhe von<br />

etwa fünf Prozent <strong>de</strong>s Bruttosozialproduktes. Doch was ist Reibung<br />

und wie wirkt sie sich aus? 3 Abb., 3 Tab.<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) Verbin<strong>de</strong>n<br />

H. Zak, B. Tonn, S. Kores<br />

Warmfeste <strong>Alu</strong>miniumgusslegierungen<br />

für Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe in direktem Wettbewerb<br />

Giesserei-Praxis 6/2009, S. 199-202<br />

In dieser Arbeit wur<strong>de</strong>n die warmfesten Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkopflegierungen<br />

AlSi6Cu4, AlSil2CuNiMg, AlCu5NiSbZr und AlMg3Sil-<br />

ScZr unter einheitlichen Bedingungen getestet, um ein<strong>de</strong>utige<br />

Aussagen über die tatsächlichen Eigenschaftsprofile dieser<br />

Werkstoffe zu treffen. Die beste Kombination aus gießtech-<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

Osaka 541-0041, JP. (C22C 23/02, EPA<br />

2060642, EP-AT: 10.07.2007)<br />

hartlötblech mit sehr langer haltbarkeit<br />

und großer Formbarkeit. Alcoa<br />

Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5858, US.<br />

(B32B 15/20, EPA 2065180, EP-AT:<br />

17.04.2003<br />

Alpha-<strong>Alu</strong>miniumoxid-Pulver. Sumitomo<br />

Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 104-8260,<br />

JP. (C01F 7/44, EPA 2070873, EP-AT:<br />

18.09.2007)<br />

Strukturelement. Norsk Hydro ASA,<br />

0240 Olso, NO. (B62D 25/08, EPA<br />

2070807, EP-AT: 02.12.2008)<br />

nischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie ein attraktives<br />

Preisleistungsverhältnis verleiht <strong>de</strong>r Legierung AlSil2CuNiMg<br />

die größte Chance, sich im Einsatz bei hoch belasteten <strong>Alu</strong>miniumzylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfen<br />

in naher Zukunft durchzusetzen. Die<br />

kontinuierliche Zunahme <strong>de</strong>r Motorleistung in Verbindung mit<br />

höheren Leistungsdichten stellt permanent wachsen<strong>de</strong> technische<br />

Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen an die Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkopflegierungen. Der<br />

anhalten<strong>de</strong> Zwang zur Gewichts- und Kostenreduzierung sowie<br />

die Gewährleistung einer prozesssicheren Herstellbarkeit<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe verschärft das Spannungsfeld für die Weiterentwicklung<br />

von diesen Motorenkomponenten noch weiter.<br />

Das am Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkopf auftreten<strong>de</strong> Lastkollektiv wird in statische<br />

und dynamische Beanspruchungen unterteilt. 7 Abb., 6 Tab.,<br />

16 Qu.<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) legierungen<br />

J. Zähr, M. Schnick, U. Fussel,<br />

M. Sen<strong>de</strong>, S. Rose, M. Speise<strong>de</strong>r, A. Lang, G. Wilhelm<br />

untersuchungen zur Oberflächenreinigung<br />

beim lichtbogenschweißen von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

mit nicht abschmelzen<strong>de</strong>r Elektro<strong>de</strong><br />

Schweißen und Schnei<strong>de</strong>n 61 (2009), Heft 6, S. 302-311<br />

Vorgestellt wer<strong>de</strong>n Untersuchungen zum Einfluss <strong>de</strong>r Schweißparameter<br />

sowie <strong>de</strong>r Zusammensetzung von Prozessgas und<br />

Grundwerkstoff auf die Breite und Regelmäßigkeit <strong>de</strong>r Reinigungszone<br />

beim WIG-Schweißen von <strong>Alu</strong>minium mit Gleichstrom<br />

und plusgepolter Elektro<strong>de</strong>. Die Untersuchungen belegen<br />

einen großen Einfluss <strong>de</strong>r Schutzgasab<strong>de</strong>ckung, <strong>de</strong>r verwen<strong>de</strong>ten<br />

Prozessgase sowie <strong>de</strong>r Zusammensetzung <strong>de</strong>s Grundwerkstoffs.<br />

Außer<strong>de</strong>m wer<strong>de</strong>n durch Hochgeschwindigkeitskinematographie<br />

sowie Rasterelektronenmikroskopaufnahmen zwei<br />

unterschiedliche Lichtbogenansätze am katodisch gepolten<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>minium i<strong>de</strong>ntifiziert. Es wer<strong>de</strong>n die Ursachen <strong>de</strong>r unterschiedlichen<br />

Ansatzmodi erläutert und Möglichkeiten dargestellt,<br />

wie <strong>de</strong>r Lichtbogenansatz und die Reinigungswirkung<br />

gezielt beeinflusst wer<strong>de</strong>n können. 16 Abb., 3 Tab., 21 Qu.<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) Schweißen<br />

A. Pithan, H. Fuchs, S. Röpke<br />

Potenziale von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

für hoch belastete Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfe<br />

Giesserei-Praxis 6/2009, S. 203-207<br />

L I t E r A t U r S E r v I C E<br />

Steigen<strong>de</strong> spezifische Leistungen von Verbrennungsmotoren<br />

– insbeson<strong>de</strong>re von mo<strong>de</strong>rnen Dieselmotoren – stellen an<br />

<strong>de</strong>n Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkopf immer höhere Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungen Ein typisches<br />

Beispiel ist <strong>de</strong>r aktuelle 2,0l-4V-TDI-Motor mit Common-Rail-<br />

Einspritzung von Volkswagen. Die Belastungen äußern sich<br />

vor allem in hohen Zünddrücken und Temperaturen. Mo<strong>de</strong>rne<br />

Dieselmotoren arbeiten heute mit Zünddrücken bis zu 180 bar,<br />

aber auch solche von 200 bar und mehr sind bereits in <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Automobilindustrie im Gespräch. Die Betriebstemperaturen<br />

bei <strong>de</strong>n Zylin<strong>de</strong>rköpfen betragen dabei im Brennraum 220 bis<br />

250 °C. Aufgabe ist es, Bauteile zu entwickeln, die diesen Belastungen<br />

zuverlässig standhalten. Dabei ist die optimale ➝<br />

61


L I t E r A t U r E S E r v I C E<br />

Kombination von Konstruktion, Gießverfahren und Werkstoff<br />

gefor<strong>de</strong>rt. Untersuchungen zum Einsatz geeigneter Zylin<strong>de</strong>rkopflegierungen<br />

haben gezeigt, dass die Legierung allein die<br />

For<strong>de</strong>rungen nicht erfüllen kann. Ein funktionieren<strong>de</strong>s Bauteil<br />

erhält man nur durch geeignete Konstruktion und ein werkstoffgerechtes<br />

Herstellungsverfahren. Dies beinhaltet neben <strong>de</strong>m<br />

Gießen vor allem auch die Wärmebehandlung. Bei <strong>de</strong>n Bauteilfestigkeiten<br />

ist zu beobachten, dass die nominellen statischen<br />

Werte durch Eigenspannungen – z.B. aus <strong>de</strong>r Warmbehandlung<br />

– überlagert wer<strong>de</strong>n können. Dies kann dazu führen, dass das<br />

nominelle Potenzial <strong>de</strong>s Werkstoffs nicht immer genutzt wird.<br />

13 Abb., 3 Tab.<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) Anwendung<br />

R. A. P. Fielding<br />

homogenization of <strong>Alu</strong>minium Alloy Extrusion Billet<br />

Part iii: The Application of the Continuous<br />

homogenization Process to AA6xxx Series Alloys<br />

Light Metal Age, April 2009, S. 8-17<br />

The majority of AA6xxx extrusion alloy billets are homogenized<br />

in one of the 90 continuous furnaces manufactured by Hertwich<br />

Engineering since their first prototype was supplied to<br />

Amag in Austria in 1980. The advantages of this technology<br />

and issues specific to the <strong>de</strong>sign, operation and control of these<br />

furnaces are discussed. The productivity and, to a large <strong>de</strong>gree,<br />

the recovery from the extrusion of an aluminium alloy billet<br />

is <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt on its thermal history from alloying and casting<br />

through homogenization until its entry to the extrusion die. As<br />

was pointed out by Reiso, an optimum billet structure for one<br />

extru<strong>de</strong>r may not be the optimum for another. Whether a prime<br />

or a secondary producer supplies the extrusion billet, variations<br />

in the chemical composition, the preparation of the melt,<br />

or the casting and homogenization processes, can be <strong>de</strong>tected<br />

at the extrusion press. Additionally, in the extrusion plant, the<br />

specific pressure of the presses and the <strong>de</strong>sign of the extrusion<br />

dies affect the choice of die, billet and container temperatures.<br />

The rate of heating the billet before entering the extrusion press<br />

varies between induction and gas-fired furnaces. All of these<br />

factors have an influence on the optimum billet structure. As a<br />

consequence, the production of extrusions, from molten metal<br />

to the age ovens, must be looked upon as a whole. What happens<br />

at one stage of the production process is not in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt of the<br />

other stages. 5 figures, 27 sources<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) Strangpressen<br />

J. C. LaBelle, T. Dolby<br />

hex Washer-head Fastener<br />

Pull-Over in Mo<strong>de</strong>rately Thin <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Light Metal Age, April 2009, S. 40-43<br />

Pull-over, also termed pull-through, is a mo<strong>de</strong> of failure for a<br />

tension-loa<strong>de</strong>d fastener in which the sheet, plate or extrusion<br />

locally tears and/or <strong>de</strong>forms sufficiently to allow the head to<br />

pass completely through. Screws are used to resist tensile <strong>de</strong>sign<br />

loads in a variety of aluminium structures including skylights,<br />

curtain walls, and window framing. The <strong>Alu</strong>minium Design<br />

Manual (ADM) inclu<strong>de</strong>s equation 5.4.2.2-1 for pull-over of tapping<br />

screws installed in aluminium. This formula, however, was<br />

based on testing of relatively thin aluminium, 1.02 mm (0.040“)<br />

maximum, using hex-head fasteners with loose washers that<br />

were a metal/rubber combination. Subsequently, limited testing<br />

indicated that this equation was likely conservative for greater<br />

thicknesses. Thus, a testing programme was initiated in or<strong>de</strong>r to<br />

study behaviour and provi<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sign guidance for the pull-over<br />

mo<strong>de</strong> for hex-head screws with integral or loose metal-washers,<br />

and pan-head screws, installed in mo<strong>de</strong>rately thin aluminium.<br />

Thicknesses ranged from about 1.02 mm (0.040“) to 6.35 mm<br />

(0.25“). Testing covered a range of fastener-plate combinations<br />

(sets) including four screw diameters, five plate thicknesses, and<br />

several alloy-tempers. In total, 162 specimens were tested (Fig.<br />

1), usually with eight tests for each combination (set) of screw<br />

size, plate thickness, and alloy-temper. Pull-over occurred in all<br />

of the tests except for those with nominal 6.35 mm (1/4“) thick<br />

plates. In these tests, screw failure occurred.<br />

Data analysis inclu<strong>de</strong>d comparisons between test results and<br />

predicted (nominal) values based on the ADM. In all cases, the<br />

ADM pull-over prediction was substantially less than the test<br />

average for the new data. A simple <strong>de</strong>sign equation was <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />

to more accurately, yet conservatively, mo<strong>de</strong>l pull-over<br />

behaviour for screws installed in aluminium with a minimum<br />

thickness of 1.02 mm (0.040“) and prescribed hole sizes. 4 figures,<br />

5 tables, 7 sources.<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) Verarbeitung, erste Stufe<br />

Sh. Akhtar, G. Timelli, F. Bonollo, L. Arnberg, M. Di Sabatino<br />

A comparative study of <strong>de</strong>fects and mechanical properties in<br />

high pressure die cast and gravity die cast aluminium alloys<br />

International Foundry Research/Giessereiforschung 61 (2009)<br />

No. 2, S. 36-48<br />

Defects such as pores, hot tears, entrained oxi<strong>de</strong>s or macrosegregation<br />

may occur in aluminium die castings, impairing their<br />

mechanical properties. The nature, extent and distribution of<br />

such <strong>de</strong>fects will, however, differ between die casting processes.<br />

To investigate these differences, a comparative study between<br />

gravity castings of an A356 alloy and high pressure die castings<br />

of an A380 alloy was carried out. The <strong>de</strong>fect distributions of<br />

the castings were investigated by metallography, radiography<br />

and fractography, and the tensile properties were measured.<br />

The gravity die castings were produced in a step mould with<br />

and without filter and at different controlled hydrogen concentrations<br />

in the melt. The U-shaped pressure die castings were<br />

produced with systematic variations of process parameters<br />

such as plunger speed, commutation point between first and<br />

second phase and pouring temperature. It has been found that<br />

both castings contain <strong>de</strong>fects, primarily pores and oxi<strong>de</strong>s, and<br />

that the presence and distribution of these <strong>de</strong>fects are highly<br />

sensitive to the process conditions. Significant variations of the<br />

<strong>de</strong>fect distribution have, however, also been found in castings<br />

produced un<strong>de</strong>r the same conditions, particularly in the pressure<br />

die castings indicating the stochastic nature of <strong>de</strong>fects in<br />

die castings. The dominating <strong>de</strong>fect type in the gravity die casting<br />

is hydrogen porosity mainly at high hydrogen melt concentrations,<br />

whereas in the high pressure die castings, oxi<strong>de</strong>s and<br />

entrapped air porosity dominate. The tensile properties in both<br />

types of castings are affected by the amount and distribution of<br />

<strong>de</strong>fects. This effect is particularly prominent for the pressure<br />

die castings where the <strong>de</strong>fect area fraction has been found to<br />

<strong>de</strong>termine the tensile strength. In the gravity castings, hydrogen<br />

porosity <strong>de</strong>creases the tensile strength, but this effect becomes<br />

significant only at quite high hydrogen melt concentrations. The<br />

tensile properties as well as the porosity also <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>d on the<br />

cross section of the castings. 26 figures, 4 tables, 27 sources<br />

ALUMINIUM 9 (2009) Formguss, Gusslegierungen<br />

Für Schrifttum zum Thema „<strong>Alu</strong>minium“ ist <strong>de</strong>r Gesamtverband <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>miniumindustrie e.V. (GDA)<br />

<strong>de</strong>r kompetente Ansprechpartner. Die hier referierten Beiträge repräsentieren lediglich einen Ausschnitt<br />

aus <strong>de</strong>m umfassen<strong>de</strong>n aktuellen Bestand <strong>de</strong>r GDA-Bibliothek.<br />

Die von <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Alu</strong>minium-Zentrale seit <strong>de</strong>n dreißiger Jahren kontinuierlich aufgebaute Fach-Bibliothek<br />

wird duch <strong>de</strong>n GDA weitergeführt, ausgebaut und auf die neuen Medien umgestellt. Sie steht allen<br />

interessenten offen.<br />

Ansprechpartner ist Dr. Karsten hein, E-Mail: karsten.hein@aluinfo.<strong>de</strong><br />

62 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


International Journal for Industry, Research and Application<br />

How do your products and services come to appear every month in the<br />

list of supply sources, on the internet – www.<strong>Alu</strong>-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong> – and in the<br />

annual list of supply sources published by ALUMINIUM ?<br />

� Please mark the main group relevant to you<br />

q Smelting technology q Rolling technology<br />

q Extrusion q Foundry<br />

� Indicate the sub-group and/or key word<br />

(if necessary, ask us for the list of key words)<br />

_______________________ _______________________<br />

_______________________ _______________________<br />

_______________________ _______________________<br />

� Enter your text, not forgetting your on-line address:<br />

Line 1: ............................................................................................................................................<br />

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(Maximum 35 characters per line, including spaces.<br />

Price per line for each issue EUR 5,50 + VAT – minimum or<strong>de</strong>r 10 issues = 1 year.<br />

Logos are calculated according to the lines they occupy: 1 line = 2 mm).<br />

_______________________________________________________________<br />

Place/Date Company stamp / Signature<br />

� … and send this form to us by fax or post:<br />

Fax number For information Giesel Verlag GmbH, ALUMINIUM<br />

+49-511/7304-157 Tel.: -142 Rehkamp 3, D-30916 Isernhagen<br />

We will gladly send you a quotation!


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

1<br />

Smelting technology<br />

Hüttentechnik<br />

1.1 Raw materials<br />

1.2 Storage facilities for smelting<br />

1.3 Ano<strong>de</strong> production<br />

1.4 Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding<br />

1.4.1 Ano<strong>de</strong> baking<br />

1.4.2 Ano<strong>de</strong> clearing<br />

1.4.3 Fixing of new ano<strong>de</strong>s to the ano<strong>de</strong>s bars<br />

1.5 Casthouse (foundry)<br />

1.6 Casting machines<br />

1.7 Current supply<br />

1.8 Electrolysis cell (pot)<br />

1.9 Potroom<br />

1.10 Laboratory<br />

1.11 Emptying the catho<strong>de</strong> shell<br />

1.12 Catho<strong>de</strong> repair shop<br />

1.13 Second-hand plant<br />

1.14 <strong>Alu</strong>minium alloys<br />

1.15 Storage and transport<br />

1.16 Smelting manufactures<br />

1.1 Raw Materials/Rohstoffe<br />

� Raw Materials / Rohstoffe<br />

trIMet ALuMINIuM AG<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumallee 1<br />

D-45356 Essen<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 201 / 3660<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 201 / 366506<br />

E-Mail: info@trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

1.2 Storage facilities for<br />

smelting<br />

Lagermöglichkeiten i.d. Hütte<br />

FLSmidth MöLLer GmbH<br />

Ha<strong>de</strong>rslebener Straße 7<br />

D-25421 Pinneberg<br />

Telefon: 04101 788-0<br />

Telefax: 04101 788-115<br />

E-Mail: moeller@flsmidth.com<br />

Internet: www.flsmidthmoeller.com<br />

Kontakt: Herr Dipl.-Ing. Timo Letz<br />

outotec GmbH<br />

Albin-Köbis-Str. 8, D-51147 Köln<br />

Phone: +49 (0) 2203 / 9921-0<br />

E-mail: aluminium@outotec.com<br />

www.outotec.com<br />

� Conveying systems bulk materials<br />

För<strong>de</strong>ranlagen für Schüttgüter<br />

(Hüttenaluminiumherstellung)<br />

FLSmidth MöLLer GmbH<br />

Internet: www.flsmidthmoeller.com<br />

see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />

1.1 Rohstoffe<br />

1.2 Lagermöglichkeiten in <strong>de</strong>r Hütte<br />

1.3 Ano<strong>de</strong>nherstellung<br />

1.4 Ano<strong>de</strong>nschlägerei<br />

1.4.1 Ano<strong>de</strong>nbrennen<br />

1.4.2 Ano<strong>de</strong>nschlägerei<br />

1.4.3 Befestigen von neuen Ano<strong>de</strong>n an <strong>de</strong>r -stange<br />

1.5 Gießerei<br />

1.6 Gießmaschinen<br />

1.7 Stromversorgung<br />

1.8 Elektrolyseofen<br />

1.9 Elektrolysehalle<br />

1.10 Labor<br />

1.11 Ofenwannenentleeren<br />

1.12 Katho<strong>de</strong>nreparaturwerkstatt<br />

1.13 Gebrauchtanlagen<br />

1.14 <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

1.15 Lager und Transport<br />

1.16 Hüttenerzeugnisse<br />

� Unloading/Loading equipment<br />

Entla<strong>de</strong>-/Bela<strong>de</strong>einrichtungen<br />

FLSmidth MöLLer GmbH<br />

www.flsmidthmoeller.com<br />

see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />

ALuMINA ANd pet coke SHIpuNLoA<strong>de</strong>rS<br />

Contact: Andreas Haeuser, ha@neuero.<strong>de</strong><br />

1.3 Ano<strong>de</strong> production<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nherstellung<br />

see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />

� Auto firing systems<br />

Automatische Feuerungssysteme<br />

rIedHAMMer GmbH<br />

D-90411 Nürnberg<br />

Phone: +49 (0) 911 5218 0, Fax: -5218 231<br />

E-Mail: frank.goe<strong>de</strong>@riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Exhaust gas treatment<br />

Abgasbehandlung<br />

ALStoM Norway AS<br />

Tel. +47 22 12 70 00<br />

Internet: www.environment.power.alstom.com<br />

� Hydraulic presses for prebaked<br />

ano<strong>de</strong>s / Hydraulische Pressen zur<br />

Herstellung von Ano<strong>de</strong>n<br />

LAeIS GmbH<br />

Am Scheerleck 7, L-6868 Wecker, Luxembourg<br />

Phone: +352 27612 0<br />

Fax: +352 27612 109<br />

E-Mail: info@laeis-gmbh.com<br />

Internet: www.laeis-gmbh.com<br />

Contact: Dr. Alfred Kaiser<br />

� Mixing Technology for<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong> pastes<br />

Mischtechnologie für Ano<strong>de</strong>nmassen<br />

Buss AG<br />

CH-4133 Pratteln<br />

Phone: +41 61 825 66 00<br />

E-Mail: info@busscorp.com<br />

Internet: www.busscorp.com<br />

� Open top and closed<br />

type baking furnaces<br />

Offene und geschlossene Ringöfen<br />

rIedHAMMer GmbH<br />

D-90411 Nürnberg<br />

Phone: +49 (0) 911 5218 0, Fax: -5218 231<br />

E-Mail: frank.goe<strong>de</strong>@riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.riedhammer.<strong>de</strong><br />

64 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


1.4 Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nanschlägerei<br />

see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />

� Removal of bath residues from<br />

the surface of spent ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />

Entfernen <strong>de</strong>r Badreste von <strong>de</strong>r Ober -<br />

fläche <strong>de</strong>r verbrauchten Ano<strong>de</strong>n<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

Hornstraße 19<br />

D-45964 Gladbeck<br />

Telefon 02043 / 9738-0<br />

Telefax 02043 / 9738-50<br />

� Transport of finished ano<strong>de</strong><br />

elements to the pot room<br />

Transport <strong>de</strong>r fertigen Ano<strong>de</strong>nelemente<br />

in Elektrolysehalle<br />

Hovestr. 10 . D-48431 Rheine<br />

Telefon + 49 (0) 59 7158-0<br />

Fax + 49 (0) 59 7158-209<br />

E-Mail info@windhoff.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet www.windhoff.<strong>de</strong><br />

1.4.1 Ano<strong>de</strong> baking<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nbrennen<br />

� Ano<strong>de</strong> charging<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nchargieren<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

see Casting Machines 1.6<br />

� Ano<strong>de</strong> storage<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nlager<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

see Casting Machines 1.6<br />

1.4.2 Ano<strong>de</strong> clearing<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nschlägerei<br />

� Separation of spent ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />

from the ano<strong>de</strong> bars<br />

Trennen von <strong>de</strong>n Ano<strong>de</strong>nstangen<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

see Casting Machines 1.6<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

1.4.3 Fixing of new ano<strong>de</strong>s<br />

to the ano<strong>de</strong>s bars<br />

Befestigen von neuen<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>n a. d. Ano<strong>de</strong>nstange<br />

� Fixing the nipples to the<br />

ano<strong>de</strong>s by casting in<br />

Befestigen <strong>de</strong>r Nippel mit <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong> durch Eingießen<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

see Casting Machines 1.6<br />

1.5 Casthouse (foundry)<br />

Gießerei<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

Maschinen und Industrieanlagen<br />

Weinbergerstraße 6, A-5280 Braunau am Inn<br />

Phone +437722/806-0<br />

Fax +437722/806-122<br />

E-Mail: info@hertwich.com<br />

Internet: www.hertwich.com<br />

INotHerM INduStrIeoFeN-<br />

uNd WÄrMetecHNIk GMBH<br />

Konstantinstraße 1a<br />

D 41238 Mönchengladbach<br />

Telefon +49 (02166) 987990<br />

Telefax +49 (02166) 987996<br />

E-Mail: info@inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.inotherm-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

SIGNo<strong>de</strong>® SySteM GMBH<br />

Packaging Equipment<br />

Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />

Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />

E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />

Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />

Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />

Stopinc AG<br />

Bösch 83 a<br />

CH-6331 Hünenberg<br />

Tel. +41/41-785 75 00<br />

Fax +41/41-785 75 01<br />

E-Mail: interstop@stopinc.ch<br />

Internet: www.stopinc.ch<br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

� Clay / Toner<strong>de</strong><br />

trIMet ALuMINIuM AG<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumallee 1<br />

D-45356 Essen<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 201 / 3660<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 201 / 366506<br />

E-Mail: info@trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Degassing, filtration and<br />

grain refinement<br />

Entgasung, Filtern, Kornfeinung<br />

drache umwelttechnik<br />

GmbH<br />

Werner-v.-Siemens-Straße 9/24-26<br />

D 65582 Diez/Lahn<br />

Telefon 06432/607-0<br />

Telefax 06432/607-52<br />

Internet: www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Dross skimming of liquid metal<br />

Abkrätzen <strong>de</strong>s Flüssigmetalls<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Dross skimming of the melt<br />

Abkrätzen <strong>de</strong>r Schmelze<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

see Casting machines 1.6<br />

� Furnace charging with<br />

molten metal<br />

Ofenbeschickung mit Flüssigmetall<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Melting/holding/casting furnaces<br />

Schmelz-/Halte- und Gießöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

65


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

Sistem teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />

DES San. Sit. 102 SOK No: 6/8<br />

Y.Dudullu, TR-34775 Istanbul/Turkey<br />

Tel.: +90 216 420 86 24<br />

Fax: +90 216 420 23 22<br />

E-Mail: info@sistemteknik.com<br />

Internet: www.sistemteknik.com<br />

� Metal treatment in the<br />

holding furnace<br />

Metallbehandlung in Halteöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Transfer to the casting furnace<br />

Überführung in Gießofen<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

drache umwelttechnik<br />

GmbH<br />

Werner-v.-Siemens-Straße 9/24-26<br />

D 65582 Diez/Lahn<br />

Telefon 06432/607-0<br />

Telefax 06432/607-52<br />

Internet: www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

Windhoff Bahn- und<br />

Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Transport of liquid metal<br />

to the casthouse<br />

Transport v. Flüssigmetall in Gießereien<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

MArx GmbH & co. kG<br />

www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Melt operations 4.13<br />

Windhoff Bahn- und<br />

Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Treatment of casthouse<br />

off gases<br />

Behandlung <strong>de</strong>r Gießereiabgase<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

1.6 Casting machines<br />

Gießmaschinen<br />

� Pig casting machines (sow casters)<br />

Masselgießmaschine (Sowcaster)<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />

� Rolling and extrusion ingot<br />

and T-bars<br />

Formatgießerei (Walzbarren o<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Pressbolzen o<strong>de</strong>r T-Barren)<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Horizontal continuous casting<br />

Horizontales Stranggießen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Scales / Waagen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Sawing / Sägen<br />

343 Chemin du Sta<strong>de</strong><br />

38210 Saint Quentin sur Isère<br />

Tel. +33 (0) 476 074 242<br />

Fax +33 (0) 476 936 776<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

Internet: www.sermas.com<br />

� Heat treatment of extrusion<br />

ingot (homogenisation)<br />

Formatebehandlung (homogenisieren)<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5 HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 1.5<br />

� Vertical semi-continuous DC<br />

casting / Vertikales Stranggießen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

Wagstaff, Inc.<br />

3910 N. Flora Rd.<br />

Spokane, WA 99216 USA<br />

+1 509 922 1404 phone<br />

+1 509 924 0241 fax<br />

E-Mail: info@wagstaff.com<br />

Internet: www.wagstaff.com<br />

1.8 Electrolysis cell (pot)<br />

Elektrolyseofen<br />

� Calcium silicate boards<br />

Calciumsilikatplatten<br />

promat GmbH – techn. Wärmedämmung<br />

Scheifenkamp 16, D-40878 Ratingen<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2102 / 493-0, Fax -493 115<br />

verkauf3@promat.<strong>de</strong>, www.promat.<strong>de</strong><br />

66 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


� Pot feeding systems<br />

Beschickungseinrichtungen<br />

für Elektrolysezellen<br />

FLSmidth MöLLer GmbH<br />

www.flsmidthmoeller.com<br />

see Storage facilities for smelting 1.2<br />

1.9 Potroom<br />

Elektrolysehalle<br />

t.t. tomorrow technology S.p.A.<br />

Via <strong>de</strong>ll’Artigianato 18<br />

Due Carrare, Padova 35020, Italy<br />

Telefon +39 049 912 8800<br />

Telefax +39 049 912 8888<br />

E-Mail: gmagarotto@tomorrowtechnology.it<br />

Contact: Giovanni Magarotto<br />

� Ano<strong>de</strong> changing machine<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>nwechselmaschine<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Ano<strong>de</strong> transport equipment<br />

Ano<strong>de</strong>n Transporteinrichtungen<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Crustbreakers / Krustenbrecher<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

2 Extrusion<br />

Strangpressen<br />

2.1 Extrusion billet preparation<br />

2.1.1 Extrusion billet production<br />

2.2 Extrusion equipment<br />

2.3 Section handling<br />

2.4 Heat treatment<br />

2.5 Measurement and control equipment<br />

2.6 Die preparation and care<br />

2.7 Second-hand extrusion plant<br />

2.8 Consultancy, expert opinion<br />

2.9 Surface finishing of sections<br />

2.10 Machining of sections<br />

2.11 Equipment and accessories<br />

2.12 Services<br />

2.1 Extrusion billet<br />

preparation<br />

Pressbolzenbereitstellung<br />

SIGNo<strong>de</strong>® SySteM GMBH<br />

Packaging Equipment<br />

Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />

Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />

E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />

Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />

Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

� Dry absorption units for<br />

electrolysis exhaust gases<br />

Trockenabsorptionsanlage für<br />

Elektrolyseofenabgase<br />

ALStoM Norway AS<br />

Tel. +47 22 12 70 00<br />

Internet: www.environment.power.alstom.com<br />

� HF Measurementtechnology<br />

HF Messtechnik<br />

opSIS AB<br />

Box 244, S-24402 Furulund, Schwe<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Tel. +46 (0) 46-72 25 00, Fax -72 25 01<br />

E-Mail: info@opsis.se<br />

Internet: www.opsis.se<br />

� Tapping vehicles<br />

Schöpffahrzeuge<br />

GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

1.11 Emptying the<br />

catho<strong>de</strong> shell<br />

Ofenwannenentleeren<br />

� Catho<strong>de</strong> bar casting units<br />

Katho<strong>de</strong>nbarreneingießanlage<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

see Casting machines 1.6<br />

2.1 Pressbolzenbereitstellung<br />

2.1.1 Pressbolzenherstellung<br />

2.2 Strangpresseinrichtungen<br />

2.3 Profilhandling<br />

2.4 Wärmebehandlung<br />

2.5 Mess- und Regeleinrichtungen<br />

2.6 Werkzeugbereitstellung und -pflege<br />

2.7 Gebrauchte Strangpressanlagen<br />

2.8 Beratung, Gutachten<br />

2.9 Oberflächenveredlung von Profilen<br />

2.10 Profilbearbeitung<br />

2.11 Ausrüstungen und Hilfsmittel<br />

2.12 Dienstleistungen<br />

� Billet heating furnaces<br />

Öfen zur Bolzenerwärmung<br />

Am großen Teich 16+27<br />

D-58640 Iserlohn<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-0<br />

Fax +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-43<br />

E-Mail: verkauf@ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

1.15 Storage and transport<br />

Lager und Transport<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

Logistiksysteme<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

1.16 Smelting manufactories<br />

Hüttenerzeugnisse<br />

� Rolling ingots<br />

Walzbarren<br />

Alcan <strong>Alu</strong>minium Valais SA<br />

CH-3960 Sierre<br />

Telefon: 0041 27 / 4575111<br />

Telefax: 0041 27 / 4576425<br />

MArx GmbH & co. kG<br />

www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Melt operations 4.13<br />

67


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

Sistem teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />

DES San. Sit. 102 SOK No: 6/8<br />

Y.Dudullu, TR-34775 Istanbul/Turkey<br />

Tel.: +90 216 420 86 24<br />

Fax: +90 216 420 23 22<br />

E-Mail: info@sistemteknik.com<br />

Internet: www.sistemteknik.com<br />

2.1.1 Extrusion billet<br />

production<br />

Pressbolzenherstellung<br />

� Billet transport and storage<br />

equipment<br />

Bolzen-Transport- u. Lagereinricht.<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

See Casting Machines 1.6<br />

2.2 Extrusion equipment<br />

Strangpresseinrichtungen<br />

oilgear towler GmbH<br />

Im Gotthelf 8<br />

D 65795 Hattersheim<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 6145 3770<br />

Fax +49 (0) 6145 30770<br />

E-Mail: info@oilgear.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.oilgear.<strong>de</strong><br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

Schloemann Extrusion<br />

Ohlerkirchweg 66<br />

D-41069 Mönchengladbach<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2161 / 3500<br />

Fax +49 (0) 2161 / 3501667<br />

E-Mail: info@sms-meer.com<br />

Internet: www.sms-meer.com<br />

� Containers / Rezipienten<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

� Press control systems<br />

Pressensteuersysteme<br />

oilgear towler GmbH<br />

see Extrusion Equipment 2.2<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

� Temperature measurement<br />

Temperaturmessung<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

� Heating and control<br />

equipment for intelligent<br />

billet containers<br />

Heizungs- und Kontrollausrüstung<br />

für intelligente Blockaufnehmer<br />

MArx GmbH & co. kG<br />

www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Melt operations 4.13<br />

2.3 Section handling<br />

Profilhandling<br />

SIGNo<strong>de</strong>® SySteM GMBH<br />

Packaging Equipment<br />

Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />

Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />

E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />

Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />

Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />

� Packaging equipment<br />

Verpackungseinrichtungen<br />

H+H HerrMANN + HIeBer GMBH<br />

För<strong>de</strong>rsysteme für paletten<br />

und schwere Lasten<br />

Rechbergstraße 46<br />

D-73770 Denkendorf/Stuttgart<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 711 / 9 34 67-0<br />

Fax +49 (0) 711 / 3 46 0911<br />

E-Mail: info@herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

Stadtseestraße 12<br />

D-74189 Weinsberg<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 7134 / 52-220<br />

Fax +49 (0) 7134 / 52-222<br />

E-Mail intralogistik@vollert.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet www.vollert.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Puller equipment<br />

Ausziehvorrichtungen/Puller<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

� Section cooling<br />

Profilkühlung<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

� Section saws<br />

Profilsägen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

68 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


� Section store equipment<br />

Profil-Lagereinrichtungen<br />

H+H HerrMANN + HIeBer GMBH<br />

För<strong>de</strong>rsysteme für paletten<br />

und schwere Lasten<br />

Rechbergstraße 46<br />

D-73770 Denkendorf/Stuttgart<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 711 / 9 34 67-0<br />

Fax +49 (0) 711 / 3 46 0911<br />

E-Mail: info@herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />

kASto Maschinenbau GmbH & co. kG<br />

Industriestr. 14, D-77855 Achern<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 7841 61-0 / Fax: +49 (0) 7841 61 300<br />

kasto@kasto.<strong>de</strong> / www.kasto.<strong>de</strong><br />

Hersteller von Band- und Kreissägemaschinen<br />

sowie Langgut- und Blechlagersystemen<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

� Section transport equipment<br />

Profiltransporteinrichtungen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

Nijverheidsweg 3<br />

NL-7071 CH Ulft Netherlands<br />

Tel.: +31 315 641352<br />

Fax: +31 315 641852<br />

E-Mail: info@unifour.nl<br />

Internet: www.unifour.nl<br />

Sales Contact: Paul Overmans<br />

� Stackers / Destackers<br />

Stapler / Entstapler<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

� Stretching equipment<br />

Reckeinrichtungen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

� Transport equipment for<br />

extru<strong>de</strong>d sections<br />

Transporteinrichtungen<br />

für Profilabschnitte<br />

H+H HerrMANN + HIeBer GMBH<br />

För<strong>de</strong>rsysteme für paletten<br />

und schwere Lasten<br />

Rechbergstraße 46<br />

D-73770 Denkendorf/Stuttgart<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 711 / 9 34 67-0<br />

Fax +49 (0) 711 / 3 46 0911<br />

E-Mail: info@herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.herrmannhieber.<strong>de</strong><br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

2.4 Heat treatment<br />

Wärmebehandlung<br />

BSN Thermprozesstechnik GmbH<br />

Kammerbruchstraße 64<br />

D-52152 Simmerath<br />

Tel. 02473-9277-0 · Fax: 02473-9277-111<br />

info@bsn-therm.<strong>de</strong> · www.bsn-therm.<strong>de</strong><br />

Ofenanlagen zum Wärmebehan<strong>de</strong>ln von <strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen,<br />

Buntmetallen und Stählen<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

Sobieskiego 8, 66-200 Swiebodzin PL<br />

tel./fax +48 68 4111 600 (655)<br />

Fax +49 (0) 711 / 3 46 0911<br />

info@secowarwick.com.pl<br />

www.secowarwick.com.pl<br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

� Annealing furnaces<br />

Glühöfen<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

� Heat treatment furnaces<br />

Wärmebehandlungsöfen<br />

INotHerM INduStrIeoFeN-<br />

uNd WÄrMetecHNIk GMBH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

� Custom <strong>de</strong>signed heat<br />

processing equipment<br />

Kun<strong>de</strong>nspezifische<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />

Sistem teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

� Homogenising furnaces<br />

Homogenisieröfen<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

69


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

2.5 Measurement and<br />

control equipment<br />

Mess- und Regeleinrichtungen<br />

� Extrusion plant control systems<br />

Presswerkssteuerungen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Extrusion equipment 2.2<br />

2.6 Die preparation and care<br />

Werkzeugbereitstellung<br />

und -pflege<br />

� Die heating furnaces<br />

Werkzeuganwärmöfen<br />

MArx GmbH & co. kG<br />

www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Melt operations 4.13<br />

Sistem teknik Ltd. Sti.<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

Nijverheidsweg 3<br />

NL-7071 CH Ulft Netherlands<br />

Tel.: +31 315 641352<br />

Fax: +31 315 641852<br />

E-Mail: info@unifour.nl<br />

Internet: www.unifour.nl<br />

Sales Contact: Paul Overmans<br />

� Extrusion dies<br />

Strangpresswerkzeuge<br />

Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />

Karmeliterstraße 6<br />

D-52064 Aachen<br />

Telefon: 02 41 / 9 18 - 500<br />

Telefax: 02 41 / 9 18 - 5010<br />

E-Mail: info@haarmann-gruppe.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.haarmann-gruppe.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Har<strong>de</strong>ning technology<br />

Härtetechnik<br />

Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />

see Die preparation and care 2.6<br />

2.7 Second-hand<br />

extrusion plant<br />

Gebr. Strangpressanlagen<br />

Qualiteam International/extruprex<br />

Champs Elyséesweg 17, NL-6213 AA Maastricht<br />

Tel. +31-43-3 25 67 77<br />

Internet: www.extruprex.com<br />

2.10 Machining of sections<br />

Profilbearbeitung<br />

� Processing of Profiles<br />

Profilbearbeitung<br />

tensai (International) AG<br />

extal division<br />

Steinengraben 40<br />

CH-4051 Basel<br />

Telefon +41 (0) 61 284 98 10<br />

Telefax +41 (0) 61 284 98 20<br />

E-Mail: tensai@tensai.com<br />

2.11 Equipment and<br />

accessories<br />

Ausrüstungen und<br />

Hilfsmittel<br />

� Inductiv heating equipment<br />

Induktiv beheizte<br />

Erwärmungseinrichtungen<br />

Am großen Teich 16+27<br />

D-58640 Iserlohn<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-0<br />

Fax +49 (0) 2371 / 4346-43<br />

E-Mail: verkauf@ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.ias-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Ageing furnace for extrusions<br />

Auslagerungsöfen für<br />

Strangpressprofile<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

Nijverheidsweg 3<br />

NL-7071 CH Ulft Netherlands<br />

Tel.: +31 315 641352<br />

Fax: +31 315 641852<br />

E-Mail: info@unifour.nl<br />

Internet: www.unifour.nl<br />

Sales Contact: Paul Overmans<br />

2.12 Services<br />

Dienstleistungen<br />

Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />

see Die preparation and care 2.6<br />

could not find your „keywords“?<br />

please ask for our complete<br />

„Supply sources for the aluminium industry“.<br />

e-Mail: p.kapsali@giesel.<strong>de</strong><br />

70 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


3<br />

Rolling mill technology<br />

Walzwerktechnik<br />

3.1 Casting equipment<br />

3.2 Rolling bar machining<br />

3.3 Rolling bar furnaces<br />

3.4 Hot rolling equipment<br />

3.5 Strip casting units and accessories<br />

3.6 Cold rolling equipment<br />

3.7 Thin strip / foil rolling plant<br />

3.8 Auxiliary equipment<br />

3.9 Adjustment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />

3.10 Process technology / Automation technology<br />

3.11 Coolant / lubricant preparation<br />

3.12 Air extraction systems<br />

3.13 Fire extinguishing units<br />

3.14 Storage and dispatch<br />

3.15 Second-hand rolling equipment<br />

3.16 Coil storage systems<br />

3.17 Strip Processing Lines<br />

3.18 Productions Management Systems<br />

3.0 Rolling mill technology<br />

Walzwerktechnik<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

Eduard-Schloemann-Straße 4<br />

D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 211 881-0<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 211 881-49 02<br />

E-Mail: communications@sms-siemag.com<br />

Internet: www.sms-siemag.com<br />

Geschäftsbereiche:<br />

Warmflach- und kaltwalzwerke<br />

Wiesenstraße 30<br />

D-57271 Hilchenbach-Dahlbruch<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2733 29-0<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2733 29-2852<br />

Bandanlagen<br />

Wal<strong>de</strong>rstraße 51/53<br />

D-40724 Hil<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 211 881-5100<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 211 881-5200<br />

elektrik + Automation<br />

Ivo-Beucker-Straße 43<br />

D-40237 Düsseldorf<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 211 881-5895<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 211 881-775895<br />

Logistiksysteme<br />

Obere Industriestraße 8<br />

D-57250 Netphen<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2738 21-0<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2738 21-1299<br />

E-Mail: info@siemag.com<br />

Internet: www.siemag.com<br />

www.alu-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong><br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

3.1 Gießanlagen<br />

3.2 Walzbarrenbearbeitung<br />

3.3 Walzbarrenvorbereitung<br />

3.4 Warmwalzanlagen<br />

3.5 Bandgießanlagen und Zubehör<br />

3.6 Kaltwalzanlagen<br />

3.7 Feinband-/Folienwalzwerke<br />

3.8 Nebeneinrichtungen<br />

3.9 Adjustageeinrichtungen<br />

3.10 Prozesstechnik / Automatisierungstechnik<br />

3.11 Kühl-/Schmiermittel-Aufbereitung<br />

3.12 Abluftsysteme<br />

3.13 Feuerlöschanlagen<br />

3.14 Lagerung und Versand<br />

3.15 Gebrauchtanlagen<br />

3.16 Coil storage systems<br />

3.17 Bandprozesslinien<br />

3.18 Produktions Management Systeme<br />

3.1 Casting equipment<br />

Gießanlagen<br />

� Filling level indicators and controls<br />

Füllstandsanzeiger und -regler<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

Wagstaff, Inc.<br />

see Casting machines 1.6<br />

� Melting and holding furnaces<br />

Schmelz- und Warmhalteöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

Geschäftsbereich <strong>Alu</strong>minium<br />

Konstanzer Straße 37<br />

Postfach 170<br />

CH 8274 Tägerwilen<br />

Telefon +41/71/6666666<br />

Telefax +41/71/6666688<br />

E-Mail: aluminium@gautschi-engineering.com<br />

Kontakt: Stefan Blum, Tel. +41/71/6666621<br />

LoI thermprocess GmbH<br />

Am Lichtbogen 29<br />

D-45141 Essen<br />

Germany<br />

Telefon +49 (0) 201 / 18 91-1<br />

Telefax +49 (0) 201 / 18 91-321<br />

E-Mail: info@loi-italimpianti.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.loi-italimpianti.com<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

� Melt purification units<br />

Schmelzereinigungsanlagen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Metal filters / Metallfilter<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

3.2 Rolling bar machining<br />

Walzbarrenbearbeitung<br />

� Band saws / Bandsägen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

Ohlerkirchweg 66<br />

D-41069 Mönchengladbach<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2161 / 3500<br />

Fax +49 (0) 2161 / 3501667<br />

E-Mail: info@sms-meer.com<br />

Internet: www.sms-meer.com<br />

� Slab milling machines<br />

Barrenfräsmaschinen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />

71


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

3.3 Rolling bar furnaces<br />

Walzbarrenvorbereitung<br />

BSN Thermprozesstechnik GmbH<br />

see Heat Treatment 2.4<br />

� Homogenising furnaces<br />

Homogenisieröfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

� Annealing furnaces<br />

Glühöfen<br />

eBNer Industrieofenbau Ges.m.b.H.<br />

Ruflinger Str. 111, A-4060 Leonding<br />

Tel. +43 / 732 / 68 68<br />

Fax +43 / 732 / 68 68-1000<br />

Internet: www.ebner.cc<br />

E-Mail: sales@ebner.cc<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

schwartz GmbH<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

� Bar heating furnaces<br />

Barrenanwärmanlagen<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

eBNer Industrieofenbau Ges.m.b.H.<br />

see Annealing furnaces 3.3<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Roller tracks<br />

Rollengänge<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

3.4 Hot rolling equipment<br />

Warmwalzanlagen<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

� Coil transport systems<br />

Bundtransportsysteme<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

Windhoff Bahn- und<br />

Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

� Drive systems / Antriebe<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Rolling mill mo<strong>de</strong>rnisation<br />

Walzwerksmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Spools / Haspel<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Hot rolling units /<br />

complete plants<br />

Warmwalzanlagen/Komplettanlagen<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

3.5 Strip casting units<br />

and accessories<br />

Bandgießanlagen und<br />

Zubehör<br />

� Cores & shells for continuous<br />

casting lines<br />

Cores & shells for continuous<br />

casting lines<br />

Bruno presezzi SpA<br />

Via per Ornago 8<br />

I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />

Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />

Fax +39 039 6081373<br />

E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />

Internet: www.brunopresezzi.com<br />

Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />

� Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />

for continuous casting lines<br />

Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />

for continuous casting lines<br />

Bruno presezzi SpA<br />

Via per Ornago 8<br />

I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />

Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />

Fax +39 039 6081373<br />

E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />

Internet: www.brunopresezzi.com<br />

Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />

� Twin-roll continuous casting<br />

lines (complete lines)<br />

Twin-roll continuous casting lines<br />

(complete lines)<br />

Bruno presezzi SpA<br />

Via per Ornago 8<br />

I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />

Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />

Fax +39 039 6081373<br />

E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />

Internet: www.brunopresezzi.com<br />

Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />

72 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


3.6 Cold rolling equipment<br />

Kaltwalzanlagen<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

BSN Thermprozesstechnik GmbH<br />

see Heat Treatment 2.4<br />

SIGNo<strong>de</strong>® SySteM GMBH<br />

Packaging Equipment<br />

Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />

Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />

E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />

Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />

Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />

� Coil annealing furnaces<br />

Bundglühöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

� Coil transport systems<br />

Bundtransportsysteme<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

Windhoff Bahn- und<br />

Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

� Cold rolling units /<br />

complete plants<br />

Kaltwalzanlagen/Komplettanlagen<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Drive systems / Antriebe<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Heating furnaces / Anwärmöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

Hier könnte Ihr<br />

Bezugsquellen- <br />

Eintrag<br />

stehen.<br />

Rufen Sie an:<br />

Tel. 0511 / 73 04-148<br />

Beate Schaefer<br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

� Process optimisation systems<br />

Prozessoptimierungssysteme<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Process simulation<br />

Prozesssimulation<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />

Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />

Bruno presezzi SpA<br />

Via per Ornago 8<br />

I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />

Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />

Fax +39 039 6081373<br />

E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />

Internet: www.brunopresezzi.com<br />

Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />

� Roll exchange equipment<br />

Walzenwechseleinrichtungen<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

Windhoff Bahn- und<br />

Anlagentechnik GmbH<br />

see Ano<strong>de</strong> rodding 1.4<br />

73


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

� Rolling mill mo<strong>de</strong>rnization<br />

Walzwerkmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

� Slitting lines-CTL<br />

Längs- und Querteilanlagen<br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

� Strip shears<br />

Bandscheren<br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Trimming equipment<br />

Besäumeinrichtungen<br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

www.alu-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong><br />

3.7 Thin strip /<br />

foil rolling plant<br />

Feinband-/Folienwalzwerke<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

SIGNo<strong>de</strong>® SySteM GMBH<br />

Packaging Equipment<br />

Non-Ferrous Specialist Team DSWE<br />

Magnusstr. 18, 46535 Dinslaken/Germany<br />

Telefon: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-210<br />

Telefax: +49 (0) 2064 / 69-489<br />

E-Mail: g.laks@signo<strong>de</strong>-europe.com<br />

Internet: www.signo<strong>de</strong>.com<br />

Contact: Mr. Gerard Laks<br />

� Coil annealing furnaces<br />

Bundglühöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

schwartz GmbH<br />

see Cold colling equipment 3.6<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

� Heating furnaces<br />

Anwärmöfen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

INotHerM INduStrIeoFeN-<br />

uNd WÄrMetecHNIk GMBH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

� Thin strip / foil rolling mills /<br />

complete plant<br />

Feinband- / Folienwalzwerke /<br />

Komplettanlagen<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Revamps, equipments<br />

& spare parts<br />

Revamps, equipments & spare parts<br />

Bruno presezzi SpA<br />

Via per Ornago 8<br />

I-20040 Burago Molgora (Mi) – Italy<br />

Tel. +39 039 63502 229<br />

Fax +39 039 6081373<br />

E-Mail: aluminium.<strong>de</strong>pt@brunopresezzi.com<br />

Internet: www.brunopresezzi.com<br />

Contact: Franco Gramaglia<br />

� Rolling mill mo<strong>de</strong>rnization<br />

Walzwerkmo<strong>de</strong>rnisierung<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

3.9 Adjustment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />

Adjustageeinrichtungen<br />

� Sheet and plate stretchers<br />

Blech- und Plattenstrecker<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />

� Cable sheathing presses<br />

Kabelummantelungspressen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />

74 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


� Cable undulating machines<br />

Kabelwellmaschinen<br />

SMS Meer GmbH<br />

see Rolling bar machining 3.2<br />

� Transverse cutting units<br />

Querteilanlagen<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

See Casting Machines 1.6<br />

3.10 Process technology /<br />

Automation technology<br />

Prozesstechnik /<br />

Automatisierungstechnik<br />

� Process control technology<br />

Prozessleittechnik<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

Wagstaff, Inc.<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

see Casting machines 1.6<br />

Hier könnte Ihr<br />

Bezugsquellen- <br />

Eintrag<br />

stehen.<br />

Rufen Sie an:<br />

Tel. 0511 / 73 04-148<br />

Beate Schaefer<br />

� Strip thickness measurement<br />

and control equipment<br />

Banddickenmess- und<br />

-regeleinrichtungen<br />

ABB Automation technologies AB<br />

Force Measurement<br />

S-72159 Västeras, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Phone: +46 21 325 000<br />

Fax: +46 21 340 005<br />

E-Mail: pressductor@se.abb.com<br />

Internet: www.abb.com/pressductor<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Strip flatness measurement<br />

and control equipment<br />

Bandplanheitsmess- und<br />

-regeleinrichtungen<br />

ABB Automation technologies AB<br />

Force Measurement<br />

S-72159 Västeras, Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Phone: +46 21 325 000<br />

Fax: +46 21 340 005<br />

E-Mail: pressductor@se.abb.com<br />

Internet: www.abb.com/pressductor<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

3.11 Coolant / lubricant<br />

preparation<br />

Kühl-/Schmiermittel-<br />

Aufbereitung<br />

� Rolling oil recovery and<br />

treatment units<br />

Walzöl-Wie<strong>de</strong>raufbereitungsanlagen<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Filter for rolling oils and<br />

emulsions<br />

Filter für Walzöle und Emulsionen<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Rolling oil rectification units<br />

Walzölrektifikationsanlagen<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

75


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

3.12 Air extraction systems<br />

Abluft-Systeme<br />

� Exhaust air purification<br />

systems (active)<br />

Abluft-Reinigungssysteme (aktiv)<br />

Achenbach Buschhütten GmbH<br />

Siegener Str. 152, D-57223 Kreuztal<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2732/7990, info@achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.achenbach.<strong>de</strong><br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

� Filtering plants and systems<br />

Filteranlagen und Systeme<br />

dantherm Filtration GmbH<br />

Industriestr. 9, D-77948 Friesenheim<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 7821 / 966-0, Fax: - 966-245<br />

E-Mail: info.<strong>de</strong>@danthermfiltration.com<br />

Internet: www.danthermfiltration.com<br />

3.14 Storage and dispatch<br />

Lagerung und Versand<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

Logistiksysteme<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

3.16 Coil storage systems<br />

Bundlagersysteme<br />

SMS Siemag Aktiengesellschaft<br />

Logistiksysteme<br />

see Rolling mill technology 3.0<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

3.17 Strip Processing Lines<br />

Bandprozesslinien � Strip Processing Lines<br />

Bandprozesslinien<br />

� Colour Coating Lines<br />

Bandlackierlinien<br />

www.bwg-online.com<br />

see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />

� Lithographic Sheet Lines<br />

Lithografielinien<br />

www.bwg-online.com<br />

see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />

see Cold rolling units / complete plants 3.6<br />

� Stretch Levelling Lines<br />

Streckrichtanlagen<br />

www.bwg-online.com<br />

see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />

� Strip Annealing Lines<br />

Bandglühlinien<br />

BWG Bergwerk- und Walzwerk-<br />

Maschinenbau GmbH<br />

Mercatorstraße 74 – 78<br />

D-47051 Duisburg<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 203-9929-0<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 203-9929-400<br />

E-Mail: bwg@bwg-online.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.bwg-online.com<br />

could not find your „keywords“?<br />

please ask for our complete<br />

„Supply sources for the<br />

aluminium industry“.<br />

e-Mail:<br />

www.bwg-online.com<br />

see Strip Processing Lines 3.17<br />

3.18 Production<br />

Management systems<br />

Produktions Management<br />

Systeme<br />

4production AG<br />

Production Optimising Solutions<br />

Carlo-Schmid-Str. 12, D-52146 Würselen<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 2405 4135-0<br />

info@4production.<strong>de</strong>, www.4production.com<br />

A PSI Group Company<br />

p.kapsali@giesel.<strong>de</strong><br />

76 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


4 Foundry<br />

Gießerei<br />

4.1 Work protection and ergonomics<br />

4.2 Heat-resistant technology<br />

4.3 Conveyor and storage technology<br />

4.4 Mould and core production<br />

4.5 Mould accessories and accessory materials<br />

4.6 Foundry equipment<br />

4.7 Casting machines and equipment<br />

4.8 Handling technology<br />

4.9 Construction and <strong>de</strong>sign<br />

4.10 Measurement technology and materials testing<br />

4.11 Metallic charge materials<br />

4.12 Finshing of raw castings<br />

4.13 Melt operations<br />

4.14 Melt preparation<br />

4.15 Melt treatment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />

4.16 Control and regulation technology<br />

4.17 Environment protection and disposal<br />

4.18 Dross recovery<br />

4.19 Gussteile<br />

4.2 Heat-resistent technology<br />

Feuerfesttechnik<br />

� Refractories<br />

Feuerfeststoffe<br />

promat GmbH – techn. Wärmedämmung<br />

Scheifenkamp 16, D-40878 Ratingen<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 2102 / 493-0, Fax -493 115<br />

verkauf3@promat.<strong>de</strong>, www.promat.<strong>de</strong><br />

4.3 Conveyor and storage<br />

technology<br />

För<strong>de</strong>r- und Lagertechnik<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

4.5 Mold accessories and<br />

accessory materials<br />

Formzubehör, Hilfmittel<br />

� Fluxes<br />

Flussmittel<br />

Solvay Fluor GmbH<br />

Hans-Böckler-Allee 20<br />

D-30173 Hannover<br />

Telefon +49 (0) 511 / 857-0<br />

Telefax +49 (0) 511 / 857-2146<br />

Internet: www.solvay-fluor.<strong>de</strong><br />

www.alu-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong><br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

4.6 Foundry equipment<br />

Gießereianlagen<br />

� Casting machines<br />

Gießmaschinen<br />

� Heat treatment furnaces<br />

Wärmebehandlungsöfen<br />

see Foundry equipment 4.6<br />

� Solution annealing furnaces/plant<br />

Lösungsglühöfen/anlagen<br />

erNSt reINHArdt GMBH<br />

Postfach 1880, D-78008 VS-Villingen<br />

Tel. 07721/8441-0, Fax 8441-44<br />

E-Mail: info@ernstreinhardt.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.Ernst-Reinhardt.com<br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

4.1 Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie<br />

4.2 Feuerfesttechnik<br />

4.3 För<strong>de</strong>r- und Lagertechnik<br />

4.4 Form- und Kernherstellung<br />

4.5 Formzubehör, Hilfsmittel<br />

4.6 Gießereianlagen<br />

4.7 Gießmaschinen und Gießeinrichtungen<br />

4.8 Handhabungstechnik<br />

4.9 Konstruktion und Design<br />

4.10 Messtechnik und Materialprüfung<br />

4.11 Metallische Einsatzstoffe<br />

4.12 Rohgussnachbehandlung<br />

4.13 Schmelzbetrieb<br />

4.14 Schmelzvorbereitung<br />

4.15 Schmelzebehandlungseinrichtungen<br />

4.16 Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik<br />

4.17 Umweltschutz und Entsorgung<br />

4.18 Schlackenrückgewinnung<br />

4.19 Cast parts<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

4.7 Casting machines<br />

and equipment<br />

Gießereimaschinen<br />

und Gießeinrichtungen<br />

Molten Metall Level control<br />

Ostra Hamnen 7<br />

SE-430 91 Hono / Schwe<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Tel.: +46 31 764 5520, Fax: +46 31 764 5529<br />

E-Mail: info@precimeter.com<br />

Internet: www.precimeter.com<br />

Sales contact: Jan Strömbeck<br />

Wagstaff, Inc.<br />

see Casting machines 1.6<br />

� Mould parting agents<br />

Kokillentrennmittel<br />

Schrö<strong>de</strong>r kG<br />

Schmierstofftechnik<br />

Postfach 1170<br />

D-57251<br />

Freu<strong>de</strong>nberg<br />

Tel. 02734/7071<br />

Fax 02734/20784<br />

www.schroe<strong>de</strong>r-schmierstoffe.<strong>de</strong><br />

77


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

4.8 Handling technology<br />

Handhabungstechnik<br />

Vollert Anlagenbau<br />

GmbH + co. kG<br />

see Packaging equipment 2.3<br />

� Manipulators<br />

Manipulatoren<br />

SerMAS INduStrIe<br />

E-Mail: sermas@sermas.com<br />

See Casting Machines 1.6<br />

4.9 Construction and<br />

Design<br />

Konstruktion und Design<br />

THERMCON OVENS BV<br />

� <strong>Alu</strong>minium alloys<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumlegierungen<br />

ALerIS recycling (German Works) GmbH<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumstraße 3<br />

D-41515 Grevenbroich<br />

Telefon +49 (0) 2181/16 45 0<br />

Telefax +49 (0) 2181/16 45 100<br />

E-Mail: recycling@aleris.com<br />

Internet: www.aleris-recycling.com<br />

MetALLHAN<strong>de</strong>LSGeSeLLScHAFt<br />

ScHooF & HASLAcHer MBH & co. kG<br />

Postfach 600714, D 81207 München<br />

Telefon 089/829133-0<br />

Telefax 089/8201154<br />

E-Mail: info@metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Pre alloys / Vorlegierungen<br />

see Extrusion 2<br />

4.11 Metallic charge<br />

materials<br />

Metallische Einsatzstoffe<br />

MetALLHAN<strong>de</strong>LSGeSeLLScHAFt<br />

ScHooF & HASLAcHer MBH & co. kG<br />

Postfach 600714, D 81207 München<br />

Telefon 089/829133-0<br />

Telefax 089/8201154<br />

E-Mail: info@metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.metallhan<strong>de</strong>lsgesellschaft.<strong>de</strong><br />

� Recycling / Recycling<br />

trIMet ALuMINIuM AG<br />

Nie<strong>de</strong>rlassung Gelsenkirchen<br />

Am Stadthafen 51-65<br />

D-45681 Gelsenkirchen<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 209 / 94089-0<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 209 / 94089-60<br />

Internet: www.trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

trIMet ALuMINIuM AG<br />

Nie<strong>de</strong>rlassung Harzgero<strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumallee 1<br />

06493 Harzgero<strong>de</strong><br />

Tel.: 039484 / 50-0<br />

Fax: 039484 / 50-100<br />

Internet: www.trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

4.13 Melt operations<br />

Schmelzbetrieb<br />

� Heat treatment furnaces<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />

see Billet Heating Furnaces 2.1<br />

� Melting furnaces<br />

Schmelzöfen<br />

Büttgenbachstraße 14<br />

D-40549 Düsseldorf/Germany<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 211 / 5 00 91-43<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 211 / 50 13 97<br />

E-Mail: info@bloomeng.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.bloomeng.com<br />

Sales Contact: Klaus Rixen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

MArx GmbH & co. kG<br />

Lilienthalstr. 6-18<br />

D-58638 Iserhohn<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 2371 / 2105-0, Fax: -11<br />

E-Mail: info@marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.marx-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

� Holding furnaces<br />

Warmhalteöfen<br />

Büttgenbachstraße 14<br />

D-40549 Düsseldorf/Germany<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 211 / 5 00 91-43<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 211 / 50 13 97<br />

E-Mail: info@bloomeng.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.bloomeng.com<br />

Sales Contact: Klaus Rixen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

78 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


� Heat treatment furnaces<br />

Wärmebehandlungsanlagen<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

HertWIcH eNGINeerING GmbH<br />

see Casthouse (foundry) 1.5<br />

see Equipment and accessories 3.1<br />

Seco/WArWIck S.A.<br />

see Heat treatment 2.4<br />

4.14 Melt preparation<br />

Schmelzvorbereitung<br />

ceraflux India pvt. Ltd.<br />

F - 59 & 60, MIDC, Gokul Shirgaon,<br />

Kolhapur - 416 234. Maharastra (India)<br />

E-Mail: cerafluxindia@dataone.in<br />

cerafluxindia@gmail.com<br />

Web: www.ceraflux.com<br />

� Degassing, filtration<br />

Entgasung, Filtration<br />

drache umwelttechnik<br />

GmbH<br />

Werner-v.-Siemens-Straße 9/24-26<br />

D 65582 Diez/Lahn<br />

Telefon 06432/607-0<br />

Telefax 06432/607-52<br />

Internet: http://www.drache-gmbh.<strong>de</strong><br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

� Melt treatment agents<br />

Schmelzebehandlungsmittel<br />

Gautschi<br />

engineering GmbH<br />

see Casting equipment 3.1<br />

ALUMINIUM · 9/2009<br />

4.15 Melt treatment <strong>de</strong>vices<br />

Schmelzbehandlungseinrichtungen<br />

Metaullics Systems europe B.V.<br />

Ebweg 14<br />

NL-2991 LT Barendrecht<br />

Tel. +31-180/590890<br />

Fax +31-180/551040<br />

E-Mail: info@metaullics.nl<br />

Internet: www.metaullics.com<br />

4.16 Control and<br />

regulation technology<br />

Steuerungs- und<br />

Regelungstechnik<br />

� HCL measurements<br />

HCL Messungen<br />

opSIS AB<br />

Box 244, S-24402 Furulund, Schwe<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Tel. +46 (0) 46-72 25 00, Fax -72 25 01<br />

E-Mail: info@opsis.se<br />

Internet: www.opsis.se<br />

do you need<br />

more<br />

information?<br />

5<br />

E-Mail:<br />

P.Kapsali@giesel.<strong>de</strong><br />

L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

4.17 Environment protection<br />

and disposal<br />

Umweltschutz und<br />

Entsorgung<br />

� Dust removal / Entstaubung<br />

NeotecHNIk GmbH<br />

Entstaubungsanlagen<br />

Postfach 110261, D-33662 Bielefeld<br />

Tel. 05205/7503-0, Fax 05205/7503-77<br />

info@neotechnik.com, www.neotechnik.com<br />

� Flue gas cleaning<br />

Rauchgasreinigung<br />

dantherm Filtration GmbH<br />

Industriestr. 9, D-77948 Friesenheim<br />

Tel.: +49 (0) 7821 / 966-0, Fax: - 966-245<br />

E-Mail: info.<strong>de</strong>@danthermfiltration.com<br />

Internet: www.danthermfiltration.com<br />

4.19 Cast parts / Gussteile<br />

trIMet ALuMINIuM AG<br />

Nie<strong>de</strong>rlassung Harzgero<strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumallee 1<br />

06493 Harzgero<strong>de</strong><br />

Tel.: 039484 / 50-0<br />

Fax: 039484 / 50-100<br />

Internet: www.trimet.<strong>de</strong><br />

Materials and Recycling<br />

Werkstoffe und Recycling<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>r ALUMINIUM-<br />

Branchentreff.<br />

Haben Sie schon Ihren<br />

Basiseintrag bestellt?<br />

Nein, dann sofort anrufen:<br />

0511/73 04-142<br />

Panagiota Kapsali<br />

� Granulated aluminium<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumgranulate<br />

eckA Granulate Austria GmbH<br />

Bürmooser Lan<strong>de</strong>sstraße 19<br />

A-5113 St. Georgen/Salzburg<br />

Telefon +43 6272 2919-12<br />

Telefax +43 6272 8439<br />

Kontakt: Ditmar Klein<br />

E-Mail: d.klein@ecka-granules.com<br />

79


L i e f e r v e r z e i c h n i s<br />

6<br />

Machining and Application<br />

Bearbeitung und Anwendung<br />

� Machining of aluminium<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumbearbeitung<br />

Haarmann Holding GmbH<br />

see Die preparation and care 2.6<br />

6.1 Surface treatment<br />

processes<br />

Prozesse für die<br />

Oberflächenbehandlung<br />

Henkel AG & co. kGaA<br />

D-40191 Düsseldorf<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 211 / 797-30 00<br />

Fax +49 (0) 211 / 798-23 23<br />

Internet: www.henkel-technologies.com<br />

� Adhesive bonding / Verkleben<br />

Henkel AG & co. kGaA<br />

siehe Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />

� Anodising / Anodisation<br />

Henkel AG & co. kGaA<br />

siehe Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />

� Cleaning / Reinigung<br />

Henkel AG & co. kGaA<br />

siehe Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />

� Joining / Fügen<br />

Henkel AG & co. kGaA<br />

siehe Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />

� Pretreatment before coating<br />

Vorbehandlung vor <strong>de</strong>r Beschichtung<br />

Henkel AG & co. kGaA<br />

siehe Prozesse für die Oberflächentechnik 6.1<br />

6.2 Semi products<br />

Halbzeuge<br />

� Wires / Drähte<br />

drAHtWerk eLISeNtAL<br />

W. erdmann GmbH & co.<br />

Werdohler Str. 40, D-58809 Neuenra<strong>de</strong><br />

Postfach 12 60, D-58804 Neuenra<strong>de</strong><br />

Tel. +49(0)2392/697-0, Fax 49(0)2392/62044<br />

E-Mail: info@elisental.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.elisental.<strong>de</strong><br />

could not find your „keywords“?<br />

please ask for our complete<br />

„Supply sources for the<br />

aluminium industry“.<br />

telefon:<br />

0411/7304-142<br />

panagiota kapsali<br />

6.3 Equipment for forging<br />

and impact extrusion<br />

Ausrüstung für Schmie<strong>de</strong>und<br />

Fließpresstechnik<br />

� Hydraulic Presses<br />

Hydraulische Pressen<br />

LASco umformtechnik GmbH<br />

Hahnweg 139, D-96450 Coburg<br />

Tel. +49 (0) 9561 642-0<br />

Fax +49 (0) 9561 642-333<br />

E-Mail: lasco@lasco.<strong>de</strong><br />

Internet: www.lasco.com<br />

8 Literature<br />

Literatur<br />

� Technikcal literature<br />

Fachliteratur<br />

taschenbuch <strong>de</strong>s Metallhan<strong>de</strong>ls<br />

Fundamentals of extrusion technology<br />

Giesel Verlag GmbH<br />

Verlag für Fachmedien<br />

ein unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r klett-Gruppe<br />

Rehkamp 3 · 30916 Isernhagen<br />

Tel. 0511 / 73 04-122 · Fax 0511 / 73 04-157<br />

Internet: www.alu-bookshop.<strong>de</strong>.<br />

� Technical journals<br />

Fachzeitschriften<br />

Giesel Verlag GmbH<br />

ein unternehmen <strong>de</strong>r klett-Gruppe<br />

Rehkamp 3 · 30916 Isernhagen<br />

Tel. 0511 / 73 04-122 · Fax 0511 / 73 04-157<br />

80 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


International<br />

ALUMINIUM<br />

Journal<br />

85. Jahrgang 1.1.2009<br />

Redaktion / Editorial office<br />

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Hüttenindustrie und Recycling<br />

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Walzwerkstechnik und<br />

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Nielsen-Gebiet 3 b (Ba<strong>de</strong>n-Württemberg):<br />

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Tel: 0 71 27/30 84<br />

Fax: 07127/2 14 78<br />

E-Mail: info@verlagsbuero-fahr.<strong>de</strong><br />

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Marktplatz 10, 72654 Neckartenzlingen<br />

I M P R E S S U M / I M P R I N T<br />

Tel: 0 8362/5054990<br />

Fax: 08362/5054992<br />

E-Mail: info@verlagsbuero-fahr.<strong>de</strong><br />

Nielsen-Gebiet 5, 6 + 7 (Berlin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,<br />

Bran<strong>de</strong>nburg,<br />

Sachsen-Anhalt Sachsen, Thüringen):<br />

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Scandinavia, Denmark,<br />

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multilexa GmbH, publisher services<br />

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Germany<br />

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www.multilexa.com<br />

Switzerland<br />

JORDI PUBLIPRESS<br />

Postfach 154 · CH-3427 Utzenstorf<br />

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Fax +41 (0)32 666 30 99<br />

E-Mail: info@jordipublipress.ch<br />

www.jordipublipress.ch<br />

Austria<br />

Verlagsbüro Katrin Forstner<br />

Wiengasse 6/7/3, A-1140 Wien<br />

Tel: +43(0)1 9235352<br />

Fax: +43(0)1 9 797189<br />

E-Mail: katrin.forstner@chello.at<br />

Italy<br />

MEDIAPOINT & COMMUNICATIONS<br />

SRL<br />

Corte Lambruschini – Corso Buenos<br />

Aires, 8<br />

Vo piano – Interno 7, I-16129 Genova<br />

Tel: +39(0)10 5 70 49 48,<br />

Fax: +39(0)10 5 53 00 88<br />

E-Mail: info@mediapointsrl.it<br />

www.mediapointsrl.it<br />

USA, Canada, Africa,<br />

GCC countries etc.<br />

Marketing Xpertise Rieth<br />

Dipl.-Ing. Bernhard Rieth<br />

Strümper Berg 10, D-40670 Meerbusch<br />

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Fax: +49 (0)2159 962 644<br />

E-Mail: marketing.xpertise@t-online.<strong>de</strong><br />

United Kingdom<br />

Marketing Xpertise Rieth<br />

Dipl.-Ing. Bernhard Rieth<br />

Strümper Berg 10, D-40670 Meerbusch<br />

Tel: +49 (0)2159 962 643<br />

Fax: +49 (0)2159 962 644<br />

E-Mail: marketing.xpertise@t-online.<strong>de</strong><br />

France<br />

DEF & Communication<br />

Axelle Chrismann<br />

48 boulevard Jean Jaurès<br />

F-92110 Clichy<br />

Tel: +33 (0)1 47 30 71 80,<br />

Fax: +33 (0)1 47 30 01 89<br />

E-Mail: achrismann@wanadoo.fr<br />

Der ALUMINIUM-Branchentreff <strong>de</strong>s<br />

Giesel Verlages: www.alu-<strong>web</strong>.<strong>de</strong><br />

81


V O R S C H A U / P R E V I E W<br />

IM NÄCHSTEN HEFT<br />

Special: <strong>Alu</strong>miniumbearbeitung<br />

Neue Entwicklungen und Trends. Verfahren, Werkzeuge<br />

und Maschinen. Geplante Beiträge:<br />

• Portalfräsmaschine für die Bearbeitung von<br />

<strong>Alu</strong>miniumblöcken und -blechen<br />

• Kombinierte Bohr-/Fräsanlage zur Endbearbeitung<br />

von Karosserien<br />

• Halb- und vollautomatische Gehrungssägen in<br />

größeren Abmessungen<br />

Technologie<br />

• Energieeffizienz bei <strong>de</strong>r Erzeugung und <strong>de</strong>m<br />

Verbrauch von Druckluft, am Beispiel <strong>Alu</strong>norf<br />

Weitere Themen<br />

• Aktuelles aus <strong>de</strong>r Branche; Kurzberichte<br />

Erscheinungstermin: 5. Oktober 2009<br />

Anzeigenschluss: 18. September 2009<br />

Redaktionsschluss: 14. September 2009<br />

Abonnement-Bestellung<br />

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IN THE NEXT ISSUE<br />

Special: Machining of aluminium<br />

New <strong>de</strong>velopments and trends. Process technology,<br />

tools and machinery. Subjects covered inclu<strong>de</strong>:<br />

• Portal milling machine for aluminium slabs<br />

and sheet<br />

• Combined milling and drilling facility for the<br />

final machining of car body<br />

• Semi and fully automatic vertical miter bandsaws<br />

for precise mitre cuts<br />

Technology<br />

• CVD coated aluminium extrusion dies<br />

Other topics<br />

• Latest international news from the industry<br />

Fax: +49 (0) 511 73 04 157<br />

Date of publication: 5 October 2009<br />

Advertisement <strong>de</strong>adline: 18 September 2009<br />

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82 ALUMINIUM · 9/2009


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Giesel Verlag GmbH<br />

Postfach 120 158<br />

30907 Isernhagen · Germany<br />

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