Epigraphs Note on Terminology Acknowledgments Introduction

12. See, for example, Y Li et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in
Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” J. Bone and Mineral Research,
vol. 16 (2001), no. 5, pp. 932–939.
13. M. T. Alarcon-Herrera et al., “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone
Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico,” Fluoride, vol. 34, no. 2 (2001),
pp. 139–149.
14. One published account, quoting data from the U.S. National Center for
Health Statistics, reported that bone fractures in male children and adolescents
may be increasing. Joel Griffiths, “Fluoride: Commie Plot or Capitalist
Ploy?” Covert Action Information Bulletin, no. 42 (fall 1992), p. 65.
15. Fluoridation Facts (published since 1956 by the American Dental Association).
Paul R. Thomas, program officer at the Food and Nutrition Board of
the National Academy of Sciences wrote in a March 18, 1991, letter to Darlene
Sherrell, ‘The statement you quote from the ADA pamphlet on water
fluoridation—“The Academy found that the daily intake required to produce
symptoms of chronic toxicity . . . is 20 to 80 milligrams or more . . . ’ may
be misleading.” It was an easy lie to perpetuate, however. For example, even
the “Recommended Daily Allowances for Fluoride” published in 1989 by
the National Academy of Sciences, stated that “chronic toxicity . . . occurs
after years of daily exposures of 20 to 80 mg of fluorine, far in excess of
the average intake in the United States.” That, too, was hugely disingenuous,
conveying the impression that toxicity was found only at this elevated
threshold.
16. H. C. Hodge, “The Safety of Fluoride Tablets or Drops,” in Continuing Evaluation
of the Use of Fluorides, eds. E. Johansen, D. R. Taves, and T. O. Olsen,
AAAS Selected Symposium (Westview Press, 1979), p. 255.
17. Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks (Public Health Service, Department of
Health and Human Services, 1991), p. 45.
18. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (Washington,
DC: National Academy Press, 1993), p. 59.
19. South Carolina was suing the EPA, objecting to the federal requirement to
remove fluoride in water supplies that exceeded the threshold.
20. Presented in part as the David Murray-Cowie Memorial Lecture, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, October 12, 1951. Published in full in S.Z. Levine,
ed., Advances in Pediatrics (New York: Interscience Publishers, 1955), pp.
13–51.
21. Safe Drinking Water Committee, Drinking Water and Health (National
Research Council, NAS, 1977), p. 389.
22. National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1990), Toxicology and Carcinogenesis
Studies of Sodium Fluoride in F344/N Rats and B6C3f1 Mice (Technical report
Series No. 393, NIH Publ. No 91-2848, National Institute of Environmental
Health Studies, Research Triangle Park, NC).
23. W. Marcus, “Fluoride Conference to Review the NTP Draft Fluoride Report,”
Memorandum dated May 1, 1990, from Wm. L. Marcus, senior science adviser,
Office of Drinking Water (ODW), U.S. EPA, to Alan B. Hais, acting direc-